Nanhong agate is widely welcomed in China because of its bright red colour.The pursuit of the red agate is the inheritance of Chinese red agate culture,which can be dated back to more than 3000 years ago.Field survey ...Nanhong agate is widely welcomed in China because of its bright red colour.The pursuit of the red agate is the inheritance of Chinese red agate culture,which can be dated back to more than 3000 years ago.Field survey showed Nanhong agate geographically distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces,the Southwestern of China(Fig.1).Geologically,Nanhong agate can be either produced as fillers in cracks and pores of the Late Permian E’meishan basalts,or as pebbles in the Early Triassic conglomerates and mudstones.Petrographic analyses reveal the formation of agates could be linked to the alteration of basalts by the silicon releasing in the process of transformation from pyroxene to chlorite.The formation of Nanhong agates could have experienced multi-stage alterations and crystallizations,which are supported by the occurrence of multi-stage chlorites and different homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions bearing in the coarse grained quartz.The Nanhong agates are characterized by diffusely distributed hematite and/or goethite,causing the red to reddish orange in colour.These iron oxides occurre as aggregates showing dominantly spherical shapes and minor visible ellipsoid,hemisphere,radial and veil shape,with a size generally between 1.20μm and 43.21μm.Raman spectra,scanning electron microscopy,and high resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the present of hematite with single hematite particles smaller than 100 nm.Wide market survey of the selling Nanhong agates presented the quantified colour parameters,including hue,saturation,and brightness,obeying normal distribution in the Hue-Saturation-Brightness(HSB)colour space.After standardization,the hue(H)of Nanhong agate is mainly distributed in a range between[3.20°,17.52°]at a 95%confidence level.The saturation(S)and brightness(B)are mainly within[63.82%,92.69%]and[42.97%,75.37%],respectively.The Nanhong agates could be statistically classified as different grades by the Two Step Cluster analysis,which is objective compared to subjective vis展开更多
Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were analyzed for the major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. R...Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were analyzed for the major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results revealed that the contents of elements(e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, V, Co) were high in samples 22V-TVG10 and 26V-TVG05 from the sites near the hydrothermal areas, and low in sample 22V-TVG14, which was collected far from the hydrothermal areas. The contents of Ca, Sr and Ba in the samples showed opposite trends. A positive correlation between the concentrations of metallic elements(Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, V) and Fe in the samples were observed. These results are consistent with chemical evolution of the dispersing hydrothermal plume.展开更多
The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour ...The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour and the high concentration of organic contaminants. Most dyes used in the process present minimal biodegradability due to aromatic organic compounds in their structure. Using a photocatalytic reactor, experiments were carried out to study the decolorization of a water solution containing 8% ethylic alcohol and 200 mg L−1 of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB), the most difficult colorant to degrade among the used by the agate industry. The best conditions were further applied to treat the same agate water/ethyl alcohol solution containing a mixture of 200 mg L−1 of Rhodamine B (RhB), Crystal Violet (CV), Brilliant Green (BG), and Blood Red (BR). All the experiments were performed in a 2 L reactor equipped with ultraviolet (UV) lamps, at a wavelength of 365 nm, with powdered TiO2 or ZnO as the catalyst. The results indicated that the optimal decolorization conditions were attained with 2.5 g L−1 of the catalyst at pH 10 and an irradiation time of 80 min. The process resulted in complete degradation of CV, BG and 80% - 90% degradation of RhB and BR. The catalyst ZnO presented a performance somewhat better than TiO2. It is possible to conclude that the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis is effective for decolorization of water streams from the agate industry.展开更多
The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different ty...The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different types of agate, jasper and amethyst formed as secondary cavity filling deposits in variety of colors and shapes in the area. In this paper, chemical treatments by different chemicals with heating methods in 15 different procedures have been conducted on one agate sample of the study area which has been divided into smaller pieces by milling. Dyeing with these methods has been done in blue, yellow and green colors. Excellent results have been achieved in 9 processes, significant but not expected results have been illustrated in 4 processes and 2 processes have been represented no changes. Produced colors have had a natural and light color which makes them more desirable to the consumers but totally these dyeing processes illustrate that concentration of the solution is effective in coloring and solutions with more concentrations produce stronger color.展开更多
In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57...In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis of chalcedony, agate, and zultanite samples from Turkey are presented. Agate and chalcedony show the same nine vibrational absorption peaks obtained unlike zultanite from FTIR spectra in the 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 range, ε＇ values of chalcedony, agate and zultanite derived at 10.5 GHz were 4.67, 4.41, and 7.34, respectively, eI and e~ values of the studied samples at the microwave frequencies are related to the percentage weight of their constituent parts in their chemical compositions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy results confirm the existence of iron-containing islands in the crystal structure of zultanite, agate, and chalcedony samples, equipped them with magnetic features typical for magnetic nanoparticles including superparamagnetism. The presence of iron-containing islands significantly affects the magnetic, dielectric, and optical properties of studied samples that are not observed for pure minerals without any foreign inclusions.展开更多
文摘Nanhong agate is widely welcomed in China because of its bright red colour.The pursuit of the red agate is the inheritance of Chinese red agate culture,which can be dated back to more than 3000 years ago.Field survey showed Nanhong agate geographically distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces,the Southwestern of China(Fig.1).Geologically,Nanhong agate can be either produced as fillers in cracks and pores of the Late Permian E’meishan basalts,or as pebbles in the Early Triassic conglomerates and mudstones.Petrographic analyses reveal the formation of agates could be linked to the alteration of basalts by the silicon releasing in the process of transformation from pyroxene to chlorite.The formation of Nanhong agates could have experienced multi-stage alterations and crystallizations,which are supported by the occurrence of multi-stage chlorites and different homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions bearing in the coarse grained quartz.The Nanhong agates are characterized by diffusely distributed hematite and/or goethite,causing the red to reddish orange in colour.These iron oxides occurre as aggregates showing dominantly spherical shapes and minor visible ellipsoid,hemisphere,radial and veil shape,with a size generally between 1.20μm and 43.21μm.Raman spectra,scanning electron microscopy,and high resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the present of hematite with single hematite particles smaller than 100 nm.Wide market survey of the selling Nanhong agates presented the quantified colour parameters,including hue,saturation,and brightness,obeying normal distribution in the Hue-Saturation-Brightness(HSB)colour space.After standardization,the hue(H)of Nanhong agate is mainly distributed in a range between[3.20°,17.52°]at a 95%confidence level.The saturation(S)and brightness(B)are mainly within[63.82%,92.69%]and[42.97%,75.37%],respectively.The Nanhong agates could be statistically classified as different grades by the Two Step Cluster analysis,which is objective compared to subjective vis
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41306053)the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. MGE 2015KG04 and MGE2015KG01)+2 种基金the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, State Oceanic Administration, People’s Republic of China (No. KSLG 1503)the Special Fund for the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (No. ts201511061)The authors would like to thank the crews of the COMRA cruises (DY115-22 and DY115-26)
文摘Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were analyzed for the major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results revealed that the contents of elements(e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, V, Co) were high in samples 22V-TVG10 and 26V-TVG05 from the sites near the hydrothermal areas, and low in sample 22V-TVG14, which was collected far from the hydrothermal areas. The contents of Ca, Sr and Ba in the samples showed opposite trends. A positive correlation between the concentrations of metallic elements(Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, V) and Fe in the samples were observed. These results are consistent with chemical evolution of the dispersing hydrothermal plume.
文摘The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour and the high concentration of organic contaminants. Most dyes used in the process present minimal biodegradability due to aromatic organic compounds in their structure. Using a photocatalytic reactor, experiments were carried out to study the decolorization of a water solution containing 8% ethylic alcohol and 200 mg L−1 of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB), the most difficult colorant to degrade among the used by the agate industry. The best conditions were further applied to treat the same agate water/ethyl alcohol solution containing a mixture of 200 mg L−1 of Rhodamine B (RhB), Crystal Violet (CV), Brilliant Green (BG), and Blood Red (BR). All the experiments were performed in a 2 L reactor equipped with ultraviolet (UV) lamps, at a wavelength of 365 nm, with powdered TiO2 or ZnO as the catalyst. The results indicated that the optimal decolorization conditions were attained with 2.5 g L−1 of the catalyst at pH 10 and an irradiation time of 80 min. The process resulted in complete degradation of CV, BG and 80% - 90% degradation of RhB and BR. The catalyst ZnO presented a performance somewhat better than TiO2. It is possible to conclude that the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis is effective for decolorization of water streams from the agate industry.
文摘The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different types of agate, jasper and amethyst formed as secondary cavity filling deposits in variety of colors and shapes in the area. In this paper, chemical treatments by different chemicals with heating methods in 15 different procedures have been conducted on one agate sample of the study area which has been divided into smaller pieces by milling. Dyeing with these methods has been done in blue, yellow and green colors. Excellent results have been achieved in 9 processes, significant but not expected results have been illustrated in 4 processes and 2 processes have been represented no changes. Produced colors have had a natural and light color which makes them more desirable to the consumers but totally these dyeing processes illustrate that concentration of the solution is effective in coloring and solutions with more concentrations produce stronger color.
基金supported by the Project LO1305 and Operational Program Education for Competitiveness-European Social Fund of the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic(Grant No.CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0155)the Internal Student Grant IGA of Palacky University in Olomouc,Czech Republic(Grant No.IGA PrF 2014017)
文摘In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis of chalcedony, agate, and zultanite samples from Turkey are presented. Agate and chalcedony show the same nine vibrational absorption peaks obtained unlike zultanite from FTIR spectra in the 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 range, ε＇ values of chalcedony, agate and zultanite derived at 10.5 GHz were 4.67, 4.41, and 7.34, respectively, eI and e~ values of the studied samples at the microwave frequencies are related to the percentage weight of their constituent parts in their chemical compositions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy results confirm the existence of iron-containing islands in the crystal structure of zultanite, agate, and chalcedony samples, equipped them with magnetic features typical for magnetic nanoparticles including superparamagnetism. The presence of iron-containing islands significantly affects the magnetic, dielectric, and optical properties of studied samples that are not observed for pure minerals without any foreign inclusions.
