Copper(Cu)exists in a variety of forms in different aquatic environments,and affects their bioavailability.In this study we provide a systematic review on toxicity of Cu which focuses on identifying evidence in the me...Copper(Cu)exists in a variety of forms in different aquatic environments,and affects their bioavailability.In this study we provide a systematic review on toxicity of Cu which focuses on identifying evidence in the mechanisms of Cu toxicity,and apply an adverse outcome pathway(AOP)analysis to identify multiple potential mechanisms and their interactions of Cu toxicity to fish.This analysis process included the mechanisms of behavior toxicant,oxidative toxicant,ion regulation disruption toxicity,as well as endocrine disruption toxicity.It was found that at low levels of Cu exposure,swimming,avoid predators,locating prey and other sensory functions will be impaired,and the organism will suffer from metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis following the inhibition of the carbonic anhydrase active.The main pathway of acute toxicity of Cu to fish is the inhibition of the Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase enzyme,and lead to reduced intracellular sodium absorption,as well as Cu-induced increased cell permeability,in turn resulting in increased sodium ion loss,leading to cardiovascular collapse and respiratory insufficiency.The endocrine disruption toxicity of Cu to fish caused growth inhibition and reproductive reduction.In addition,there are several key pathways of Cu toxicity that are affected by hardness(e.g.,Ca^(2+))and intracellular DOC concentrations,including inhibiting Cu-induction,improving branchial gas exchange,altering membrane transport functions,decreasing Na+loss,and increasing Na+uptake.The results of the AOP analysis will provide a robust framework for future directed research on the mechanisms of Cu toxicity.展开更多
用灵敏度较高的RT-PCR检测培养4周的大豆幼苗的5个不同组织:嫩叶、老叶、茎、离层和根,测得脱落纤维素酶基因的表达量互不相同,离层中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低。选取表达量最高的离层作为逆境处理材料,分别用高温(46℃)、干旱、盐(200...用灵敏度较高的RT-PCR检测培养4周的大豆幼苗的5个不同组织:嫩叶、老叶、茎、离层和根,测得脱落纤维素酶基因的表达量互不相同,离层中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低。选取表达量最高的离层作为逆境处理材料,分别用高温(46℃)、干旱、盐(200 mm o l/L N aC l)处理不同时间后,检测脱落纤维素酶基因的时间表达模式。结果表明:3种逆境条件下,脱落纤维素酶基因的时间表达模式各不相同,但总的来说,高温能抑制脱落纤维素酶基因的表达,干旱和盐都能促进脱落纤维素酶基因的表达。展开更多
Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy ...Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy from the‘control’of meso-and hyper-endemic areas through mass drug administration(MDA)with Mectizan®(ivermectin),to the‘elimination’in all endemic areas where a range of interventions may be required.The most significant challenges of elimination in low transmission or hypo-endemic areas are two-fold.First,there are vast remote areas where the focality of low transmission is relatively undefined.Second,the treatment with ivermectin increases the risk of serious adverse events(SAEs)in individuals with high parasitaemias of Loa loa,a filarial parasite widespread in Central and West Africa,which causes Tropical eye worm and transmitted by Chrysops spp.(Deer flies).Discussion:We therefore propose novel mapping approaches using remote sensing satellite and modelled environmental data to be used in combination with rapid field surveys to help resolve the problems of targeting the expansion of onchocerciasis elimination activities in L.loa co-endemic areas.First,we demonstrate that micro-stratification overlap mapping(MOM)of available onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence maps can be used to identify 12 key high risk areas,where low O.volvulusand high L.loa transmission overlap,which we define as“hypo-endemic hotspots”.Second we show that integrated micro-mapping of prevalence data,and the use of environmental data to delineate riverine and forest risk factors associated with Simulium spp.and Chrysops spp.vector habitats can further help to define target intervention areas i.e.secondary hotspots within hotspots,to help avoid the risk of SAEs.Summary:These mapping examples demonstrate the value of bringing prevalence,entomological and ecological information together to develop maps for planned implementation and targeted strategies.This is critical as better mapping may the reduce costs and lowe展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Nos.41773085,41977364)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment at the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(No.SKLECRA2019OFP01)+1 种基金the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry(No.2022521602)Prof.Xiaowei Jin was supported by Beijing Outstanding Talent Training Program.
文摘Copper(Cu)exists in a variety of forms in different aquatic environments,and affects their bioavailability.In this study we provide a systematic review on toxicity of Cu which focuses on identifying evidence in the mechanisms of Cu toxicity,and apply an adverse outcome pathway(AOP)analysis to identify multiple potential mechanisms and their interactions of Cu toxicity to fish.This analysis process included the mechanisms of behavior toxicant,oxidative toxicant,ion regulation disruption toxicity,as well as endocrine disruption toxicity.It was found that at low levels of Cu exposure,swimming,avoid predators,locating prey and other sensory functions will be impaired,and the organism will suffer from metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis following the inhibition of the carbonic anhydrase active.The main pathway of acute toxicity of Cu to fish is the inhibition of the Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase enzyme,and lead to reduced intracellular sodium absorption,as well as Cu-induced increased cell permeability,in turn resulting in increased sodium ion loss,leading to cardiovascular collapse and respiratory insufficiency.The endocrine disruption toxicity of Cu to fish caused growth inhibition and reproductive reduction.In addition,there are several key pathways of Cu toxicity that are affected by hardness(e.g.,Ca^(2+))and intracellular DOC concentrations,including inhibiting Cu-induction,improving branchial gas exchange,altering membrane transport functions,decreasing Na+loss,and increasing Na+uptake.The results of the AOP analysis will provide a robust framework for future directed research on the mechanisms of Cu toxicity.
文摘用灵敏度较高的RT-PCR检测培养4周的大豆幼苗的5个不同组织:嫩叶、老叶、茎、离层和根,测得脱落纤维素酶基因的表达量互不相同,离层中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低。选取表达量最高的离层作为逆境处理材料,分别用高温(46℃)、干旱、盐(200 mm o l/L N aC l)处理不同时间后,检测脱落纤维素酶基因的时间表达模式。结果表明:3种逆境条件下,脱落纤维素酶基因的时间表达模式各不相同,但总的来说,高温能抑制脱落纤维素酶基因的表达,干旱和盐都能促进脱落纤维素酶基因的表达。
基金We acknowledge the grant support from the UK Department for International Development(DFID)and GSK(GlaxoSmithKline)to the Filarial Programmes Support Unit(FPSU)(formerly known as the Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases),Department of Parasitology,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a global public health problem.
文摘Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy from the‘control’of meso-and hyper-endemic areas through mass drug administration(MDA)with Mectizan®(ivermectin),to the‘elimination’in all endemic areas where a range of interventions may be required.The most significant challenges of elimination in low transmission or hypo-endemic areas are two-fold.First,there are vast remote areas where the focality of low transmission is relatively undefined.Second,the treatment with ivermectin increases the risk of serious adverse events(SAEs)in individuals with high parasitaemias of Loa loa,a filarial parasite widespread in Central and West Africa,which causes Tropical eye worm and transmitted by Chrysops spp.(Deer flies).Discussion:We therefore propose novel mapping approaches using remote sensing satellite and modelled environmental data to be used in combination with rapid field surveys to help resolve the problems of targeting the expansion of onchocerciasis elimination activities in L.loa co-endemic areas.First,we demonstrate that micro-stratification overlap mapping(MOM)of available onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence maps can be used to identify 12 key high risk areas,where low O.volvulusand high L.loa transmission overlap,which we define as“hypo-endemic hotspots”.Second we show that integrated micro-mapping of prevalence data,and the use of environmental data to delineate riverine and forest risk factors associated with Simulium spp.and Chrysops spp.vector habitats can further help to define target intervention areas i.e.secondary hotspots within hotspots,to help avoid the risk of SAEs.Summary:These mapping examples demonstrate the value of bringing prevalence,entomological and ecological information together to develop maps for planned implementation and targeted strategies.This is critical as better mapping may the reduce costs and lowe
