With rapid advances in understanding molecular pathogenesis of human diseases in the era of genome sciences and systems biology,it is anticipated that increasing numbers of therapeutic genes or targets will become ava...With rapid advances in understanding molecular pathogenesis of human diseases in the era of genome sciences and systems biology,it is anticipated that increasing numbers of therapeutic genes or targets will become available for targeted therapies.Despite numerous setbacks,efficacious gene and/or cell-based therapies still hold the great promise to revolutionize the clinical management of human diseases.It is wildly recognized that poor gene delivery is the limiting factor for most in vivo gene therapies.There has been a long-lasting interest in using viral vectors,especially adenoviral vectors,to deliver therapeutic genes for the past two decades.Among all currently available viral vectors,adenovirus is the most efficient gene delivery system in a broad range of cell and tissue types.The applications of adenoviral vectors in gene delivery have greatly increased in number and efficiency since their initial development.In fact,among over 2000 gene therapy clinical trials approved worldwide since 1989,a significant portion of the trials have utilized adenoviral vectors.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the characteristics of adenoviral vectors,including adenoviral biology,approaches to engineering adenoviral vectors,and their applications in clinical and preclinical studies with an emphasis in the areas of cancer treatment,vaccination and regenerative medicine.Current challenges and future directions regarding the use of adenoviral vectors are also discussed.It is expected that the continued improvements in adenoviral vectors should provide great opportunities for cell and gene therapies to live up to its enormous potential in personalized medicine.展开更多
After two decades of ups and downs,gene therapy has recently achieved a milestone in treating patients with Leber’s congenital amaurosis(LCA).LCA is a group of inherited blinding diseases with retinal degeneration an...After two decades of ups and downs,gene therapy has recently achieved a milestone in treating patients with Leber’s congenital amaurosis(LCA).LCA is a group of inherited blinding diseases with retinal degeneration and severe vision loss in early infancy.Mutations in several genes,including RPE65,cause the disease.Using adenoassociated virus as a vector,three independent teams of investigators have recently shown that RPE65 can be delivered to retinal pigment epithelial cells of LCA patients by subretinal injections resulting in clinical benefits without side effects.However,considering the whole field of gene therapy,there are still major obstacles to clinical applications for other diseases.These obstacles include innate and immune barriers to vector delivery,toxicity of vectors and the lack of sustained therapeutic gene expression.Therefore,new strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles for achieving safe and effective gene therapy.In this article,we shall review the major advancements over the past two decades and,using lung gene therapy as an example,discuss the current obstacles and possible solutions to provide a roadmap for future gene therapy research.展开更多
Background Human interleukin-10 (hlL-10) is a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor,which is involved in various immune responses.The purpose of this study was to construct an adenoviral vector carrying the hlL-10 ge...Background Human interleukin-10 (hlL-10) is a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor,which is involved in various immune responses.The purpose of this study was to construct an adenoviral vector carrying the hlL-10 gene for expression of biologically active hlL-10 in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs).Methods A pSNAV2.0-hlL10 plasmid was used as a template to obtain a hlL-10 cDNA fragment that was subcloned by restriction enzyme digestion and ligation into a pDC316-IRES-EGFP-lacZ alpha plasmid carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) marker gene.The pDC316-hlL-10-IRES-EGFP plasmid was linearized by Pmel digestion and used to transfect HEK293 packaging cells using the adenovirus packaging system AdMax.Virus particles were amplified by repeatedly infecting HEK293 cells with the seed virus and then purified by ion exchange.After the number of virus particles and titer was determined,rMSCs were infected with the adenoviral vector.The infection rate was determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry,and hlL-10 protein expression in rMSCs was measured by Western blotting.Results The virus particle concentration,OD260/280 value and virus titer of the amplified and purified recombinant adenovirus were 3.2×1011 VP/ml,approximately 2.0,and 1.1×1010 TCID50/ml,respectively.Bright green fluorescence was observed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in the recombinant adenovirus-infected rMSCs.GFP expression was considered the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and was time-dependent.The infection rate was 92.9% at 100 MOI.Conclusions A bicistrenic recombinant adenoviral vector for hlL-10 and EGFP gene expression were successfully constructed.The infection rate of rMSCs by the adenovirus was high (92.9% at 100 MOI) and the target gene hlL-10 was highly expressed in cells.The present study provides an experimental basis for further research of immunosuppressive therapy using hlL-10.The expression level of hlL-10 protein as detected by Western blotting was also MOI- an展开更多
AIM: To investigate a therapeutic method for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) based on KIT RNA interference (RNAi) with AdMax adenovirus. METHODS: KIT short hairpin RNA (shRNA), whose lateral sides were decorated...AIM: To investigate a therapeutic method for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) based on KIT RNA interference (RNAi) with AdMax adenovirus. METHODS: KIT short hairpin RNA (shRNA), whose lateral sides were decorated with restriction endonuclease sequences, was designed. T 4 DNA ligase catalyzed the joint of the KIT shRNA and the green fluorescent protein-containing PDC316-EGFP-U6 to form PDC316EGFP-U6-KIT. Homologous recombination of AdEGFPU6-KIT was performed with the AdMax system. Heterotopically transplanted GISTs were established in nude mice. AdEGFP-U6-KIT was intratumorally injected. The volume, inhibition ratio of tumor and CD117 expression of GIST graft tumor in nude mice were compared between test and control groups. RESULTS: The length of KIT shRNA was determined to be about 50bp by agarose electrophoresis. Gene se-quencing detected the designed KIT RNAi sequence in PDC316-EGFP-U6-KIT. After transfection with AdEGFPU6-KIT, 293 cells displayed green fluorescence. The physical and infective titers of AdEGFP-U6-KIT were 5 × 10 11 viral particles/mL and 5.67 × 10 7 plaque forming units/mL, respectively. The mean volume of the grafted tumor was significantly smaller in test mice than in control mice (75.3 ± 22.9 mm 3 vs 988.6 ± 30.5 mm 3 , t = -18.132, P < 0.05). The inhibition ratio of the tumors was 59.6% in the test group. CD117 positive expression was evident in two cases (20%) in the test group and 10 cases (100%) in the control group (χ 2 = 10.2083, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: AdEGFP-U6-KIT is successfully constructed, and KIT RNAi mediated with Admax vector system can effectively inhibit the expression of the KIT gene and the growth of GIST in nude mice.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the suppressive effects of adenoviral vector-mediated expression of NK4, an antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), on human colon cancer in an athymic mouse model to explore the possibili...AIM: To investigate the suppressive effects of adenoviral vector-mediated expression of NK4, an antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), on human colon cancer in an athymic mouse model to explore the possibility of applying NK4 to cancer gene therapy. METHODS: A human colon tumor model was developed by subcutaneous implantation of tumor tissue formed by LS174T cells grown in athymic mice. Fifteen tumorbearing mice were randomized into three groups (n= 5 in each group) at d 3 after tumor implantation and mice were injected intratumorally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or with recombinant adenovirus expressing 13-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) or NK4 (rvAdCMV/NK4) at a 6-d interval for total 5 injections in each mouse. Tumor sizes were measured during treatment to draw a tumor growth curve. At d 26 after the first treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the tumors were removed to immunohistochemically examine proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), microvessel density (represented by CD31), and apoptotic cells. In a separate experiment, 15 additional athymic mice were employed to develop a tumor metastasis model by intraperitoneal injection (ip) of LS174T cells. These mice were randomized into 3 groups (n = 5 in each group) at d 1 after injection and were treated by ip injection of PBS, or Ad-LacZ, or rvAdCMV/NK4 at a 6-d interval for total two injections in each mouse. All animals were sacrificed at d 14 and the numbers and weights of disseminated tumors within the abdominal cavity were measured. RESULTS: Growth of significantly suppressed human colon tumors were in the athymic mice treatedwith rvAdCMV/NK4 (2537.4± 892.3 mm^3) compared to those treated by either PBS (5175.2 ± 1228.6 mm^3) or Ad-LacZ (5578.8± 1955.7 mm^3) (P 〈 0.05). The tumor growth inhibition rate was as high as 51%. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a similar PCNA labeling index (75.1% ± 11.2% in PBS group vs 72.8% ± 7.6% in Ad-LacZ group vs 69.3% ± 9.4% in rvAdCMV展开更多
基金Research in the authors’laboratories was supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(AT004418,DE020140 to TCH and RRR)the US Department of Defense(OR130096 to JMW)+3 种基金the Scoliosis Research Society(TCH and MJL)the 973 Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)of China(#2011CB707906 to TCH)The reported work was also supported in part by The University of Chicago Cancer Center Support Grant(P30CA014599)the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number UL1 TR000430.
文摘With rapid advances in understanding molecular pathogenesis of human diseases in the era of genome sciences and systems biology,it is anticipated that increasing numbers of therapeutic genes or targets will become available for targeted therapies.Despite numerous setbacks,efficacious gene and/or cell-based therapies still hold the great promise to revolutionize the clinical management of human diseases.It is wildly recognized that poor gene delivery is the limiting factor for most in vivo gene therapies.There has been a long-lasting interest in using viral vectors,especially adenoviral vectors,to deliver therapeutic genes for the past two decades.Among all currently available viral vectors,adenovirus is the most efficient gene delivery system in a broad range of cell and tissue types.The applications of adenoviral vectors in gene delivery have greatly increased in number and efficiency since their initial development.In fact,among over 2000 gene therapy clinical trials approved worldwide since 1989,a significant portion of the trials have utilized adenoviral vectors.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the characteristics of adenoviral vectors,including adenoviral biology,approaches to engineering adenoviral vectors,and their applications in clinical and preclinical studies with an emphasis in the areas of cancer treatment,vaccination and regenerative medicine.Current challenges and future directions regarding the use of adenoviral vectors are also discussed.It is expected that the continued improvements in adenoviral vectors should provide great opportunities for cell and gene therapies to live up to its enormous potential in personalized medicine.
基金Research in our laboratories was supported by Operating Grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research,the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation,and the Foundation Fighting Blindness-Canada.
文摘After two decades of ups and downs,gene therapy has recently achieved a milestone in treating patients with Leber’s congenital amaurosis(LCA).LCA is a group of inherited blinding diseases with retinal degeneration and severe vision loss in early infancy.Mutations in several genes,including RPE65,cause the disease.Using adenoassociated virus as a vector,three independent teams of investigators have recently shown that RPE65 can be delivered to retinal pigment epithelial cells of LCA patients by subretinal injections resulting in clinical benefits without side effects.However,considering the whole field of gene therapy,there are still major obstacles to clinical applications for other diseases.These obstacles include innate and immune barriers to vector delivery,toxicity of vectors and the lack of sustained therapeutic gene expression.Therefore,new strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles for achieving safe and effective gene therapy.In this article,we shall review the major advancements over the past two decades and,using lung gene therapy as an example,discuss the current obstacles and possible solutions to provide a roadmap for future gene therapy research.
基金This study was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No. 2008J0091 and No. 080916).
文摘Background Human interleukin-10 (hlL-10) is a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor,which is involved in various immune responses.The purpose of this study was to construct an adenoviral vector carrying the hlL-10 gene for expression of biologically active hlL-10 in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs).Methods A pSNAV2.0-hlL10 plasmid was used as a template to obtain a hlL-10 cDNA fragment that was subcloned by restriction enzyme digestion and ligation into a pDC316-IRES-EGFP-lacZ alpha plasmid carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) marker gene.The pDC316-hlL-10-IRES-EGFP plasmid was linearized by Pmel digestion and used to transfect HEK293 packaging cells using the adenovirus packaging system AdMax.Virus particles were amplified by repeatedly infecting HEK293 cells with the seed virus and then purified by ion exchange.After the number of virus particles and titer was determined,rMSCs were infected with the adenoviral vector.The infection rate was determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry,and hlL-10 protein expression in rMSCs was measured by Western blotting.Results The virus particle concentration,OD260/280 value and virus titer of the amplified and purified recombinant adenovirus were 3.2×1011 VP/ml,approximately 2.0,and 1.1×1010 TCID50/ml,respectively.Bright green fluorescence was observed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in the recombinant adenovirus-infected rMSCs.GFP expression was considered the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and was time-dependent.The infection rate was 92.9% at 100 MOI.Conclusions A bicistrenic recombinant adenoviral vector for hlL-10 and EGFP gene expression were successfully constructed.The infection rate of rMSCs by the adenovirus was high (92.9% at 100 MOI) and the target gene hlL-10 was highly expressed in cells.The present study provides an experimental basis for further research of immunosuppressive therapy using hlL-10.The expression level of hlL-10 protein as detected by Western blotting was also MOI- an
基金Supported by Grants from the Chinese Ministry of Education Funds, No. 20070558266Guangdong Provincial Funds for Science and Technology, No. 2007B 031515004
文摘AIM: To investigate a therapeutic method for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) based on KIT RNA interference (RNAi) with AdMax adenovirus. METHODS: KIT short hairpin RNA (shRNA), whose lateral sides were decorated with restriction endonuclease sequences, was designed. T 4 DNA ligase catalyzed the joint of the KIT shRNA and the green fluorescent protein-containing PDC316-EGFP-U6 to form PDC316EGFP-U6-KIT. Homologous recombination of AdEGFPU6-KIT was performed with the AdMax system. Heterotopically transplanted GISTs were established in nude mice. AdEGFP-U6-KIT was intratumorally injected. The volume, inhibition ratio of tumor and CD117 expression of GIST graft tumor in nude mice were compared between test and control groups. RESULTS: The length of KIT shRNA was determined to be about 50bp by agarose electrophoresis. Gene se-quencing detected the designed KIT RNAi sequence in PDC316-EGFP-U6-KIT. After transfection with AdEGFPU6-KIT, 293 cells displayed green fluorescence. The physical and infective titers of AdEGFP-U6-KIT were 5 × 10 11 viral particles/mL and 5.67 × 10 7 plaque forming units/mL, respectively. The mean volume of the grafted tumor was significantly smaller in test mice than in control mice (75.3 ± 22.9 mm 3 vs 988.6 ± 30.5 mm 3 , t = -18.132, P < 0.05). The inhibition ratio of the tumors was 59.6% in the test group. CD117 positive expression was evident in two cases (20%) in the test group and 10 cases (100%) in the control group (χ 2 = 10.2083, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: AdEGFP-U6-KIT is successfully constructed, and KIT RNAi mediated with Admax vector system can effectively inhibit the expression of the KIT gene and the growth of GIST in nude mice.
文摘AIM: To investigate the suppressive effects of adenoviral vector-mediated expression of NK4, an antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), on human colon cancer in an athymic mouse model to explore the possibility of applying NK4 to cancer gene therapy. METHODS: A human colon tumor model was developed by subcutaneous implantation of tumor tissue formed by LS174T cells grown in athymic mice. Fifteen tumorbearing mice were randomized into three groups (n= 5 in each group) at d 3 after tumor implantation and mice were injected intratumorally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or with recombinant adenovirus expressing 13-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) or NK4 (rvAdCMV/NK4) at a 6-d interval for total 5 injections in each mouse. Tumor sizes were measured during treatment to draw a tumor growth curve. At d 26 after the first treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the tumors were removed to immunohistochemically examine proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), microvessel density (represented by CD31), and apoptotic cells. In a separate experiment, 15 additional athymic mice were employed to develop a tumor metastasis model by intraperitoneal injection (ip) of LS174T cells. These mice were randomized into 3 groups (n = 5 in each group) at d 1 after injection and were treated by ip injection of PBS, or Ad-LacZ, or rvAdCMV/NK4 at a 6-d interval for total two injections in each mouse. All animals were sacrificed at d 14 and the numbers and weights of disseminated tumors within the abdominal cavity were measured. RESULTS: Growth of significantly suppressed human colon tumors were in the athymic mice treatedwith rvAdCMV/NK4 (2537.4± 892.3 mm^3) compared to those treated by either PBS (5175.2 ± 1228.6 mm^3) or Ad-LacZ (5578.8± 1955.7 mm^3) (P 〈 0.05). The tumor growth inhibition rate was as high as 51%. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a similar PCNA labeling index (75.1% ± 11.2% in PBS group vs 72.8% ± 7.6% in Ad-LacZ group vs 69.3% ± 9.4% in rvAdCMV