Gastric cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide despite many advances and options in therapy. As it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, prognosis is poor with a median overall survival of less than twe...Gastric cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide despite many advances and options in therapy. As it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, prognosis is poor with a median overall survival of less than twelve months. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for these patients but it confersonly a moderate survival advantage. There remains a need for new targeted treatment options and a way to better define patient populations who will benefit from these agents. In the past few years, there has been a better understanding of the biology, molecular profiling, and heterogeneity of gastric cancer. Our increased knowledge has led to the identification of gastric cancer subtypes and to the development of new targeted therapeutic agents. There are now two new targeted agents, trastuzumab and ramucirumab, that have recently been approved for the treatment of advanced and metastatic gastric cancer. There are also many other actively investigated targets, including epidermal growth factor receptor, the phosphatadylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, c-Met, poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and immune checkpoint inhibition. In this review, we discuss the current management of advanced gastric cancer as well as emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapy.展开更多
采用线路与标准地相结合的调查方法,对湖南崀山丹霞地貌区维管植物的区系特征(组成、主要类群和种子植物属的分布区类型)进行了统计分析,并与舜皇山非丹霞地貌区维管植物区系特征进行了对比。崀山丹霞地貌区有维管植物185科689属1 464种...采用线路与标准地相结合的调查方法,对湖南崀山丹霞地貌区维管植物的区系特征(组成、主要类群和种子植物属的分布区类型)进行了统计分析,并与舜皇山非丹霞地貌区维管植物区系特征进行了对比。崀山丹霞地貌区有维管植物185科689属1 464种(含变种),其中,蕨类植物25科49属84种,裸子植物5科8属8种,被子植物155科632属1 372种。蕨类植物和裸子植物绝大多数为种类数在10种以下的小科;被子植物中含30种以上的科有12个,种类数在50种以上的科为菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、蝶形花科(Papilionaceae)和禾本科(Gramineae);被子植物中含6种及6种以上的属有52属,种类数最多的是薹草属(Carex L.)(15种)。崀山丹霞地貌区种子植物属的分布区类型具有热带、温带分布交会的特点,热带成分、温带成分和中国特有成分分别占总属数(不包括世界广布型属)的47.62%、47.79%和4.59%,其中泛热带分布型属、热带亚洲分布型属、北温带分布型属、东亚-北美间断分布型属、东亚分布型属以及中国特有分布型属具有重要地位。崀山丹霞地貌区的植物区系具有古老残遗性和丰富的特有成分,分布有新宁毛莨(Ranunculus xinningensis W. T. Wang)和崀山唇柱苣苔(Chirita langshanica W. T. Wang)2个特有种。崀山丹霞地貌区的植物区系与舜皇山非丹霞地貌区具有种类相对丰富、热带和温带成分所占比例相近等共同特点,但各分布区类型所占比例以及中国特有成分的组成及数量有一定差异,且崀山丹霞地貌区维管植物属和种的丰富度低于舜皇山非丹霞地貌区(维管植物792属2 232种)。研究结果显示,崀山丹霞地貌区的生境狭窄,特有现象明显;丹霞地貌对种类分化、新物种形成、植物分布区类型比例和物种丰富度产生影响。展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological morphology alteration of the splanchnic vascular wall in portal hypertensive patients. METHODS: Splenic arteries, veins and gastric coronary veins from portal hypertensive pa...OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological morphology alteration of the splanchnic vascular wall in portal hypertensive patients. METHODS: Splenic arteries, veins and gastric coronary veins from portal hypertensive patients (n = 50) were removed during esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy and were observed under optic and electron microscopes. The expression of iNOS in the splenic artery wall was analysed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The internal elastic membrane and medial elastic fibers of the splenic artery wall were broken and degenerated. Atrophy, apoptosis and phenotypic changes were seen in smooth muscle cells of splenic arteries. Positive staining for iNOS was seen in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells and iNOS activity was elevated compared with the non-cirrhotic patients (P展开更多
文摘Gastric cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide despite many advances and options in therapy. As it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, prognosis is poor with a median overall survival of less than twelve months. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for these patients but it confersonly a moderate survival advantage. There remains a need for new targeted treatment options and a way to better define patient populations who will benefit from these agents. In the past few years, there has been a better understanding of the biology, molecular profiling, and heterogeneity of gastric cancer. Our increased knowledge has led to the identification of gastric cancer subtypes and to the development of new targeted therapeutic agents. There are now two new targeted agents, trastuzumab and ramucirumab, that have recently been approved for the treatment of advanced and metastatic gastric cancer. There are also many other actively investigated targets, including epidermal growth factor receptor, the phosphatadylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, c-Met, poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and immune checkpoint inhibition. In this review, we discuss the current management of advanced gastric cancer as well as emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapy.
文摘采用线路与标准地相结合的调查方法,对湖南崀山丹霞地貌区维管植物的区系特征(组成、主要类群和种子植物属的分布区类型)进行了统计分析,并与舜皇山非丹霞地貌区维管植物区系特征进行了对比。崀山丹霞地貌区有维管植物185科689属1 464种(含变种),其中,蕨类植物25科49属84种,裸子植物5科8属8种,被子植物155科632属1 372种。蕨类植物和裸子植物绝大多数为种类数在10种以下的小科;被子植物中含30种以上的科有12个,种类数在50种以上的科为菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、蝶形花科(Papilionaceae)和禾本科(Gramineae);被子植物中含6种及6种以上的属有52属,种类数最多的是薹草属(Carex L.)(15种)。崀山丹霞地貌区种子植物属的分布区类型具有热带、温带分布交会的特点,热带成分、温带成分和中国特有成分分别占总属数(不包括世界广布型属)的47.62%、47.79%和4.59%,其中泛热带分布型属、热带亚洲分布型属、北温带分布型属、东亚-北美间断分布型属、东亚分布型属以及中国特有分布型属具有重要地位。崀山丹霞地貌区的植物区系具有古老残遗性和丰富的特有成分,分布有新宁毛莨(Ranunculus xinningensis W. T. Wang)和崀山唇柱苣苔(Chirita langshanica W. T. Wang)2个特有种。崀山丹霞地貌区的植物区系与舜皇山非丹霞地貌区具有种类相对丰富、热带和温带成分所占比例相近等共同特点,但各分布区类型所占比例以及中国特有成分的组成及数量有一定差异,且崀山丹霞地貌区维管植物属和种的丰富度低于舜皇山非丹霞地貌区(维管植物792属2 232种)。研究结果显示,崀山丹霞地貌区的生境狭窄,特有现象明显;丹霞地貌对种类分化、新物种形成、植物分布区类型比例和物种丰富度产生影响。
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological morphology alteration of the splanchnic vascular wall in portal hypertensive patients. METHODS: Splenic arteries, veins and gastric coronary veins from portal hypertensive patients (n = 50) were removed during esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy and were observed under optic and electron microscopes. The expression of iNOS in the splenic artery wall was analysed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The internal elastic membrane and medial elastic fibers of the splenic artery wall were broken and degenerated. Atrophy, apoptosis and phenotypic changes were seen in smooth muscle cells of splenic arteries. Positive staining for iNOS was seen in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells and iNOS activity was elevated compared with the non-cirrhotic patients (P
