正念是当代临床健康心理学领域出现的一个新概念,尽管其应用在临床领域取得了瞩目的成绩,但对于正念的理论研究却亟待加强。在对正念的三阶段概念演进过程及四种取向的测量工具进行了系统梳理与评价后,发现目前对正念的理论研究存在两...正念是当代临床健康心理学领域出现的一个新概念,尽管其应用在临床领域取得了瞩目的成绩,但对于正念的理论研究却亟待加强。在对正念的三阶段概念演进过程及四种取向的测量工具进行了系统梳理与评价后,发现目前对正念的理论研究存在两大问题。一是概念不够清晰,它可以指代一种行为(冥想)、心理状态、心理过程,甚至是一种人格或类人格特质;二是测量过于多元,有状态取向、能力取向、认知取向和特质取向。两大问题的核心在于如何理解正念。基于对问题的分析及以往实证研究,建议可以借鉴价值实践分类体系(Values In Action Classification),以类特质为取向,采用兼顾文化共同性和特殊性的方法,深入挖掘其独特的核心内涵,在命名、测量上突显个体对当下经验留心的基本特点。展开更多
Species dynamics in terms of both plant biological traits, ecological strategies and species richness as well as soil chemical variables during a secondary succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau along a t...Species dynamics in terms of both plant biological traits, ecological strategies and species richness as well as soil chemical variables during a secondary succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau along a temporal sere from 3 a to 149 a were studied. The results indicated that (I) Soil total C and N increased while soil pH, total K and Na decreased with years since abandonment. No noticeable trend was found in the case of soil P along the successional sere. On the other hand, total CaO of the surface layer (0 - 10 cm) decreased, but that of the two deeper layer, (20 - 30 cm, 40 - 50 cm) increased with years since abandonment. Soil C, N, K and P decreased, while Na, CaO and soil pH increased with increasing soil depth. (2) Species richness peaked at both mid-stage of the successional sere and the intermediate portion of soil chemical variables gradient. (3) An ideal dominant species in the early successional stage were annuals with stable seed pool, CR-life strategy, S-regeneration strategy, and strong competitive ability on relatively poor soil, while perennials capable of intensive lateral spread and colonal ability, requiring high nutrient supply, and having Clife strategy would be the dominant species in the subsequent stages. Plant traits, such as perennial-life history, C-, CR-, SC-, SR-, S- and R-life strategies, W-, S-, Bs- VBs- and V-regeneration strategies, were over- represented throughout the whole sere among the other species. (4) Some traits, such as C-, SC-life strategies, ability of clonality, perennial-life history, well-developed lateral spread ability, V- and VBs-regeneration strategies, seed animal. dispersal mode, flowering time of autumn, fruit types of legumen and nut, were more or less correlated with increased soil total C, N and K, while S-, SR-, R-, CR-life strategies, annual-, biannual-life history, non-clonal ability, S-regeneration strategy, poor lateral spread ability, and fruit types of utricle, capsule were associated with increased soil total Na, CaO and pH. The results展开更多
Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using ...Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole- genome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 （OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37） is respon- sible for the Early heading7-2 （EH7-2）/Heading date2 （Hd2） QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ＇Milyang23 （M23）＇ and early-heading rice ＇H143＇. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT （CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1） domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day condi- tions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53~ N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and GhdT/ Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions.展开更多
Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for plant height in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid （DH） lines, which were derived from the cross Huapei 3/Yumai 57. A genetic linkage ...Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for plant height in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid （DH） lines, which were derived from the cross Huapei 3/Yumai 57. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 283 SSR and 22 EST-SSR markers. The DH population and the parents were evaluated for wheat plant height in 2005 and 2006 in Tai＇an and 2006 in Suzhou. QTL analyses were performed using the software of QTLNetwork version 2.0 based on the mixed linear model. Four additive QTLs and five pairs of epistatic effects were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 6A, 7B, and 7D. Among them, three additive QTLs and three pairs of epistatic QTLs showed QTL×environment interactions （QEs）. Two major QTLs, Qph4B and Qph4D, which accounted for 14.51% and 20.22% of the phenotypic variation, were located similar to the reported locations of the dwarfing genes Rhtl and Rht2, respectively. The Qph3A-2 with additive effect was not reported in previous linkage mapping studies. The total QTL effects detected for the plant height explained 85.04% of the phenotypic variation, with additive effects 46.07%, epistatic effects 19.89%, and QEs 19.09%. The results showed that both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of wheat plant height, which were subjected to environmental modifications, and caused dramatic changes in phenotypic effects. The information obtained in this study will be useful for manipulating the QTLs for wheat plant height by molecular marker-assisted selection （MAS）.展开更多
Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics （PCFKs） under drought stress condition are generally used to characterize instincts for dehydration tolerance in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Therefore, it is impor...Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics （PCFKs） under drought stress condition are generally used to characterize instincts for dehydration tolerance in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Therefore, it is important to map quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for PCFKs in wheat genetic improvement for drought tolerance. A doubled haploid （DH） population with 150 lines, derived from a cross between two common wheat varieties, Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14, was used to analyze the correlation between PCFKs and chlorophyll content （CHIC） and to map QTLs at the grainfilling stage under conditions of both rainfed （drought stress, DS） and well-watered （WW）, respectively. QTLs for these traits were detected by QTLMapper version 1.0 based on the composite Interval mapping method of the mixed-linear model. The results showed a very significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. The correlation coefficients were generally higher under WW than under DS. Also, there was a significant or a highly significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and CHIC. The correlation coefficients were higher in the DS group than the WW group. A total of 14 additive QTLs （nine QTLs detected under DS and five QTLs under WW） and 25 pairs of eplstatlc QTLs （15 pairs detected under DS and 10 pairs under WW） for PCFKs were mapped on chromosomes 6A, 7A, 1B, 3B, 4D and 7D. The contributions of additive QTLs for PCFKs to phenotype variation were from 8.40% to 72.72%. Four additive QTLs （two QTLs detected under DS and WW apiece） controlling Chic were mapped on chromosomes 1A, 5A and 7A. The contributions of these QTLs for ChIC to phenotype variation were from 7.27% to 11.68%. Several QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes 1B, 7A and 7D, but no shared chromosomal regions for them were identified under different water regimes, indicating that these QTLs performed different expression patterns under rainfed and well-watered conditions.展开更多
文摘正念是当代临床健康心理学领域出现的一个新概念,尽管其应用在临床领域取得了瞩目的成绩,但对于正念的理论研究却亟待加强。在对正念的三阶段概念演进过程及四种取向的测量工具进行了系统梳理与评价后,发现目前对正念的理论研究存在两大问题。一是概念不够清晰,它可以指代一种行为(冥想)、心理状态、心理过程,甚至是一种人格或类人格特质;二是测量过于多元,有状态取向、能力取向、认知取向和特质取向。两大问题的核心在于如何理解正念。基于对问题的分析及以往实证研究,建议可以借鉴价值实践分类体系(Values In Action Classification),以类特质为取向,采用兼顾文化共同性和特殊性的方法,深入挖掘其独特的核心内涵,在命名、测量上突显个体对当下经验留心的基本特点。
文摘Species dynamics in terms of both plant biological traits, ecological strategies and species richness as well as soil chemical variables during a secondary succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau along a temporal sere from 3 a to 149 a were studied. The results indicated that (I) Soil total C and N increased while soil pH, total K and Na decreased with years since abandonment. No noticeable trend was found in the case of soil P along the successional sere. On the other hand, total CaO of the surface layer (0 - 10 cm) decreased, but that of the two deeper layer, (20 - 30 cm, 40 - 50 cm) increased with years since abandonment. Soil C, N, K and P decreased, while Na, CaO and soil pH increased with increasing soil depth. (2) Species richness peaked at both mid-stage of the successional sere and the intermediate portion of soil chemical variables gradient. (3) An ideal dominant species in the early successional stage were annuals with stable seed pool, CR-life strategy, S-regeneration strategy, and strong competitive ability on relatively poor soil, while perennials capable of intensive lateral spread and colonal ability, requiring high nutrient supply, and having Clife strategy would be the dominant species in the subsequent stages. Plant traits, such as perennial-life history, C-, CR-, SC-, SR-, S- and R-life strategies, W-, S-, Bs- VBs- and V-regeneration strategies, were over- represented throughout the whole sere among the other species. (4) Some traits, such as C-, SC-life strategies, ability of clonality, perennial-life history, well-developed lateral spread ability, V- and VBs-regeneration strategies, seed animal. dispersal mode, flowering time of autumn, fruit types of legumen and nut, were more or less correlated with increased soil total C, N and K, while S-, SR-, R-, CR-life strategies, annual-, biannual-life history, non-clonal ability, S-regeneration strategy, poor lateral spread ability, and fruit types of utricle, capsule were associated with increased soil total Na, CaO and pH. The results
文摘Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole- genome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 （OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37） is respon- sible for the Early heading7-2 （EH7-2）/Heading date2 （Hd2） QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ＇Milyang23 （M23）＇ and early-heading rice ＇H143＇. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT （CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1） domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day condi- tions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53~ N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and GhdT/ Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30471082)the Hi-Tech Research and Development(863)Program of China(No.2006AA100101 and 2006AA10Z1E9).
文摘Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for plant height in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid （DH） lines, which were derived from the cross Huapei 3/Yumai 57. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 283 SSR and 22 EST-SSR markers. The DH population and the parents were evaluated for wheat plant height in 2005 and 2006 in Tai＇an and 2006 in Suzhou. QTL analyses were performed using the software of QTLNetwork version 2.0 based on the mixed linear model. Four additive QTLs and five pairs of epistatic effects were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 6A, 7B, and 7D. Among them, three additive QTLs and three pairs of epistatic QTLs showed QTL×environment interactions （QEs）. Two major QTLs, Qph4B and Qph4D, which accounted for 14.51% and 20.22% of the phenotypic variation, were located similar to the reported locations of the dwarfing genes Rhtl and Rht2, respectively. The Qph3A-2 with additive effect was not reported in previous linkage mapping studies. The total QTL effects detected for the plant height explained 85.04% of the phenotypic variation, with additive effects 46.07%, epistatic effects 19.89%, and QEs 19.09%. The results showed that both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of wheat plant height, which were subjected to environmental modifications, and caused dramatic changes in phenotypic effects. The information obtained in this study will be useful for manipulating the QTLs for wheat plant height by molecular marker-assisted selection （MAS）.
文摘Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics （PCFKs） under drought stress condition are generally used to characterize instincts for dehydration tolerance in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Therefore, it is important to map quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for PCFKs in wheat genetic improvement for drought tolerance. A doubled haploid （DH） population with 150 lines, derived from a cross between two common wheat varieties, Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14, was used to analyze the correlation between PCFKs and chlorophyll content （CHIC） and to map QTLs at the grainfilling stage under conditions of both rainfed （drought stress, DS） and well-watered （WW）, respectively. QTLs for these traits were detected by QTLMapper version 1.0 based on the composite Interval mapping method of the mixed-linear model. The results showed a very significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. The correlation coefficients were generally higher under WW than under DS. Also, there was a significant or a highly significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and CHIC. The correlation coefficients were higher in the DS group than the WW group. A total of 14 additive QTLs （nine QTLs detected under DS and five QTLs under WW） and 25 pairs of eplstatlc QTLs （15 pairs detected under DS and 10 pairs under WW） for PCFKs were mapped on chromosomes 6A, 7A, 1B, 3B, 4D and 7D. The contributions of additive QTLs for PCFKs to phenotype variation were from 8.40% to 72.72%. Four additive QTLs （two QTLs detected under DS and WW apiece） controlling Chic were mapped on chromosomes 1A, 5A and 7A. The contributions of these QTLs for ChIC to phenotype variation were from 7.27% to 11.68%. Several QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes 1B, 7A and 7D, but no shared chromosomal regions for them were identified under different water regimes, indicating that these QTLs performed different expression patterns under rainfed and well-watered conditions.
