We retrospectively analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of four different physical parameters characterizing the state of the atmosphere and ionosphere several days before the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake of Ma...We retrospectively analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of four different physical parameters characterizing the state of the atmosphere and ionosphere several days before the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011. The data include outgoing long wave radiation （OLR）, GPS/TEC, lower Earth orbit ionospheric tomography and critical frequency foF2. Our first results show that on March 7th a rapid increase of emitted infrared radiation was observed from the satellite data and an anomaly developed near the epicenter. The GPS/TEC data indicate an increase and variation in electron density reaching a maximum value on March 8. Starting from this day in the lower ionosphere also there was confirmed an abnormal TEC variation over the epicenter. From March 3 to 11 a large increase in electron concentration was recorded at all four Japanese ground-based ionosondes, which returned to normal after the main earthquake. The joint preliminary analysis of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters during the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake has revealed the presence of related variations of these parameters implying their connection with the earthquake process. This study may lead to a better understanding of the response of the atmosphere/ionosphere to the great Tohoku earthquake.展开更多
On March 11, 2011, eastern Japan was shaken by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the Great East Japan Earthquake). Almost 30 000 people have been killed or are missing as a result of that earthquake...On March 11, 2011, eastern Japan was shaken by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the Great East Japan Earthquake). Almost 30 000 people have been killed or are missing as a result of that earthquake and the subsequent monster tsunami, as of April 11, 2011. This paper reports several aspects of this devastating earthquake. It has been reported that long-period ground motions, which had been predicted by many researchers, occurred in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. The response characteristics of high-rise buildings to the recorded long-period ground motions are discussed from the viewpoint of resonance and critical excitation. It is shown that high-hardness rubber dampers are very effective in the reduction of vibration duration in addition to the reduction in vibration amplitude.展开更多
Giant earthquakes generate rich signals that can be used to explore the characteristics of the hierarchical structure of the Earth’s interior associated with the eigenfrequencies of the Earth.We employ the spectral e...Giant earthquakes generate rich signals that can be used to explore the characteristics of the hierarchical structure of the Earth’s interior associated with the eigenfrequencies of the Earth.We employ the spectral element method,incorporated with large-scale parallel computing technology,to investigate the characteristics of global seismic wave propagation excited by the2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake.The transversely isotropic PREM model is employed as a prototype of our numerical global Earth model.Topographic data and the effect of the oceans are taken into consideration.Wave propagation processes are simulated by solving three-dimensional elastic wave governing equations with the seismic moment tensor obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog.Three-dimensional visualization of our computing results displays the nature of the global seismic wave propagation.Comparative analysis of our calculations with observations obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology demonstrates the reliability and feasibility of our numerical results.We compare synthetic seismograms with incorporated and unincorporated ocean models.First results show that the oceans have obvious effects on the characteristics of seismic wave propagation.The peak displacement and peak velocity of P waves become relatively small under the effect of the ocean.However,the effect of the ocean on S-waves is complex.The displacement and velocity of S waves decrease rapidly over time using an unincorporated ocean model.Therefore,the effects of the ocean should be incorporated when undertaking quantitative earthquake hazard assessments on coastal areas.In addition,we undertake comparative analysis on the characteristics of the Earth’s oscillation excited by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman,2008 Wenchuan,and 2011Tohoku earthquakes that incorporate the effect of the Earth’s gravitational potential.A comparison of the amplitude spectra of the numerical records indicates that energy released by the three big earthquakes is differ展开更多
The earthquake of March 11 of magnitude 9 offshore Tohoku, Japan, was followed by a tsunami wave with particularly destructive impact, over a coastal area extending approx. 850km along the Pacific Coast of Honshu Isla...The earthquake of March 11 of magnitude 9 offshore Tohoku, Japan, was followed by a tsunami wave with particularly destructive impact, over a coastal area extending approx. 850km along the Pacific Coast of Honshu Island. First arrival times and measurements and maximum height were recorded by the Japanese monitoring system (wherever there was no failure of the equipment). The maximum run-up is well evident in satellite images available through USGS, Google and other institutes. Moreover, personal observations of Prof. Lekkas were made during a field survey in March 2011. The results of the study of the tsunami impact and run-up show the variety of factors affecting the run-up, creating zones with similar phenomena, but also specific locations where run-up exceeds by far the run-up zone maximum values. This differentiation, observed also in the past by other authors, is here attributed to the general orientation of the coast, the distance from the tsunami generation area, bathymetry offshore, the coastline morphology and land geomorphology. In certain cases that funnelling and reflection effects in narrow gulfs parallel to the tsunami propagation vector were combined with narrow valleys onshore, peak run-up exceeded 20m, or even 40 m (Miyagi coastline, Ogatsu, Onagawa, etc).展开更多
The observatory network of the Crustal Deformation China Seismological Bureau was equipped with vertical pendulum tiltmeter,borehole tiltmeter,tunnel extension meters,multi-component borehole strainmeter,body strainme...The observatory network of the Crustal Deformation China Seismological Bureau was equipped with vertical pendulum tiltmeter,borehole tiltmeter,tunnel extension meters,multi-component borehole strainmeter,body strainmeter and other tilt and strain observation instruments.All of these instruments have recorded the Earth’s free oscillation excited by the Japan Mw9.0 Earthquake.By analyzing those observations,all of the spheroidal oscillation modes(0S3-0S30)and toroidal oscillation modes(0T3-0T20)excited by the Japan Mw9.0 Earthquake were detected in this paper.In addition,comparing the different observation results which obtained by those instruments,we revealed their capacity to observe different kinds of oscillation and different frequency band modes,and analyzed report the reason.We found that the body strainmeter and the vertical pendulum tiltmeter have better observing results for spheroidal oscillation.Because of high noise in low frequency band,the borehole tiltmeter cannot observe the low-order spheroidal oscillation.In terms of observing the toroidal oscillation,the multi-component borehole strainmeter got a best result.The vertical pendulum tiltmeter observes a few toroidal oscillation modes,and the tunnel extension meters can only observe some low-order modes.展开更多
Using Computerized Ionospheric Tomography （CIT） in combination with GPS observations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC）, this study reconstructed the electron density distributions ove...Using Computerized Ionospheric Tomography （CIT） in combination with GPS observations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC）, this study reconstructed the electron density distributions over China before the 2011 Tohoku Mw 9.0 earthquake and discovered a prominent ionospheric anomaly on March 8, 2011. Analysis of the solar-terrestrial space environment around the time of the Tohoku earthquake indicated that the March 8 ionospheric anomaly was likely related to the earthquake. Finally, the paper discusses the drift of the ionospheric anomaly, which was inferred from the anomaly being observed by GPS reference sites in China.展开更多
基金NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,Chapman University and European Framework program #7 project PREEARTHQUAKE for their kind support
文摘We retrospectively analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of four different physical parameters characterizing the state of the atmosphere and ionosphere several days before the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011. The data include outgoing long wave radiation （OLR）, GPS/TEC, lower Earth orbit ionospheric tomography and critical frequency foF2. Our first results show that on March 7th a rapid increase of emitted infrared radiation was observed from the satellite data and an anomaly developed near the epicenter. The GPS/TEC data indicate an increase and variation in electron density reaching a maximum value on March 8. Starting from this day in the lower ionosphere also there was confirmed an abnormal TEC variation over the epicenter. From March 3 to 11 a large increase in electron concentration was recorded at all four Japanese ground-based ionosondes, which returned to normal after the main earthquake. The joint preliminary analysis of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters during the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake has revealed the presence of related variations of these parameters implying their connection with the earthquake process. This study may lead to a better understanding of the response of the atmosphere/ionosphere to the great Tohoku earthquake.
基金Project (No. 21360267) supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
文摘On March 11, 2011, eastern Japan was shaken by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the Great East Japan Earthquake). Almost 30 000 people have been killed or are missing as a result of that earthquake and the subsequent monster tsunami, as of April 11, 2011. This paper reports several aspects of this devastating earthquake. It has been reported that long-period ground motions, which had been predicted by many researchers, occurred in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. The response characteristics of high-rise buildings to the recorded long-period ground motions are discussed from the viewpoint of resonance and critical excitation. It is shown that high-hardness rubber dampers are very effective in the reduction of vibration duration in addition to the reduction in vibration amplitude.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2010AA012402)the Ministry of Land and Resources Industry Fund (Grant No. SinoProbe-07)+1 种基金China Earthquake Administration Earthquake Industry-Scientific Research Fund (Grant No. 200808077)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics.
文摘Giant earthquakes generate rich signals that can be used to explore the characteristics of the hierarchical structure of the Earth’s interior associated with the eigenfrequencies of the Earth.We employ the spectral element method,incorporated with large-scale parallel computing technology,to investigate the characteristics of global seismic wave propagation excited by the2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake.The transversely isotropic PREM model is employed as a prototype of our numerical global Earth model.Topographic data and the effect of the oceans are taken into consideration.Wave propagation processes are simulated by solving three-dimensional elastic wave governing equations with the seismic moment tensor obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog.Three-dimensional visualization of our computing results displays the nature of the global seismic wave propagation.Comparative analysis of our calculations with observations obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology demonstrates the reliability and feasibility of our numerical results.We compare synthetic seismograms with incorporated and unincorporated ocean models.First results show that the oceans have obvious effects on the characteristics of seismic wave propagation.The peak displacement and peak velocity of P waves become relatively small under the effect of the ocean.However,the effect of the ocean on S-waves is complex.The displacement and velocity of S waves decrease rapidly over time using an unincorporated ocean model.Therefore,the effects of the ocean should be incorporated when undertaking quantitative earthquake hazard assessments on coastal areas.In addition,we undertake comparative analysis on the characteristics of the Earth’s oscillation excited by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman,2008 Wenchuan,and 2011Tohoku earthquakes that incorporate the effect of the Earth’s gravitational potential.A comparison of the amplitude spectra of the numerical records indicates that energy released by the three big earthquakes is differ
文摘The earthquake of March 11 of magnitude 9 offshore Tohoku, Japan, was followed by a tsunami wave with particularly destructive impact, over a coastal area extending approx. 850km along the Pacific Coast of Honshu Island. First arrival times and measurements and maximum height were recorded by the Japanese monitoring system (wherever there was no failure of the equipment). The maximum run-up is well evident in satellite images available through USGS, Google and other institutes. Moreover, personal observations of Prof. Lekkas were made during a field survey in March 2011. The results of the study of the tsunami impact and run-up show the variety of factors affecting the run-up, creating zones with similar phenomena, but also specific locations where run-up exceeds by far the run-up zone maximum values. This differentiation, observed also in the past by other authors, is here attributed to the general orientation of the coast, the distance from the tsunami generation area, bathymetry offshore, the coastline morphology and land geomorphology. In certain cases that funnelling and reflection effects in narrow gulfs parallel to the tsunami propagation vector were combined with narrow valleys onshore, peak run-up exceeded 20m, or even 40 m (Miyagi coastline, Ogatsu, Onagawa, etc).
基金supported by China seismological bureau special scientific research(17A18ZX085)
文摘The observatory network of the Crustal Deformation China Seismological Bureau was equipped with vertical pendulum tiltmeter,borehole tiltmeter,tunnel extension meters,multi-component borehole strainmeter,body strainmeter and other tilt and strain observation instruments.All of these instruments have recorded the Earth’s free oscillation excited by the Japan Mw9.0 Earthquake.By analyzing those observations,all of the spheroidal oscillation modes(0S3-0S30)and toroidal oscillation modes(0T3-0T20)excited by the Japan Mw9.0 Earthquake were detected in this paper.In addition,comparing the different observation results which obtained by those instruments,we revealed their capacity to observe different kinds of oscillation and different frequency band modes,and analyzed report the reason.We found that the body strainmeter and the vertical pendulum tiltmeter have better observing results for spheroidal oscillation.Because of high noise in low frequency band,the borehole tiltmeter cannot observe the low-order spheroidal oscillation.In terms of observing the toroidal oscillation,the multi-component borehole strainmeter got a best result.The vertical pendulum tiltmeter observes a few toroidal oscillation modes,and the tunnel extension meters can only observe some low-order modes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41174030)the Director Foundation of Institute of Seismology,China Earthquake Administration (IS200916012)
文摘Using Computerized Ionospheric Tomography （CIT） in combination with GPS observations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC）, this study reconstructed the electron density distributions over China before the 2011 Tohoku Mw 9.0 earthquake and discovered a prominent ionospheric anomaly on March 8, 2011. Analysis of the solar-terrestrial space environment around the time of the Tohoku earthquake indicated that the March 8 ionospheric anomaly was likely related to the earthquake. Finally, the paper discusses the drift of the ionospheric anomaly, which was inferred from the anomaly being observed by GPS reference sites in China.
基金国家自然科学基金项目(41874099,41474065,41981240687,41606080)日本科学技术研究经费支援项目(JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H04065)+1 种基金南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0104)中国台湾科技部项目(MOST 106-2116-M-003-003)资助.
