Plant salinity tolerance is a physiologically complex trait, with numerous mechanisms contributing to it. In this work, we show that the ability of leaf mesophyll to retain K＋ represents an important and essentially ...Plant salinity tolerance is a physiologically complex trait, with numerous mechanisms contributing to it. In this work, we show that the ability of leaf mesophyll to retain K＋ represents an important and essentially overlooked component of a salinity tolerance mechanism. The strong positive correlation between mesophyll K＋ retention ability under saline conditions （quantified by the magnitude of NaCl-induced K＋ efflux from mesophyll） and the overall salinity tolerance （relative fresh weight and/or survival or damage under salinity stress） was found while screening 46 barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance. Genotypes with intrinsically higher leaf K＋ content under control conditions were found to possess better K＋ retention ability under salinity and, hence, overall higher tolerance. Contrary to previous reports for barley roots, K＋ retention in mesophyll was not associated with an increased H＋-pumping in tolerant varieties but instead correlated negatively with this trait. These findings are explained by the fact that increased H＋ extrusion may be needed to charge balance the activity and provide the driving force for the high affinity HAK/KUP K＋ transporters required to restore cytosolic K＋ homeostasis in salt-sensitive genotypes.展开更多
People have grafted plants since antiquity for propagation,to increase yields,and to improve stress tolerance.This cutting and joining of tissues activates an incredible regenerative ability as different plants fuse a...People have grafted plants since antiquity for propagation,to increase yields,and to improve stress tolerance.This cutting and joining of tissues activates an incredible regenerative ability as different plants fuse and grow as one.For over a hundred years,people have studied the scientific basis for how plants graft.Today,new techniques and a deepening knowledge of the molecular basis for graft formation have allowed a range of previously ungraftable combinations to emerge.Here,we review recent developments in our understanding of graft formation,including the attachment and vascular formation steps.We analyze why plants graft and how biotic and abiotic factors influence successful grafting.We also discuss the ability and inability of plants to graft,and how grafting has transformed both horticulture and fundamental plant science.As our knowledge about plant grafting improves,new combinations and techniques will emerge to allow an expanded use of grafting for horticultural applications and to address fundamental research questions.展开更多
The persimmon leaf has been shown to improve cerebral ischemic outcomes; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, mice were subjected to 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning, and persimmon le...The persimmon leaf has been shown to improve cerebral ischemic outcomes; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, mice were subjected to 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning, and persimmon leaf flavonoid was orally administered for 5 days. Results showed that the persimmon leaf fiavonoid significantly improved the content of tissue type plasminogen activator and 6-keto prostaglandin-F1 a in the cerebral cortex, decreased the content of thromboxane B2, and reduced the content of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mice. Following optical microscopy, persimmon leaf flavonoid was also shown to reduce cell swelling and nuclear hyperchromatism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. These results suggested that persimmon leaf fiavonoid can effectively inhibit brain thrombosis, improve blood supply to the brain and relieve ischemia-induced pathological damage, resulting in brain ischemic tolerance.展开更多
Decades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current immunotherapies,which provide longterm treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer patients.However,cures remain infrequent,and m...Decades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current immunotherapies,which provide longterm treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer patients.However,cures remain infrequent,and most patients ultimately succumb to treatment-refractory metastatic disease.Recent insights suggest that tumors at certain organ sites exhibit distinctive response patterns to immunotherapy and can even reduce antitumor immunity within anatomically distant tumors,suggesting the activation of tissue-specific immune tolerogenic mechanisms in some cases of therapy resistance.Specialized immune cells known as regulatory T cells(Tregs)are present within all tissues in the body and coordinate the suppression of excessive immune activation to curb autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis.Despite the high volume of research on Tregs,the findings have failed to reconcile tissue-specific Treg functions in organs,such as tolerance,tissue repair,and regeneration,with their suppression of local and systemic tumor immunity in the context of immunotherapy resistance.To improve the understanding of how the tissue-specific functions of Tregs impact cancer immunotherapy,we review the specialized role of Tregs in clinically common and challenging organ sites of cancer metastasis,highlight research that describes Treg impacts on tissue-specific and systemic immune regulation in the context of immunotherapy,and summarize ongoing work reporting clinically feasible strategies that combine the specific targeting of Tregs with systemic cancer immunotherapy.Improved knowledge of Tregs in the framework of their tissue-specific biology and clinical sites of organ metastasis will enable more precise targeting of immunotherapy and have profound implications for treating patients with metastatic cancer.展开更多
Apolipoprotein A-Ⅱ(APOA-Ⅱ) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)synthesized mainly by the liver and to a much lesser extent by the intestine. Transgenic mice overexpressing huma...Apolipoprotein A-Ⅱ(APOA-Ⅱ) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)synthesized mainly by the liver and to a much lesser extent by the intestine. Transgenic mice overexpressing human APOA-Ⅱ present abnormal lipoprotein composition and are prone to atherosclerosis, though in humans the role for APOA-Ⅱ in coronary heart disease remains controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of overexpressed APOA-Ⅱ on HDL structure and function, adipose tissue metabolic activity, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with an adenovirus expressing human APOA-Ⅱ or a control adenovirus Ad GFP, and five days post-infection blood and tissue samples were isolated. APOA-Ⅱ expression resulted in distinct changes in HDL apoproteome that correlated with increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. No effects on cholesterol efflux from RAW 264.7 macrophages were observed. Molecular analyses in white adipose tissue(WAT) indicated a stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation coupled with respiration for ATP production in mice overexpressing APOA-Ⅱ. Finally, overexpressed APOA-Ⅱ improved glucose tolerance of mice but had no effect on the response to exogenously administered insulin. In summary, expression of APOA-Ⅱ in C57BL/6 mice results in pleiotropic effects with respect to HDL functionality, adipose tissue metabolism and glucose utilization, many of which are beneficial to health.展开更多
Abiotic stress tolerance has been weakened during the domestication of all major staple crops.Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that impacts over half of the world population;however,given the increasi...Abiotic stress tolerance has been weakened during the domestication of all major staple crops.Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that impacts over half of the world population;however,given the increasing reliance on irrigation and the lack of available freshwater,agriculture in the 21st century will increasingly become saline.Therefore,global food security is critically dependent on the ability of plant breeders to create high-yielding staple crop varieties that will incorporate salinity tolerance traits and ac-count for future climate scenarios.Previously,we have argued that the current agricultural practices and reliance on crops that exclude salt from uptake is counterproductive and environmentally unsustainable,and thus called for a need for a major shift in a breeding paradigm to incorporate some halophytic traits that were present in wild relatives but were lost in modern crops during domestication.In this review,we provide a comprehensive physiological and molecular analysis of the key traits conferring crop halophy-tism,such as vacuolar Na+sequestration,ROS desensitization,succulence,metabolic photosynthetic switch,and salt deposition in trichomes,and discuss the strategies for incorporating them into elite germ-plasm,to address a pressing issue of boosting plant salinity tolerance.展开更多
基金supported by the Grain Research and Development Corporation grant to S.S. and M.Z.by the Australian Research Council Discovery grant to S.S
文摘Plant salinity tolerance is a physiologically complex trait, with numerous mechanisms contributing to it. In this work, we show that the ability of leaf mesophyll to retain K＋ represents an important and essentially overlooked component of a salinity tolerance mechanism. The strong positive correlation between mesophyll K＋ retention ability under saline conditions （quantified by the magnitude of NaCl-induced K＋ efflux from mesophyll） and the overall salinity tolerance （relative fresh weight and/or survival or damage under salinity stress） was found while screening 46 barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance. Genotypes with intrinsically higher leaf K＋ content under control conditions were found to possess better K＋ retention ability under salinity and, hence, overall higher tolerance. Contrary to previous reports for barley roots, K＋ retention in mesophyll was not associated with an increased H＋-pumping in tolerant varieties but instead correlated negatively with this trait. These findings are explained by the fact that increased H＋ extrusion may be needed to charge balance the activity and provide the driving force for the high affinity HAK/KUP K＋ transporters required to restore cytosolic K＋ homeostasis in salt-sensitive genotypes.
基金supported by a European Research Council starting grant(GRASP-805094)supported by an MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowship(UMOCELF-101069157).
文摘People have grafted plants since antiquity for propagation,to increase yields,and to improve stress tolerance.This cutting and joining of tissues activates an incredible regenerative ability as different plants fuse and grow as one.For over a hundred years,people have studied the scientific basis for how plants graft.Today,new techniques and a deepening knowledge of the molecular basis for graft formation have allowed a range of previously ungraftable combinations to emerge.Here,we review recent developments in our understanding of graft formation,including the attachment and vascular formation steps.We analyze why plants graft and how biotic and abiotic factors influence successful grafting.We also discuss the ability and inability of plants to graft,and how grafting has transformed both horticulture and fundamental plant science.As our knowledge about plant grafting improves,new combinations and techniques will emerge to allow an expanded use of grafting for horticultural applications and to address fundamental research questions.
基金funded by the State "Major New Drug Creation" Science and Technology Major Special Project Foundation, No. 2009ZX09103-324a grant from the Henan Province Science and Technology Innovation Team in University, No. 2012IRTSTHN011
文摘The persimmon leaf has been shown to improve cerebral ischemic outcomes; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, mice were subjected to 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning, and persimmon leaf flavonoid was orally administered for 5 days. Results showed that the persimmon leaf fiavonoid significantly improved the content of tissue type plasminogen activator and 6-keto prostaglandin-F1 a in the cerebral cortex, decreased the content of thromboxane B2, and reduced the content of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mice. Following optical microscopy, persimmon leaf flavonoid was also shown to reduce cell swelling and nuclear hyperchromatism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. These results suggested that persimmon leaf fiavonoid can effectively inhibit brain thrombosis, improve blood supply to the brain and relieve ischemia-induced pathological damage, resulting in brain ischemic tolerance.
文摘Decades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current immunotherapies,which provide longterm treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer patients.However,cures remain infrequent,and most patients ultimately succumb to treatment-refractory metastatic disease.Recent insights suggest that tumors at certain organ sites exhibit distinctive response patterns to immunotherapy and can even reduce antitumor immunity within anatomically distant tumors,suggesting the activation of tissue-specific immune tolerogenic mechanisms in some cases of therapy resistance.Specialized immune cells known as regulatory T cells(Tregs)are present within all tissues in the body and coordinate the suppression of excessive immune activation to curb autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis.Despite the high volume of research on Tregs,the findings have failed to reconcile tissue-specific Treg functions in organs,such as tolerance,tissue repair,and regeneration,with their suppression of local and systemic tumor immunity in the context of immunotherapy resistance.To improve the understanding of how the tissue-specific functions of Tregs impact cancer immunotherapy,we review the specialized role of Tregs in clinically common and challenging organ sites of cancer metastasis,highlight research that describes Treg impacts on tissue-specific and systemic immune regulation in the context of immunotherapy,and summarize ongoing work reporting clinically feasible strategies that combine the specific targeting of Tregs with systemic cancer immunotherapy.Improved knowledge of Tregs in the framework of their tissue-specific biology and clinical sites of organ metastasis will enable more precise targeting of immunotherapy and have profound implications for treating patients with metastatic cancer.
基金supported financially by the program"Support of Young Investigators"MIS No.5005458 that was co-financed by the Operational Program"Human Resources Development,Education and Lifelong Learning"and by the European Union(European Social Fund)and Greek national funds。
文摘Apolipoprotein A-Ⅱ(APOA-Ⅱ) is the second most abundant apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)synthesized mainly by the liver and to a much lesser extent by the intestine. Transgenic mice overexpressing human APOA-Ⅱ present abnormal lipoprotein composition and are prone to atherosclerosis, though in humans the role for APOA-Ⅱ in coronary heart disease remains controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of overexpressed APOA-Ⅱ on HDL structure and function, adipose tissue metabolic activity, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with an adenovirus expressing human APOA-Ⅱ or a control adenovirus Ad GFP, and five days post-infection blood and tissue samples were isolated. APOA-Ⅱ expression resulted in distinct changes in HDL apoproteome that correlated with increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. No effects on cholesterol efflux from RAW 264.7 macrophages were observed. Molecular analyses in white adipose tissue(WAT) indicated a stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation coupled with respiration for ATP production in mice overexpressing APOA-Ⅱ. Finally, overexpressed APOA-Ⅱ improved glucose tolerance of mice but had no effect on the response to exogenously administered insulin. In summary, expression of APOA-Ⅱ in C57BL/6 mice results in pleiotropic effects with respect to HDL functionality, adipose tissue metabolism and glucose utilization, many of which are beneficial to health.
基金S.S.acknowledges support from the Department of Industry,Science,Energy and Resources(project AISRF48490)Australian Research Council(DP150101663,DP170100460)+1 种基金China National Distinguished Expert Project(WQ20174400441)grant 31961143001 for Joint Research Projects between Pakistan Science Foundation and National Natural Science Foundation,and Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(Project 31870249)。
文摘Abiotic stress tolerance has been weakened during the domestication of all major staple crops.Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that impacts over half of the world population;however,given the increasing reliance on irrigation and the lack of available freshwater,agriculture in the 21st century will increasingly become saline.Therefore,global food security is critically dependent on the ability of plant breeders to create high-yielding staple crop varieties that will incorporate salinity tolerance traits and ac-count for future climate scenarios.Previously,we have argued that the current agricultural practices and reliance on crops that exclude salt from uptake is counterproductive and environmentally unsustainable,and thus called for a need for a major shift in a breeding paradigm to incorporate some halophytic traits that were present in wild relatives but were lost in modern crops during domestication.In this review,we provide a comprehensive physiological and molecular analysis of the key traits conferring crop halophy-tism,such as vacuolar Na+sequestration,ROS desensitization,succulence,metabolic photosynthetic switch,and salt deposition in trichomes,and discuss the strategies for incorporating them into elite germ-plasm,to address a pressing issue of boosting plant salinity tolerance.
