AIM: The existence and properties of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) receptor on the surface of NIH 3T3 cells and the effects of AFP on cellular signal transduction pathway were investigated. METHODS: The effect of AFP on the...AIM: The existence and properties of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) receptor on the surface of NIH 3T3 cells and the effects of AFP on cellular signal transduction pathway were investigated. METHODS: The effect of AFP on the proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells was measured by incorporation of 3H-TdR. Receptor-binding assay of 125I-AFP was performed to detect the properties of AFP receptor in NIH 3T3 cells. The influences of AFP on the [cAMP]i and the activities of protein kinase A (PKA) were determined. Western blot was used to detect the change of K-ras P21 protein expression. RESULTS: The proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells treated with 0-80 mg/L of AFP was significantly enhanced. The Scatchard analysis indicated that there were two classes of binding sites with KD of 2.722 x 10(-9)M (Bmax=12810 sites per cell) and 8.931 x 10(-8)M (Bmax=119700 sites per cell) respectively. In the presence of AFP (20 mg/L), the content of cAMP and activities of PKA were significantly elevated . The level of K-ras P21 protein was upregulated by AFP at the concentration of 20 mg/L. The monoclonal antibody against AFP could reverse the effects of AFP on the cAMP content, PKA activity and the expression of K-ras p21 gene. CONCLUSION: The effect of AFP on the cell proliferation was achieved by binding its receptor to trigger the signal transduction pathway of cAMP-PKA and alter the expression of K- ras p21 gene.展开更多
为了探明刺五加鲨烯合酶(SS)基因家族2成员对皂苷含量的作用机制,以actin为内参基因,利用real time PCR技术,分析刺五加不同生长发育时期、不同器官及茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对SS1、SS2基因表达及皂苷含量的影响。结果表明:刺五加SS基因...为了探明刺五加鲨烯合酶(SS)基因家族2成员对皂苷含量的作用机制,以actin为内参基因,利用real time PCR技术,分析刺五加不同生长发育时期、不同器官及茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对SS1、SS2基因表达及皂苷含量的影响。结果表明:刺五加SS基因家族的SS1和SS2在整个生长期和各器官中均有表达,且表达量差异显著(P<0.05),其中,在萌芽期两者的表达量差异最大。SS1在叶片、叶柄和根器官中的表达量显著高于SS2的表达量(P<0.05)。MeJA处理可显著提高SS1和SS2基因的表达量。刺五加SS1的表达量与皂苷含量间的相关系数低,未达显著水平。SS2的表达量与皂苷含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。SS2表达量的高低决定了皂苷含量的高低,是刺五加中三萜皂苷生物合成中的关键酶。展开更多
This paper considers a discrete-time queue with N-policy and LAS-DA(late arrival system with delayed access) discipline.By using renewal process theory and probability decomposition techniques,the authors derive the r...This paper considers a discrete-time queue with N-policy and LAS-DA(late arrival system with delayed access) discipline.By using renewal process theory and probability decomposition techniques,the authors derive the recursive expressions of the queue-length distributions at epochs n^-,n^+,and n.Furthermore,the authors obtain the stochastic decomposition of the queue length and the relations between the equilibrium distributions of the queue length at different epochs(n^-,n^+,n and departure epoch D_n).展开更多
Real-time PCR is a closed DNA amplification system that skillfully integrates biochemical, photoelectric and computer techniques. Fluorescence data acquired once per cycle provides rapid absolute quantification of ini...Real-time PCR is a closed DNA amplification system that skillfully integrates biochemical, photoelectric and computer techniques. Fluorescence data acquired once per cycle provides rapid absolute quantification of initial template copy numbers as PCR products are generated. This technique significantly simplifies and accelerates the process of producing reproducible quantification of nucleic acid molecules. It not only is a sensitive, accurate and rapid quantitative method, but it also provides an easier way to calculate the absolute starting copy number of nucleic acid molecules to be tested. Together with molecular bio-techniques, like microarray, real-time PCR will play a very important role in many aspects of molecular life science such as functional gene analysis and disease molecular diagnostics. This review introduces the detailed principles and application of the real-time PCR technique, describes a recently developed system for exact quantification of AUX/IAA genes In Arabidopsis, and discusses the problems with the real-time PCR process.展开更多
The sheep genome harbours approximately 20 copies of endogenous beta-retroviruses （enJSRVs）, and circumstantial evidence suggests that enJSRVs might play a role in mammalian reproduction, particularly placental morp...The sheep genome harbours approximately 20 copies of endogenous beta-retroviruses （enJSRVs）, and circumstantial evidence suggests that enJSRVs might play a role in mammalian reproduction, particularly placental morphogenesis. This study was aimed to assess the expression of mRNAs of an enJSRV and its receptor, HYAL2, in the uterus and conceptuses of Mongolian ewes throughout gestation, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis. The results showed that enJSRV and HYAL2 mRNAs were found to be expressed throughout gestation in the endometrium, chorion, placenta, and conceptus. The enJSRV mRNA was most abundant in the placenta on day 90 of pregnancy, in the endometrium on day 30 and 50, and in the chorion on day 70 and 110. However, HYAL2 mRNA was most abundant in the endometrium on day 30. These differences were all significantly different from each other （P〈0.01）. In situ hybridization showed that enJSRV and HYAL2 mRNAs were specifically expressed in endometrial luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium, trophoblastic giant binucleated cells （BNCs）, endometrial caruncles, placental cotyledons, stroma, trophectoderm, as well as multinucleated syncytia of the placenta and blood vessel endothelial cells. Collectively, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which trophoblastic differentiation and multinucleated syncytia formation are regulated by enJSRVs. However, the temporal and spatial distributions of enJSRV expression in the uterus and conceptus indicate that differentiation of BNCs and the formation of a multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast involve enJSRV and possibly its cellular receptor, HYAL2. Therefore, enJSRV and HYAL2 appear to play important roles in the female reproductive physiology in this breed of sheep.展开更多
Aims Flowering time has been suggested to be an important adaptive trait during the dispersal of invasive species,and identifying the molecu-lar mechanisms underlying flowering time may provide insight into the local ...Aims Flowering time has been suggested to be an important adaptive trait during the dispersal of invasive species,and identifying the molecu-lar mechanisms underlying flowering time may provide insight into the local adaptation during the process of invasion.Here,we con-ducted a preliminary exploration on the genetic basis of the differ-entiation of flowering time in Ambrosia artemisiifolia.Methods using relative real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,we investigated the expression levels of eight flowering-related genes,including AP1,FT,SOC1,CRY2,FKF1,GI,CO2 and SPY,in leaves and flowers at different time points in individuals from northern beijing and southern Wuhan populations that exhibit significant differences in flowering times to identify any rhythmic changes in gene expression and their association with differential flowering times.Important Findings The differentiation of flowering time in the A.artemisiifolia popula-tions was closely associated with five genes involved in flowering pathways.The floral pathway integrators FT and SOC1 and floral meristem identity gene AP1 exhibited increased expression during flowering.The photoreceptor CRY2 in the light-dependent path-way and the SPY gene in the gibberellin pathway displayed specific expression patterns over time.in earlier-flowering beijing plants,CRY2 expression was lower and SPY expression was higher than in Wuhan plants.The expression patterns of these five genes sug-gest a molecular basis for the differentiation of flowering time in A.artemisiifolia.展开更多
The nucleotide sequence deduced from the amino acid sequence of the scorpion insectotoxin AaIT was chemically synthesized and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The authenticity of this in vitro expressed peptide was ...The nucleotide sequence deduced from the amino acid sequence of the scorpion insectotoxin AaIT was chemically synthesized and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The authenticity of this in vitro expressed peptide was confirmed by N-terminal peptide sequencing. Two groups of bioassays, artificial diet incorporation assay and contact insecticidal effect assay, were carried out separately to verify the toxicity of this recombinant toxin. At the end of a 24 h experimental period, more than 60% of the testing diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae were killed in both groups with LC50 value of 18.4 microM and 0.70 microM respectively. Cytotoxicity assay using cultured Sf9 insect cells and MCF-7 human cells demonstrated that the toxin AaIT had specific toxicity against insect cells but not human cells. Only 0.13 microM recombinant toxin was needed to kill 50% of cultured insect cells while as much as 1.3 microM toxin had absolutely no effect on human cells. Insect cells produced obvious intrusions from their plasma membrane before broken up. We infer that toxin AaIT bind to a putative sodium channel in these insect cells and open the channel persistently, which would result in Na+ influx and finally cause destruction of insect cells.展开更多
Penaeidin from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) has proved to be one of the most important antimicrobial peptides in the bodies of animals. The relative quantitative real-time PCR method is developed to study...Penaeidin from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) has proved to be one of the most important antimicrobial peptides in the bodies of animals. The relative quantitative real-time PCR method is developed to study through time, the mRNA expression profile of penaeidin in the muscle and haemocyte tissue of Chinese shrimp infected with vibrio (Vibrio anguillarum) and WSSV (white spot syndrome virus). Research results showed that the same pathogens infection experiments produced similar gene expression profile in different tissues while different expression profiles appeared in the same tissues infected by different exterior pathogens. In vibrio infection experiments, a 'U' like expression profile resulted. Expression levels of penaeidin increased and surpassed the non-stimulated level, indicating that penaeidin from Chinese shrimp has noticeable antimicrobial activities. In WSSV infection experiments, the expression profile appeared as an inverse 'U' with the expression of penaeidin gradually decreasing to below baseline level after 24 h. The expression of antimicrobial peptides gene in mRNA level in response to virus infection in shrimp showed that international mechanisms of virus to haemocytes and microbial to haemocytes are completely different. Decline of penaeidins expression levels may be due to haemocytes being destroyed by WSSV or that the virus can inhibit the expression of penaeidins by yet undiscovered modes. The expression profiles of penaeidin in response to exterior pathogen and the difference of expression profiles between vibrio and WSSV infection provided some clues to further understanding the complex innate immune mechanism in shrimp.展开更多
This paper aims to investigate the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eyeandvoice,insighttranslatingmetaphoricalexpressions(MEs).24MAtranslation students, with no professional translation or interpreting exper...This paper aims to investigate the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eyeandvoice,insighttranslatingmetaphoricalexpressions(MEs).24MAtranslation students, with no professional translation or interpreting experience, were asked to conduct a sight translation (STR) task, and the processes were registered by eye-tracker and audio recorder. The qualified eye-tracking and audio data were further analysed by Tobii Studio and Audacity audio processing software. Our findings suggest that the time of the pause preceding an ME was largely, but not entirely, spent in processing the ensuing ME. However, due to the general existence of reading ahead activities in STR, the planning step for sight translating an ME takes place prior to the preceding pause; moreover, due to local processing difficulty causedbytheME,thetimeforreadingaheadintoME(temporalEVS)ismostlygreater than for reading ahead beyond ME. Our findings also reveal that the rate of methodological deviation(causedbythetwodifferentcalculationapproaches)forMEprocessingtimeis around10%,butthetwoprocessingtimeshavedemonstratednostatisticallysignificant difference, validating the processing time calculated by audio data in Zheng&Xiang (2013).We conclude this paper with some reservation on eye-tracking translation research:though powerful in providing solid and informative process data, it has some limitations in clearly probing into intricate human cognitive process.展开更多
The myosin heavy chain(MyHC)is one of the major structural and contracting proteins of muscle.We have isolated the cDNA clone encoding MyHC of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. The sequence comprises 5 934 bp,in...The myosin heavy chain(MyHC)is one of the major structural and contracting proteins of muscle.We have isolated the cDNA clone encoding MyHC of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. The sequence comprises 5 934 bp,including a 5 814 bp open reading frame encoding an amino acid sequence of 1 937 residues.The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69%homology to rabbit fast skeletal MyHC and 73%–76%homology to the MyHCs from the mandarin fish,walleye pollack,white croaker,chum salmon,and carp.The putative sequences of subfragment-1 and the light meromyosin region showed 61.4%–80%homology to the corresponding regions of other fish MyHCs.The tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expressions of the MyHC gene were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR.The MyHC gene showed the highest expression in the muscles compared with the kidney,spleen and intestine.Developmentally,there was a gradual increase in MyHC mRNA expression from the neural formation stage to the tail bud stage.The highest expression was detected in hatching larva.Our work on the MyHC gene from the grass carp has provided useful information for fish molecular biology and fish genomics.展开更多
基金This work was supported by National NaturalScience Fundation of China(No.39760077).
文摘AIM: The existence and properties of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) receptor on the surface of NIH 3T3 cells and the effects of AFP on cellular signal transduction pathway were investigated. METHODS: The effect of AFP on the proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells was measured by incorporation of 3H-TdR. Receptor-binding assay of 125I-AFP was performed to detect the properties of AFP receptor in NIH 3T3 cells. The influences of AFP on the [cAMP]i and the activities of protein kinase A (PKA) were determined. Western blot was used to detect the change of K-ras P21 protein expression. RESULTS: The proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells treated with 0-80 mg/L of AFP was significantly enhanced. The Scatchard analysis indicated that there were two classes of binding sites with KD of 2.722 x 10(-9)M (Bmax=12810 sites per cell) and 8.931 x 10(-8)M (Bmax=119700 sites per cell) respectively. In the presence of AFP (20 mg/L), the content of cAMP and activities of PKA were significantly elevated . The level of K-ras P21 protein was upregulated by AFP at the concentration of 20 mg/L. The monoclonal antibody against AFP could reverse the effects of AFP on the cAMP content, PKA activity and the expression of K-ras p21 gene. CONCLUSION: The effect of AFP on the cell proliferation was achieved by binding its receptor to trigger the signal transduction pathway of cAMP-PKA and alter the expression of K- ras p21 gene.
文摘为了探明刺五加鲨烯合酶(SS)基因家族2成员对皂苷含量的作用机制,以actin为内参基因,利用real time PCR技术,分析刺五加不同生长发育时期、不同器官及茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对SS1、SS2基因表达及皂苷含量的影响。结果表明:刺五加SS基因家族的SS1和SS2在整个生长期和各器官中均有表达,且表达量差异显著(P<0.05),其中,在萌芽期两者的表达量差异最大。SS1在叶片、叶柄和根器官中的表达量显著高于SS2的表达量(P<0.05)。MeJA处理可显著提高SS1和SS2基因的表达量。刺五加SS1的表达量与皂苷含量间的相关系数低,未达显著水平。SS2的表达量与皂苷含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。SS2表达量的高低决定了皂苷含量的高低,是刺五加中三萜皂苷生物合成中的关键酶。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.70871084The Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No. 200806360001a grant from the "project 211(PhaseⅢ)" of the Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Scientific Research Fund of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
文摘This paper considers a discrete-time queue with N-policy and LAS-DA(late arrival system with delayed access) discipline.By using renewal process theory and probability decomposition techniques,the authors derive the recursive expressions of the queue-length distributions at epochs n^-,n^+,and n.Furthermore,the authors obtain the stochastic decomposition of the queue length and the relations between the equilibrium distributions of the queue length at different epochs(n^-,n^+,n and departure epoch D_n).
文摘Real-time PCR is a closed DNA amplification system that skillfully integrates biochemical, photoelectric and computer techniques. Fluorescence data acquired once per cycle provides rapid absolute quantification of initial template copy numbers as PCR products are generated. This technique significantly simplifies and accelerates the process of producing reproducible quantification of nucleic acid molecules. It not only is a sensitive, accurate and rapid quantitative method, but it also provides an easier way to calculate the absolute starting copy number of nucleic acid molecules to be tested. Together with molecular bio-techniques, like microarray, real-time PCR will play a very important role in many aspects of molecular life science such as functional gene analysis and disease molecular diagnostics. This review introduces the detailed principles and application of the real-time PCR technique, describes a recently developed system for exact quantification of AUX/IAA genes In Arabidopsis, and discusses the problems with the real-time PCR process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30960271 and 31160493)the doctor fund project of Ministry of Education of China(20111515110008)
文摘The sheep genome harbours approximately 20 copies of endogenous beta-retroviruses （enJSRVs）, and circumstantial evidence suggests that enJSRVs might play a role in mammalian reproduction, particularly placental morphogenesis. This study was aimed to assess the expression of mRNAs of an enJSRV and its receptor, HYAL2, in the uterus and conceptuses of Mongolian ewes throughout gestation, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis. The results showed that enJSRV and HYAL2 mRNAs were found to be expressed throughout gestation in the endometrium, chorion, placenta, and conceptus. The enJSRV mRNA was most abundant in the placenta on day 90 of pregnancy, in the endometrium on day 30 and 50, and in the chorion on day 70 and 110. However, HYAL2 mRNA was most abundant in the endometrium on day 30. These differences were all significantly different from each other （P〈0.01）. In situ hybridization showed that enJSRV and HYAL2 mRNAs were specifically expressed in endometrial luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium, trophoblastic giant binucleated cells （BNCs）, endometrial caruncles, placental cotyledons, stroma, trophectoderm, as well as multinucleated syncytia of the placenta and blood vessel endothelial cells. Collectively, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which trophoblastic differentiation and multinucleated syncytia formation are regulated by enJSRVs. However, the temporal and spatial distributions of enJSRV expression in the uterus and conceptus indicate that differentiation of BNCs and the formation of a multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast involve enJSRV and possibly its cellular receptor, HYAL2. Therefore, enJSRV and HYAL2 appear to play important roles in the female reproductive physiology in this breed of sheep.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31421063)State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology(2012-ZY-03)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Aims Flowering time has been suggested to be an important adaptive trait during the dispersal of invasive species,and identifying the molecu-lar mechanisms underlying flowering time may provide insight into the local adaptation during the process of invasion.Here,we con-ducted a preliminary exploration on the genetic basis of the differ-entiation of flowering time in Ambrosia artemisiifolia.Methods using relative real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,we investigated the expression levels of eight flowering-related genes,including AP1,FT,SOC1,CRY2,FKF1,GI,CO2 and SPY,in leaves and flowers at different time points in individuals from northern beijing and southern Wuhan populations that exhibit significant differences in flowering times to identify any rhythmic changes in gene expression and their association with differential flowering times.Important Findings The differentiation of flowering time in the A.artemisiifolia popula-tions was closely associated with five genes involved in flowering pathways.The floral pathway integrators FT and SOC1 and floral meristem identity gene AP1 exhibited increased expression during flowering.The photoreceptor CRY2 in the light-dependent path-way and the SPY gene in the gibberellin pathway displayed specific expression patterns over time.in earlier-flowering beijing plants,CRY2 expression was lower and SPY expression was higher than in Wuhan plants.The expression patterns of these five genes sug-gest a molecular basis for the differentiation of flowering time in A.artemisiifolia.
基金This work was supported by a grant from 863High Technology Program,Chinese Ministry of Sci-ence and Technology
文摘The nucleotide sequence deduced from the amino acid sequence of the scorpion insectotoxin AaIT was chemically synthesized and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The authenticity of this in vitro expressed peptide was confirmed by N-terminal peptide sequencing. Two groups of bioassays, artificial diet incorporation assay and contact insecticidal effect assay, were carried out separately to verify the toxicity of this recombinant toxin. At the end of a 24 h experimental period, more than 60% of the testing diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae were killed in both groups with LC50 value of 18.4 microM and 0.70 microM respectively. Cytotoxicity assay using cultured Sf9 insect cells and MCF-7 human cells demonstrated that the toxin AaIT had specific toxicity against insect cells but not human cells. Only 0.13 microM recombinant toxin was needed to kill 50% of cultured insect cells while as much as 1.3 microM toxin had absolutely no effect on human cells. Insect cells produced obvious intrusions from their plasma membrane before broken up. We infer that toxin AaIT bind to a putative sodium channel in these insect cells and open the channel persistently, which would result in Na+ influx and finally cause destruction of insect cells.
文摘Penaeidin from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) has proved to be one of the most important antimicrobial peptides in the bodies of animals. The relative quantitative real-time PCR method is developed to study through time, the mRNA expression profile of penaeidin in the muscle and haemocyte tissue of Chinese shrimp infected with vibrio (Vibrio anguillarum) and WSSV (white spot syndrome virus). Research results showed that the same pathogens infection experiments produced similar gene expression profile in different tissues while different expression profiles appeared in the same tissues infected by different exterior pathogens. In vibrio infection experiments, a 'U' like expression profile resulted. Expression levels of penaeidin increased and surpassed the non-stimulated level, indicating that penaeidin from Chinese shrimp has noticeable antimicrobial activities. In WSSV infection experiments, the expression profile appeared as an inverse 'U' with the expression of penaeidin gradually decreasing to below baseline level after 24 h. The expression of antimicrobial peptides gene in mRNA level in response to virus infection in shrimp showed that international mechanisms of virus to haemocytes and microbial to haemocytes are completely different. Decline of penaeidins expression levels may be due to haemocytes being destroyed by WSSV or that the virus can inhibit the expression of penaeidins by yet undiscovered modes. The expression profiles of penaeidin in response to exterior pathogen and the difference of expression profiles between vibrio and WSSV infection provided some clues to further understanding the complex innate immune mechanism in shrimp.
文摘This paper aims to investigate the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eyeandvoice,insighttranslatingmetaphoricalexpressions(MEs).24MAtranslation students, with no professional translation or interpreting experience, were asked to conduct a sight translation (STR) task, and the processes were registered by eye-tracker and audio recorder. The qualified eye-tracking and audio data were further analysed by Tobii Studio and Audacity audio processing software. Our findings suggest that the time of the pause preceding an ME was largely, but not entirely, spent in processing the ensuing ME. However, due to the general existence of reading ahead activities in STR, the planning step for sight translating an ME takes place prior to the preceding pause; moreover, due to local processing difficulty causedbytheME,thetimeforreadingaheadintoME(temporalEVS)ismostlygreater than for reading ahead beyond ME. Our findings also reveal that the rate of methodological deviation(causedbythetwodifferentcalculationapproaches)forMEprocessingtimeis around10%,butthetwoprocessingtimeshavedemonstratednostatisticallysignificant difference, validating the processing time calculated by audio data in Zheng&Xiang (2013).We conclude this paper with some reservation on eye-tracking translation research:though powerful in providing solid and informative process data, it has some limitations in clearly probing into intricate human cognitive process.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30972263,30771644)the Natural Science Foundation of HunanProvince(No.09jj6037)
文摘The myosin heavy chain(MyHC)is one of the major structural and contracting proteins of muscle.We have isolated the cDNA clone encoding MyHC of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. The sequence comprises 5 934 bp,including a 5 814 bp open reading frame encoding an amino acid sequence of 1 937 residues.The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69%homology to rabbit fast skeletal MyHC and 73%–76%homology to the MyHCs from the mandarin fish,walleye pollack,white croaker,chum salmon,and carp.The putative sequences of subfragment-1 and the light meromyosin region showed 61.4%–80%homology to the corresponding regions of other fish MyHCs.The tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expressions of the MyHC gene were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR.The MyHC gene showed the highest expression in the muscles compared with the kidney,spleen and intestine.Developmentally,there was a gradual increase in MyHC mRNA expression from the neural formation stage to the tail bud stage.The highest expression was detected in hatching larva.Our work on the MyHC gene from the grass carp has provided useful information for fish molecular biology and fish genomics.
