This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd and/or Pb. The soil used for experiments...This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd and/or Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd and/or Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.展开更多
Background Blood culture contamination is a significant adverse event. The aim of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of a strict blood collection procedure in reducing the blood culture contamination rate. Meth...Background Blood culture contamination is a significant adverse event. The aim of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of a strict blood collection procedure in reducing the blood culture contamination rate. Methods A prospectively controlled study was performed in two different medical areas in Peking Union Medical College Hospital （PUMCH） for 16 months （from May 2006 to September 2007）. In test group, a strict blood collection procedure was carried out by trained nurses with the veinpuncture sites were scrupulously disinfected with 2.5% tincture of iodine plus 70% alcohol. In control group, commonly used procedure in PUMCH was performed with 0.45% chlorhexidine acetate plus 0.2% iodine. Blood culture positive results for 4 target organisms （Coagulase-negafive staphylococci, Propionibacterium acnes, physicians from infectious department to （contamination）. Corynebacterium species and Bacillus determine whether a sample was true species） were further assessed by positive （pathogen） or false positive Results Total 9321 blood culture collections were analyzed. The blood culture contamination rate in test group was significantly lower than that in control group （5/3177 （0.16%） vs. 77/6144 （1.25%）; x2=13.382, P 〈0.001）. The most common contaminant was Coagulase-negative staphylococcus （76.83%）. The average cultural time during which contaminated samples became positive was longer than that for true pathogen samples （42.0 hours vs. 13.9 hours, P=-0.041）. Conclusion Using a strict blood collection procedure can significantly reduce blood culture contamination rate.展开更多
为定量分析生熟食品中单增李斯特菌在不同材质案板上的交叉污染水平,将1 m L单增李斯特菌初始菌悬液接种于卤猪舌中,模拟食品制备过程,在案板上先后对卤猪舌和生黄瓜进行切片处理,同时,设定4种常见场景,分别测定不同场景下单增李斯特菌...为定量分析生熟食品中单增李斯特菌在不同材质案板上的交叉污染水平,将1 m L单增李斯特菌初始菌悬液接种于卤猪舌中,模拟食品制备过程,在案板上先后对卤猪舌和生黄瓜进行切片处理,同时,设定4种常见场景,分别测定不同场景下单增李斯特菌从卤猪舌到案板以及案板到生黄瓜的转移率。此外,构建厨房模拟环境下食物经不同操作方式的暴露评估模型,比较消费者食用不同材质案板处理过的污染单增李斯特菌的生熟食品后发病率的大小。结果表明:不同场景下转移率在一定范围内变化,且不同材质案板同场景下转移率差异显著(P<0.05)。通过暴露模型证实,食用交叉污染的熟肉制品和生鲜蔬菜存在一定风险,且木质案板风险显著高于塑料和不锈钢案板。展开更多
目的了解宝鸡市食品中单核细胞增生性李斯特菌(L.monocytogenes,L.m)的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病的发生提供参考依据。方法按照国家标准检验方法对2005—2020年采集的2680份食品进行检测并进行菌株分离纯化,鉴定采用API Liste ria生化...目的了解宝鸡市食品中单核细胞增生性李斯特菌(L.monocytogenes,L.m)的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病的发生提供参考依据。方法按照国家标准检验方法对2005—2020年采集的2680份食品进行检测并进行菌株分离纯化,鉴定采用API Liste ria生化鉴定条和VITEK 2 COMPACT高智能全自动微生物仪。结果2005—2020年共检测各类食品样品2680份,检出L.m 213株,总阳性率为7.95%;有36份食品样品同时检测出含单增李斯特菌2种或3种致病菌,含单增李斯特菌混合污染率为1.34%。不同年份样品中L.m的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=99.512,P<0.01),其中2005年的检出率最高(24.00%),其次为2008年(15.12%),检出率最低为2013年(0.41%)。12大类食品中L.m的检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=101.962,P<0.01);其中冷冻肉糜制品检出率最高(36.36%),其次是调理肉制品(35.71%),而饮料及冷冻饮品、乳与乳制品等5类食品均未检出L.m。不同季度样品中L.m的检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=280.38,P<0.01),第三季度食品的阳性检出率最高(8.96%),其次为第二季度(8.14%),第一季度最低(1.25%)。结论2005—2020年宝鸡市各类食品存在不同程度的L.m污染,且存在含其他致病菌的混合性污染,有引发公共卫生问题的安全隐患,应该引起监管部门的注意。展开更多
The unintentional carbon doping concentration of GaN films grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition （LP-MOCVD） depends strongly on the growth rate. The concentration of carbon is varied from 2.9...The unintentional carbon doping concentration of GaN films grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition （LP-MOCVD） depends strongly on the growth rate. The concentration of carbon is varied from 2.9 × 1017 to 5.7 × 10^18 cm-3 when the growth rate increases from 2.0 to 7.2 μm/h, as detected by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It is shown that the presence of N vacancies give rises to high carbon concentration. We show that a reduction of the carbon concentration by one order of magnitude compared to the regular sample with nearly same growth rate can be achieved by operating at an extremely high NH3 partial pressure during growth. The intensity ratios of yellow and blue luminescence to band edge luminescence in the samples are found to depend significantly on carbon concentration. The present results demonstrate direct and quantitative evidence that the carbon related defects are the origin of yellow and blue luminescence.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No. KZCX3-SW-431, KZCX2-YW-408)the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (No. 40321101, 40571082).
文摘This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd and/or Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd and/or Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.
文摘Background Blood culture contamination is a significant adverse event. The aim of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of a strict blood collection procedure in reducing the blood culture contamination rate. Methods A prospectively controlled study was performed in two different medical areas in Peking Union Medical College Hospital （PUMCH） for 16 months （from May 2006 to September 2007）. In test group, a strict blood collection procedure was carried out by trained nurses with the veinpuncture sites were scrupulously disinfected with 2.5% tincture of iodine plus 70% alcohol. In control group, commonly used procedure in PUMCH was performed with 0.45% chlorhexidine acetate plus 0.2% iodine. Blood culture positive results for 4 target organisms （Coagulase-negafive staphylococci, Propionibacterium acnes, physicians from infectious department to （contamination）. Corynebacterium species and Bacillus determine whether a sample was true species） were further assessed by positive （pathogen） or false positive Results Total 9321 blood culture collections were analyzed. The blood culture contamination rate in test group was significantly lower than that in control group （5/3177 （0.16%） vs. 77/6144 （1.25%）; x2=13.382, P 〈0.001）. The most common contaminant was Coagulase-negative staphylococcus （76.83%）. The average cultural time during which contaminated samples became positive was longer than that for true pathogen samples （42.0 hours vs. 13.9 hours, P=-0.041）. Conclusion Using a strict blood collection procedure can significantly reduce blood culture contamination rate.
文摘为定量分析生熟食品中单增李斯特菌在不同材质案板上的交叉污染水平,将1 m L单增李斯特菌初始菌悬液接种于卤猪舌中,模拟食品制备过程,在案板上先后对卤猪舌和生黄瓜进行切片处理,同时,设定4种常见场景,分别测定不同场景下单增李斯特菌从卤猪舌到案板以及案板到生黄瓜的转移率。此外,构建厨房模拟环境下食物经不同操作方式的暴露评估模型,比较消费者食用不同材质案板处理过的污染单增李斯特菌的生熟食品后发病率的大小。结果表明:不同场景下转移率在一定范围内变化,且不同材质案板同场景下转移率差异显著(P<0.05)。通过暴露模型证实,食用交叉污染的熟肉制品和生鲜蔬菜存在一定风险,且木质案板风险显著高于塑料和不锈钢案板。
基金Project supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61334001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51072076)+2 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2011AA03A101,2012AA041002)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2011BAE32B01)the Fund for Less Developed Regions of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11364034)
文摘The unintentional carbon doping concentration of GaN films grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition （LP-MOCVD） depends strongly on the growth rate. The concentration of carbon is varied from 2.9 × 1017 to 5.7 × 10^18 cm-3 when the growth rate increases from 2.0 to 7.2 μm/h, as detected by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It is shown that the presence of N vacancies give rises to high carbon concentration. We show that a reduction of the carbon concentration by one order of magnitude compared to the regular sample with nearly same growth rate can be achieved by operating at an extremely high NH3 partial pressure during growth. The intensity ratios of yellow and blue luminescence to band edge luminescence in the samples are found to depend significantly on carbon concentration. The present results demonstrate direct and quantitative evidence that the carbon related defects are the origin of yellow and blue luminescence.
