The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the ...The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei M展开更多
Pancreato-biliary disorders are still incredibly challenging in the field of gastroenterology,as they would sometimes require multi-approach interventional procedures.Recently,therapeutic interventional endoscopic ult...Pancreato-biliary disorders are still incredibly challenging in the field of gastroenterology,as they would sometimes require multi-approach interventional procedures.Recently,therapeutic interventional endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)has emerged as a potential alternative to surgical or percutaneous approaches.Unfortunately,considering the high cost of EUS,lack of facility and expertise,most gastroenterologists still often refer cases to undergo surgical interventions without contemplating the possibility of utilizing EUS first.EUS-guided biliary drainage has become one of the best choices for establishing access to biliary system,given the clear visualization of pancreas,gallbladder,and common bile duct.Although there are still only a few studies which directly compare EUSguided and surgical approaches for biliary drainage,current evidence demonstrated the superiority of EUS-guided approach in terms of adverse events and reintervention rates,with similarly high technical and clinical success rates compared to percutaneous and surgical approaches,especially in patients with history of failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography attempt.Comparable success rates with shorter length of hospital stay between endoscopic and surgical approaches have also been exhibited for pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.Recent findings about the progress of EUS approach in gastroenterostomy/jejunostomy also indicated a promising potential of EUS,as a less invasive approach,for managing gastric outlet obstruction.展开更多
文摘The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei M
文摘Pancreato-biliary disorders are still incredibly challenging in the field of gastroenterology,as they would sometimes require multi-approach interventional procedures.Recently,therapeutic interventional endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)has emerged as a potential alternative to surgical or percutaneous approaches.Unfortunately,considering the high cost of EUS,lack of facility and expertise,most gastroenterologists still often refer cases to undergo surgical interventions without contemplating the possibility of utilizing EUS first.EUS-guided biliary drainage has become one of the best choices for establishing access to biliary system,given the clear visualization of pancreas,gallbladder,and common bile duct.Although there are still only a few studies which directly compare EUSguided and surgical approaches for biliary drainage,current evidence demonstrated the superiority of EUS-guided approach in terms of adverse events and reintervention rates,with similarly high technical and clinical success rates compared to percutaneous and surgical approaches,especially in patients with history of failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography attempt.Comparable success rates with shorter length of hospital stay between endoscopic and surgical approaches have also been exhibited for pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.Recent findings about the progress of EUS approach in gastroenterostomy/jejunostomy also indicated a promising potential of EUS,as a less invasive approach,for managing gastric outlet obstruction.
