The number and health burden of Parkinson’s disease increase rapidly in China.It is estimated that China will have nearly half of the Parkinson’s disease population in the world in 2030.In this review,we present an ...The number and health burden of Parkinson’s disease increase rapidly in China.It is estimated that China will have nearly half of the Parkinson’s disease population in the world in 2030.In this review,we present an overview of epidemiology and health economics status of Parkinson’s disease across China and discuss the risk factors of Parkinson’s disease and related complications.From the view of clinical research,we also discuss the current status of clinical trials,diagnostic biomarkers,treatment of Parkinson’s disease,tertiary network and post-occupation education in Chinese Parkinson’s disease clinics.展开更多
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)across cancer types.The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients ha...The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)across cancer types.The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell,NK cell,and more recently,B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment.State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion.Many of these states are conserved across tumor types,in line with the broad responses observed clinically.Despite this homology,not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy,highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions.This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy.Thus,while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging,the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning.Within this review,we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology,their prognostic benefit,and their predictive value for therapy.展开更多
We review the fossil history of seed plant genera that are now endemic to eastern Asia. Although the majority of eastern Asian endemic genera have no known fossil record at all, 54 genera, or about 9%, are reliably kn...We review the fossil history of seed plant genera that are now endemic to eastern Asia. Although the majority of eastern Asian endemic genera have no known fossil record at all, 54 genera, or about 9%, are reliably known from the fossil record. Most of these are woody (with two exceptions), and most are today either broadly East Asian, or more specifically confined to Sino-Japanese subcategory rather than being endemic to the Sino-Himalayan area. Of the "eastern Asian endemic" genera so far known from the fossil record, the majority formerly occurred in Europe and/or North America, indicating that eastern Asia served as a late Tertiary or Quaternary refugium for taxa. Hence, many of these genera may have originated in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere and expanded their ranges across continents and former sea barriers when tectonic and climatic conditions allowed, leading to their arrival in eastern Asia. Although clear evidence for paleoendemism is provided by the gymnosperms Amentotaxus, Cathaya, Cephalotaxus, Cunninghamia, Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Ginkgo, Keteleeria, Metasequoia, Nothotsuga, Pseudolarix, Sciadopitys, and Taiwania, and the angiosperms Cercidiphyllum, Choerospondias, Corylopsis, Craigia, Cyclocarya, Davidia, Dipelta, Decaisnea, Diplopanax, Dipteronia, Emmenopterys, Eucommia, Euscaphis, Hemiptelea, Hovenia, Koelreuteria, Paulownia, Phellodendron, Platycarya, Pteroceltis, Rehderodendron, Sargentodoxa, Schizophragma, Sinomenium, Tapiscia, Tetracentron, Toricellia, Trapella, and Trochodendron, we cannot rule out the possibility that neoendemism plays an important role especially for herbaceous taxa in the present-day flora of Asia, particularly in the Sino-Himalayan region. In addition to reviewing paleobotanical occurrences from the literature, we document newly recognized fossil occurrences that expand the geographic and stratigraphic ranges previously known for Dipelta, Pteroceltis, and Toricellia.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 81430022,91332107,81371407].
文摘The number and health burden of Parkinson’s disease increase rapidly in China.It is estimated that China will have nearly half of the Parkinson’s disease population in the world in 2030.In this review,we present an overview of epidemiology and health economics status of Parkinson’s disease across China and discuss the risk factors of Parkinson’s disease and related complications.From the view of clinical research,we also discuss the current status of clinical trials,diagnostic biomarkers,treatment of Parkinson’s disease,tertiary network and post-occupation education in Chinese Parkinson’s disease clinics.
文摘The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)across cancer types.The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell,NK cell,and more recently,B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment.State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion.Many of these states are conserved across tumor types,in line with the broad responses observed clinically.Despite this homology,not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy,highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions.This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy.Thus,while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging,the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning.Within this review,we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology,their prognostic benefit,and their predictive value for therapy.
基金supported in part by US National Science Foundation grants EAR 9220079,0174295INT 0074295 to SRM+4 种基金National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program No.2007CB411600)Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YW-R-136) to CZDin part by Research Project of the National Museum of Nature of Science (20077005)the Monbusho Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (17540446) for KUsupported through SRM's participation in the NSF (NESCent)-sponsored Phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere Working Group
文摘We review the fossil history of seed plant genera that are now endemic to eastern Asia. Although the majority of eastern Asian endemic genera have no known fossil record at all, 54 genera, or about 9%, are reliably known from the fossil record. Most of these are woody (with two exceptions), and most are today either broadly East Asian, or more specifically confined to Sino-Japanese subcategory rather than being endemic to the Sino-Himalayan area. Of the "eastern Asian endemic" genera so far known from the fossil record, the majority formerly occurred in Europe and/or North America, indicating that eastern Asia served as a late Tertiary or Quaternary refugium for taxa. Hence, many of these genera may have originated in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere and expanded their ranges across continents and former sea barriers when tectonic and climatic conditions allowed, leading to their arrival in eastern Asia. Although clear evidence for paleoendemism is provided by the gymnosperms Amentotaxus, Cathaya, Cephalotaxus, Cunninghamia, Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Ginkgo, Keteleeria, Metasequoia, Nothotsuga, Pseudolarix, Sciadopitys, and Taiwania, and the angiosperms Cercidiphyllum, Choerospondias, Corylopsis, Craigia, Cyclocarya, Davidia, Dipelta, Decaisnea, Diplopanax, Dipteronia, Emmenopterys, Eucommia, Euscaphis, Hemiptelea, Hovenia, Koelreuteria, Paulownia, Phellodendron, Platycarya, Pteroceltis, Rehderodendron, Sargentodoxa, Schizophragma, Sinomenium, Tapiscia, Tetracentron, Toricellia, Trapella, and Trochodendron, we cannot rule out the possibility that neoendemism plays an important role especially for herbaceous taxa in the present-day flora of Asia, particularly in the Sino-Himalayan region. In addition to reviewing paleobotanical occurrences from the literature, we document newly recognized fossil occurrences that expand the geographic and stratigraphic ranges previously known for Dipelta, Pteroceltis, and Toricellia.