帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者多数会出现言语功能障碍,严重影响生活质量。近年重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)在治疗PD患者言语障碍的临床实践中取得了新的进展。研究结果提示,将rTMS作用...帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者多数会出现言语功能障碍,严重影响生活质量。近年重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)在治疗PD患者言语障碍的临床实践中取得了新的进展。研究结果提示,将rTMS作用于初级运动皮质(primary motor cortex,M1)的口面部区域和颞上回(superior temporal gyrus,STG)可能会有效地改善PD患者的言语功能,现有研究未见报道有由rTMS引起的严重不良反应。rTMS治疗PD患者言语障碍的机制可能与rTMS可以调节言语相关大脑皮质(如M1和STG)的兴奋性和功能连接程度有关。总结来说,rTMS在PD言语障碍的治疗中取得了良好的效果,但目前研究的数量较少,未来还需要更多大规模和大样本量的随机对照试验来进一步验证和支持其效果。展开更多
BACKGROUND： Neuronal primary cilia are sensory organelles that are critically involved in the proper growth, development, and function of the central nervous system （CNS）. Recent work also suggests that they signal...BACKGROUND： Neuronal primary cilia are sensory organelles that are critically involved in the proper growth, development, and function of the central nervous system （CNS）. Recent work also suggests that they signal in the context of CNS injury, and that abnormal ciliary signaling may be implicated in neurological diseases. METHODS： We quantified the distribution of neuronal primary cilia alignment throughout the normal adult mouse brain by immunohistochemical staining for the primary cilia marker adenylyl cyclase Ⅲ （ACⅢ） and measuring the angles of primary cilia with respect to global and local coordinate planes. We then introduced two different models of acute brain insult--temporal lobe seizure and cerebral ischemia, and re-examined neuronal primary cilia distribution, as well as ciliary lengths and the proportion of neurons harboring cilia. RESULTS： Under basal conditions, cortical cilia align themselves radially with respect to the cortical surface, while cilia in the dentate gyms align themselves radially with respect to the granule cell layer. Cilia of neurons in the striatum and thalamus, by contrast, exhibit a wide distribution of ciliary arrangements. In both cases of acute brain insult, primary cilia alignment was significantly disrupted in a region-specific manner, with areas affected by the insult preferentially disrupted. Further, the two models promoted differential effects on ciliary lengths, while only the ischemia model decreased the proportion of ciliated cells. CONCLUSIONS： These findings provide evidence for the regional anatomical organization of neuronal primary cilia in the adult brain and suggest that various brain insults may disrupt this organization.展开更多
Interval timing is involved in a variety of cognitive behaviors such as associative learning and decision-making.While it has been shown that time estimation is adaptive to the temporal context,it remains unclear how ...Interval timing is involved in a variety of cognitive behaviors such as associative learning and decision-making.While it has been shown that time estimation is adaptive to the temporal context,it remains unclear how interval timing behavior is influenced by recent trial history.Here we found that,in mice trained to perform a licking-based interval timing task,a decrease of inter-reinforcement interval in the previous trial rapidly shifted the time of anticipatory licking earlier.Optogenetic inactivation of the anterior lateral motor cortex(ALM),but not the medial prefrontal cortex,for a short time before reward delivery caused a decrease in the peak time of anticipatory licking in the next trial.Electrophysiological recordings from the ALM showed that the response profiles preceded by short and long inter-reinforcement intervals exhibited task-engagement-dependent temporal scaling.Thus,interval timing is adaptive to recent experience of the temporal interval,and ALM activity during time estimation reflects recent experience of interval.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE： To study the correla...BACKGROUND： Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE： To study the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow （rCBF） perfusion and learning memory function in special brain regions of patients with cerebral infarction at convalescent period, and to try to find out a method which can quantitatively evaluate learning ability. DESIGN： Case observation, and correlation analysis. SETTINGS： Shandong Institute for Behavioral Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： Totally 70 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Jining Medical College between January 2004 and December 2005 were involved. The involved patients, 58 male and 12 female, were averaged （52±3） years, and they were all right handed. They all met the diagnosis criteria instituted by the Fourth National Conference on Cerebrovascular Disease, and were confirmed as cerebral infarction by skull CT or MRI. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the patients and relatives. METHODS： When the patients were at convalescent period, their learning and memory ability were measured with “ clinic memory scale （set A）”. The 18 patients whose total mark over 100 were regarded as good learning memory function group; The 23 cases whose total mark less than 70 were regarded as poor learning memory function group. RCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe of patients between two groups were measured and compared by single photon emission computed tomography （SPECT）. The total scores of the 18 good learning memory patients and 23 poor learning memory patients were taken as dependent variable Y, and their rCBFs of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe respectively as independent variable X for linear correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Correlation 展开更多
Background The visual system and its inherent functions undergo experience-dependent changes through the lifespan,enabling acquisition of new skills.Previous fMRI studies using tasks reported increased specialization ...Background The visual system and its inherent functions undergo experience-dependent changes through the lifespan,enabling acquisition of new skills.Previous fMRI studies using tasks reported increased specialization in a number of cortical regions subserving visual expertise.Although ample studies focused on representation of long-term visual expertise in the brain,i.e.in terms of year,monthly-based early-stage representation of visual expertise remains unstudied.Given that spontaneous neuronal oscillations actively encode previous experience,we propose brain representations in the resting state is fundamentally important.Objective The current study aimed to investigate how monthly-based early-stage visual expertise are represented in the resting state using the expertise model of radiologists.Methods In particular,we investigated the altered local clustering pattern of spontaneous brain activity using regional homogeneity(ReHo).A cohort group of radiology interns(n=22)after one-month training in X-ray department and matched laypersons(n=22)were recruited after rigorous behavioral assessment.Results The results showed higher ReHo in the right hippocampus(HIP)and the right ventral anterior temporal lobe(vATL)(corrected by Alphasim correction,P<0.05).Moreover,ReHo in the right HIP correlated with the number of cases reviewed during intern radiologists’training(corrected by Alphasim correction,P<0.05).Conclusions In sum,our results demonstrated that the early stage of visual expertise is more concerned with stabilizing visual feature and domain-specific knowledge into long-term memory.The results provided novel evidence regarding how early-stage visual expertise is represented in the resting brain,which help further elaborate how human visual expertise is acquired.We propose that our current study may provide novel ideas for developing new training protocols in medical schools.展开更多
文摘帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者多数会出现言语功能障碍,严重影响生活质量。近年重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)在治疗PD患者言语障碍的临床实践中取得了新的进展。研究结果提示,将rTMS作用于初级运动皮质(primary motor cortex,M1)的口面部区域和颞上回(superior temporal gyrus,STG)可能会有效地改善PD患者的言语功能,现有研究未见报道有由rTMS引起的严重不良反应。rTMS治疗PD患者言语障碍的机制可能与rTMS可以调节言语相关大脑皮质(如M1和STG)的兴奋性和功能连接程度有关。总结来说,rTMS在PD言语障碍的治疗中取得了良好的效果,但目前研究的数量较少,未来还需要更多大规模和大样本量的随机对照试验来进一步验证和支持其效果。
文摘BACKGROUND： Neuronal primary cilia are sensory organelles that are critically involved in the proper growth, development, and function of the central nervous system （CNS）. Recent work also suggests that they signal in the context of CNS injury, and that abnormal ciliary signaling may be implicated in neurological diseases. METHODS： We quantified the distribution of neuronal primary cilia alignment throughout the normal adult mouse brain by immunohistochemical staining for the primary cilia marker adenylyl cyclase Ⅲ （ACⅢ） and measuring the angles of primary cilia with respect to global and local coordinate planes. We then introduced two different models of acute brain insult--temporal lobe seizure and cerebral ischemia, and re-examined neuronal primary cilia distribution, as well as ciliary lengths and the proportion of neurons harboring cilia. RESULTS： Under basal conditions, cortical cilia align themselves radially with respect to the cortical surface, while cilia in the dentate gyms align themselves radially with respect to the granule cell layer. Cilia of neurons in the striatum and thalamus, by contrast, exhibit a wide distribution of ciliary arrangements. In both cases of acute brain insult, primary cilia alignment was significantly disrupted in a region-specific manner, with areas affected by the insult preferentially disrupted. Further, the two models promoted differential effects on ciliary lengths, while only the ischemia model decreased the proportion of ciliated cells. CONCLUSIONS： These findings provide evidence for the regional anatomical organization of neuronal primary cilia in the adult brain and suggest that various brain insults may disrupt this organization.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program of China(2021ZD0203700/2021ZD0203703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771151 and 32171030)+2 种基金Lingang Lab(LG202104-01-03)a Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX05)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32010200)。
文摘Interval timing is involved in a variety of cognitive behaviors such as associative learning and decision-making.While it has been shown that time estimation is adaptive to the temporal context,it remains unclear how interval timing behavior is influenced by recent trial history.Here we found that,in mice trained to perform a licking-based interval timing task,a decrease of inter-reinforcement interval in the previous trial rapidly shifted the time of anticipatory licking earlier.Optogenetic inactivation of the anterior lateral motor cortex(ALM),but not the medial prefrontal cortex,for a short time before reward delivery caused a decrease in the peak time of anticipatory licking in the next trial.Electrophysiological recordings from the ALM showed that the response profiles preceded by short and long inter-reinforcement intervals exhibited task-engagement-dependent temporal scaling.Thus,interval timing is adaptive to recent experience of the temporal interval,and ALM activity during time estimation reflects recent experience of interval.
基金the Grant from Bureau of Science and Technology of Jining City, No.2004JH006
文摘BACKGROUND： Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE： To study the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow （rCBF） perfusion and learning memory function in special brain regions of patients with cerebral infarction at convalescent period, and to try to find out a method which can quantitatively evaluate learning ability. DESIGN： Case observation, and correlation analysis. SETTINGS： Shandong Institute for Behavioral Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： Totally 70 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Jining Medical College between January 2004 and December 2005 were involved. The involved patients, 58 male and 12 female, were averaged （52±3） years, and they were all right handed. They all met the diagnosis criteria instituted by the Fourth National Conference on Cerebrovascular Disease, and were confirmed as cerebral infarction by skull CT or MRI. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the patients and relatives. METHODS： When the patients were at convalescent period, their learning and memory ability were measured with “ clinic memory scale （set A）”. The 18 patients whose total mark over 100 were regarded as good learning memory function group; The 23 cases whose total mark less than 70 were regarded as poor learning memory function group. RCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe of patients between two groups were measured and compared by single photon emission computed tomography （SPECT）. The total scores of the 18 good learning memory patients and 23 poor learning memory patients were taken as dependent variable Y, and their rCBFs of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe respectively as independent variable X for linear correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Correlation
基金This paper is supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF1202400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19B2030)the Science and Technology Projects of Xi’an,China(No.201809170CX11JC12).
文摘Background The visual system and its inherent functions undergo experience-dependent changes through the lifespan,enabling acquisition of new skills.Previous fMRI studies using tasks reported increased specialization in a number of cortical regions subserving visual expertise.Although ample studies focused on representation of long-term visual expertise in the brain,i.e.in terms of year,monthly-based early-stage representation of visual expertise remains unstudied.Given that spontaneous neuronal oscillations actively encode previous experience,we propose brain representations in the resting state is fundamentally important.Objective The current study aimed to investigate how monthly-based early-stage visual expertise are represented in the resting state using the expertise model of radiologists.Methods In particular,we investigated the altered local clustering pattern of spontaneous brain activity using regional homogeneity(ReHo).A cohort group of radiology interns(n=22)after one-month training in X-ray department and matched laypersons(n=22)were recruited after rigorous behavioral assessment.Results The results showed higher ReHo in the right hippocampus(HIP)and the right ventral anterior temporal lobe(vATL)(corrected by Alphasim correction,P<0.05).Moreover,ReHo in the right HIP correlated with the number of cases reviewed during intern radiologists’training(corrected by Alphasim correction,P<0.05).Conclusions In sum,our results demonstrated that the early stage of visual expertise is more concerned with stabilizing visual feature and domain-specific knowledge into long-term memory.The results provided novel evidence regarding how early-stage visual expertise is represented in the resting brain,which help further elaborate how human visual expertise is acquired.We propose that our current study may provide novel ideas for developing new training protocols in medical schools.
