Objective The aim of this review was to assess RNA interference (RNAi) and its possibility as a potential and powerful tool to develop highly specific double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) base...Objective The aim of this review was to assess RNA interference (RNAi) and its possibility as a potential and powerful tool to develop highly specific double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) based gene-silencing therapeutics. Data sources The data used in this review were obtained from the current RNAi-related research reports. Study selection dsRNA-mediated RNAi has recently emerged as a powerful reverse genetic tool to silence, gene expression in multiple organisms. The discovery that synthetic duplexes of 21 nucleotides siRNAs trigger gene-specific silencing in mammalian cells has further expanded the utility of RNAi in to the mammalian system. Data extraction The currently published papers reporting the discovery and mechanism of RNAi phenomena and application of RNAi on gene function in mammalian cells were included. Data synthesis Since the recent development of RNAi technology in the mammalian system, investigators have used RNAi to elucidate gene function, and to develop gene-based therapeutics by delivery exogenous siRNA or siRNA expressing vector. The general and sequence-specific inhibitory effects of RNAi that will be selective, long-term, and systemic to modulate gene targets mentioned in similar reports have caused much concern about its effectiveness in mammals and its eventual use as a therapeutic mordality. Conclusions It is certain that the ability of RNAi in mammals to silence specific genes, either when transfected directly as siRNAs or when generated from DNA vectors, will undoubtedly accelerate the study of gene function and might also be used as a potentially useful method to develop highly gene-specific therapeutic methods. It is also expected that RNAi might one day be used to treat human diseases.展开更多
Background The incidence of autosomal trisomy in livebirths is strongly dependent on maternal age. Special consideration is given to the provision of prenatal screening and cytogenetic testing to women of advanced mat...Background The incidence of autosomal trisomy in livebirths is strongly dependent on maternal age. Special consideration is given to the provision of prenatal screening and cytogenetic testing to women of advanced maternal age （AMA）. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of second trimester prenatal screening and amniocentesis for Down syndrome （DS） and compare the trends of choice of screening and amniocentesis among AMA women. Methods A total of 5404 AMA patients with natural singleton pregnancy were recruited for this prospective study from January 2008 to December 2010. The gestational weeks were from 15 weeks to 20~6 weeks. The patients referred were grouped into a screening group （2107 cases） and an amniocentesis group （3297 cases） by their own decision. The prevalence of DS was compared between the two groups by chi-square test. Choice rates for each maternal age with trends were compared by regression analysis. Results There were 18 cases of fetal DS detected in the screening group with a prevalence of 8.54%o （18/2107）. Twenty- five cases of fetal DS were diagnosed in the amniocentesis group with a prevalence of 7,58%0 （25/3297）. No statistical difference was observed in the prevalence of DS between the screening and amniocentesis group （P=0.928）. The invasive testing rate for DS in the amniocentesis group was 5.54 times higher than that of the screening group （1/131.88 vs. 1/23.78）. With the increase of the maternal age, the choice of amniocentesis increased while the choice of the screening showed an opposite trend. The choice of the AMA women between the screening and amniocentesis was significantly age relevant （P=0.012）. Conclusions The second trimester serum screening age alone to screen for DS. We suggest educating screening and amniocentesis options. in combination with maternal age was more effective than maternal the patients by recommending AMA women be informed of both展开更多
Objective: To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), the central enzymes in folate metabolism that affects DNA meth...Objective: To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), the central enzymes in folate metabolism that affects DNA methylation and synthesis, and the risk of Down syndrome in China. Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral lymphocytes of 64 mothers of children with Down syndrome and 70 age matched control subjects. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to examine the polymorphisms of MTHFR 677C→T, MTRR 66A→G and the relationship between these genotypes and the risk of Down syndrome was analyzed. Results: The results show that the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism is more prevalent among mothers of children with Down syndrome than among control mothers, with an odds ratio of 3.78 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.78～8.47). In addition, the homozygous MTRR 66A→G polymorphism was independently associated with a 5.2-fold increase in estimated risk (95% CI, 1.90～14.22). The combined presence of both polymorphisms was associated with a greater risk of Down syndrome than the presence of either alone, with an odds ratio of 6.0 (95% CI, 2.058～17.496). The two polymorphisms appear to act without a multiplicative interaction. Conclusion: MTHFR and MTRR gene mutation alleles are related to Down syndrome, and CT, TT and GG gene mutation types increase the risk of Down syndrome.展开更多
Objective To identify and determine the optimal method to screening for fetal Down＇s syndrome （DS）. Methods Three large cohorts with 17 118, 39 903, 16 646 subjects were enrolled for the first trimester double mark...Objective To identify and determine the optimal method to screening for fetal Down＇s syndrome （DS）. Methods Three large cohorts with 17 118, 39 903, 16 646 subjects were enrolled for the first trimester double marker （pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free [B-human chorionic gonadotropin） screening （FTDMS）, second trimester double marker （c{-fetoprotein and free B-human chorionic gonadotropin） screening （STDMS）, and second trimester triple marker （a-fetoprotein, free 13-human chorionic gonadotropin and unconjugated estriol 3） screening （STTMS）, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate （FPR）, false negative rate （FNR） and the areas under ROC curves （AUCs） were estimated in order to determine the optimal screening method in women under or above 35 years old. Results For women under 35 years old, STTMS was the best method with a detection rate of 68.8% and FPR of 4.3% followed by the STDMS with a detection rate （sensitivity） of 66.7% and FPR of 4.9%. The FTDMS had a lower detection rate of 61.1% and FPR of 6.3%. For women above 35 years old, the detection rate of all the methods was similar, but STTMS method had a lowest FPR of 15.9%. For women under 35 years old AUCs were 0.77 （95% CI, 0.64 to 0.91）, 0.81 （95% CI, 0.71 to 0.91）, and 0.82 （95% CI, 0.69 to 0.96） for FTDMS, STDMS, and STTMS methods, respectively; for those above 35 years old, AUCs were 0.70 （95% CI, 0.56 to 0.83）, 0.70 （95% CI, 0.59 to 0.82）, 0.78 （95% Cl, 0.58 to 0.97） for FTDMS, STDMS and SITMS, respectively. Conclusion Findings from our study revealed that STDMS is optimal for the detection of fetal DS in pregnant women aged under 35. For individual women, if economic condition permits, STFMS is the best choice, while for women aged above 35, STTMS is the best choice in this regard.展开更多
Objective To search for new putative tumor suppressor genes in colorectal carcinoma. Methods Subtractive hybridization technologies were applied to screen and select genes, the expression of which was down regula...Objective To search for new putative tumor suppressor genes in colorectal carcinoma. Methods Subtractive hybridization technologies were applied to screen and select genes, the expression of which was down regulated in colorectal carcinoma. mRNAs uniquely expressed in normal cells but not in colorectal carcinoma were recovered as cDNA (sub cDNA) after two rounds of subtractive hybridization with mRNA prepared from colorectal carcinoma. The sub cDNAs were then used as probes to screen a normal human colon cDNA library constructed in lambda Zap II phage. The DNAs of positive clones were in vivo excised, and partial DNA sequences were analyzed and compared with DNA sequence database Genbank. Results A total of 46 different clones with an average of about 1 kilobases in transcript size was recovered. Among these 46 down regulated genes in colorectal carcinoma were genes encoding immunoglobulin (n=32), 40 kDa keratin intermediate filamentous protein or IFP (n=1), major histocompatibility complex related protein (n=1), unrelated structural proteins (n=10) and gene products yet to be identified (n=2). RNA dot blot hybridizations confirmed that all 46 clones contained genes that were down regulated and have not been reported before in colorectal carcinoma. Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the 46 clones were down regulated in colorectal carcinoma,they should be further studied as new putative tumor suppressor genes and could be used as new tumor markers of colorectal carcinoma.展开更多
Objective To study prospectively the use of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and total β human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations for screening of Down syndrome in Hong Kong.Methods AFP and total ...Objective To study prospectively the use of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and total β human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations for screening of Down syndrome in Hong Kong.Methods AFP and total β hCG were measured in serum samples from 1638 singleton Chinese pregnancies at 14-22 weeks of gestation, recruited over a twelve month period. Gestational ages were determined by ultrasonographic parameters measured at the same visit as the test for all cases. The gestational age specific and weight adjusted medians for serum AFP and total β hCG were calculated. Risk for fetal Down syndrome (FDS) was derived by mathematical modeling of the medians together with maternal age. Amniocenteses were offered to women with a calculated FDS risk of 1∶270 or greater.Results The gestational age specific and weight adjusted medians for maternal serum AFP were similar to previous studies while that of total β hCG were higher. A total of 101 patients (6.1%) were classified as being high risk for FDS, including 3.4% (48/1394) of those younger than 35 years of age and 21.7% (53/244) of those who were 35 or above. There were 4 cases of Down syndrome, 1 case of Turner syndrome and 1 of Edward syndrome. Three out of the four cases of Down syndrome were screened positive, corresponding to a detection rate of FDS of 75%. A case of Turner syndrome was also screened positive. A case of trisomy 18 was found to have very low levels of AFP [0.262 multiple of median (MoM)] and total β hCG (0.115 MoM).Conclusions Maternal serum screening using double biochemical markers (AFP and total β hCG) in combination with gestational dating by ultrasonography is effective in the detection of fetal Down syndrome and possibly other chromosomal disorders in Chinese pregnant women.展开更多
Luminescence anti-counterfeiting derives from the easily changeable luminescence behaviors of luminescence materials under the regulation of various external stimuli(such as excitation light,chemical reagent,heat,and ...Luminescence anti-counterfeiting derives from the easily changeable luminescence behaviors of luminescence materials under the regulation of various external stimuli(such as excitation light,chemical reagent,heat,and mechanical force,etc.)and luminescence lifetime,which plays an important role in preventing forgery of currency,artworks,and product brands.According to the numbers of changes of anti-counterfeiting labels under various regulation conditions,luminescence anti-counterfeiting can be classified into three levels from elementary to advanced:single-level anti-counterfeiting,double-level anti-counterfeiting,and multilevel anti-counterfeiting.In this review,the recent achievements in luminescence anti-counterfeiting are summarized,and the regulation of various factors to anti-counterfeiting labels is discussed.Finally,existing problems,future challenges,and possible development directions are proposed in order to realize facile,quick,low-cost,environmentally friendly,and difficult-to-replicate advanced luminescence anti-counterfeiting.展开更多
Objective： To study the changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by mid/long-term simulated microgravity with 6^° head down bed rest （HDBR）, and the effects of Taikong Yangxin Prescription （太空养心方, TYP...Objective： To study the changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by mid/long-term simulated microgravity with 6^° head down bed rest （HDBR）, and the effects of Taikong Yangxin Prescription （太空养心方, TYP） as a countermeasure. Methods： Fourteen healthy male volunteers were randomly divided into a control group and a Chinese medicine （CM） group （7 in each group） by a random digital table based on their body weight. Both groups underwent6^° HDBR for 60 days. Subjects in the CM group received daily TYP pills and subjects in the control group received daily placebo pills. Cardiac systolic and pumping functions were measured by echocardiography before HDBR; on days 20, 42, and 57 of HDBR; and on day 3 of recovery after HDBR （R＋3）. Cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity were evaluated before HDBR, on day 29, and on day R＋3 by exercise testing. Results： The heart rate （HR） increased gradually during HDBR. The HR was significantly higher on day 57 than before HDBR in the control group （P〈0.05）, but did not increase significantly in the CM group. The stroke volume/stroke volume index, ejection fraction, and left ventricular fractional shortening tended to decrease over time in the control group, but not in the CM group. These parameters were significantly higher in the CM group than in the control group on day 42 （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Exercise testing showed that maximum 02 consumption （VO2max）, metabolic equivalents, relative 02 consumption （VO2）, 02 pulse, and exercise duration were significantly lower on day 29 than before HDBR in the control group, but not in the CM group. Conclusions： Sixty days of 6^° HDBR induced a reduction in cardiac systolic and pumping functions, and reduced cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity. Administration of TYP significantly improved cardiac systolic and pumping functions, and maintained cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity.展开更多
文摘Objective The aim of this review was to assess RNA interference (RNAi) and its possibility as a potential and powerful tool to develop highly specific double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) based gene-silencing therapeutics. Data sources The data used in this review were obtained from the current RNAi-related research reports. Study selection dsRNA-mediated RNAi has recently emerged as a powerful reverse genetic tool to silence, gene expression in multiple organisms. The discovery that synthetic duplexes of 21 nucleotides siRNAs trigger gene-specific silencing in mammalian cells has further expanded the utility of RNAi in to the mammalian system. Data extraction The currently published papers reporting the discovery and mechanism of RNAi phenomena and application of RNAi on gene function in mammalian cells were included. Data synthesis Since the recent development of RNAi technology in the mammalian system, investigators have used RNAi to elucidate gene function, and to develop gene-based therapeutics by delivery exogenous siRNA or siRNA expressing vector. The general and sequence-specific inhibitory effects of RNAi that will be selective, long-term, and systemic to modulate gene targets mentioned in similar reports have caused much concern about its effectiveness in mammals and its eventual use as a therapeutic mordality. Conclusions It is certain that the ability of RNAi in mammals to silence specific genes, either when transfected directly as siRNAs or when generated from DNA vectors, will undoubtedly accelerate the study of gene function and might also be used as a potentially useful method to develop highly gene-specific therapeutic methods. It is also expected that RNAi might one day be used to treat human diseases.
文摘Background The incidence of autosomal trisomy in livebirths is strongly dependent on maternal age. Special consideration is given to the provision of prenatal screening and cytogenetic testing to women of advanced maternal age （AMA）. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of second trimester prenatal screening and amniocentesis for Down syndrome （DS） and compare the trends of choice of screening and amniocentesis among AMA women. Methods A total of 5404 AMA patients with natural singleton pregnancy were recruited for this prospective study from January 2008 to December 2010. The gestational weeks were from 15 weeks to 20~6 weeks. The patients referred were grouped into a screening group （2107 cases） and an amniocentesis group （3297 cases） by their own decision. The prevalence of DS was compared between the two groups by chi-square test. Choice rates for each maternal age with trends were compared by regression analysis. Results There were 18 cases of fetal DS detected in the screening group with a prevalence of 8.54%o （18/2107）. Twenty- five cases of fetal DS were diagnosed in the amniocentesis group with a prevalence of 7,58%0 （25/3297）. No statistical difference was observed in the prevalence of DS between the screening and amniocentesis group （P=0.928）. The invasive testing rate for DS in the amniocentesis group was 5.54 times higher than that of the screening group （1/131.88 vs. 1/23.78）. With the increase of the maternal age, the choice of amniocentesis increased while the choice of the screening showed an opposite trend. The choice of the AMA women between the screening and amniocentesis was significantly age relevant （P=0.012）. Conclusions The second trimester serum screening age alone to screen for DS. We suggest educating screening and amniocentesis options. in combination with maternal age was more effective than maternal the patients by recommending AMA women be informed of both
基金Project (No. 2003ABA148) supported by the Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China
文摘Objective: To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), the central enzymes in folate metabolism that affects DNA methylation and synthesis, and the risk of Down syndrome in China. Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral lymphocytes of 64 mothers of children with Down syndrome and 70 age matched control subjects. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to examine the polymorphisms of MTHFR 677C→T, MTRR 66A→G and the relationship between these genotypes and the risk of Down syndrome was analyzed. Results: The results show that the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism is more prevalent among mothers of children with Down syndrome than among control mothers, with an odds ratio of 3.78 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.78～8.47). In addition, the homozygous MTRR 66A→G polymorphism was independently associated with a 5.2-fold increase in estimated risk (95% CI, 1.90～14.22). The combined presence of both polymorphisms was associated with a greater risk of Down syndrome than the presence of either alone, with an odds ratio of 6.0 (95% CI, 2.058～17.496). The two polymorphisms appear to act without a multiplicative interaction. Conclusion: MTHFR and MTRR gene mutation alleles are related to Down syndrome, and CT, TT and GG gene mutation types increase the risk of Down syndrome.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81101655)the grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2011M501282)the grant from Hunan Provincial Science & Tecnology Departemnt(2009SK3048)
文摘Objective To identify and determine the optimal method to screening for fetal Down＇s syndrome （DS）. Methods Three large cohorts with 17 118, 39 903, 16 646 subjects were enrolled for the first trimester double marker （pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free [B-human chorionic gonadotropin） screening （FTDMS）, second trimester double marker （c{-fetoprotein and free B-human chorionic gonadotropin） screening （STDMS）, and second trimester triple marker （a-fetoprotein, free 13-human chorionic gonadotropin and unconjugated estriol 3） screening （STTMS）, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate （FPR）, false negative rate （FNR） and the areas under ROC curves （AUCs） were estimated in order to determine the optimal screening method in women under or above 35 years old. Results For women under 35 years old, STTMS was the best method with a detection rate of 68.8% and FPR of 4.3% followed by the STDMS with a detection rate （sensitivity） of 66.7% and FPR of 4.9%. The FTDMS had a lower detection rate of 61.1% and FPR of 6.3%. For women above 35 years old, the detection rate of all the methods was similar, but STTMS method had a lowest FPR of 15.9%. For women under 35 years old AUCs were 0.77 （95% CI, 0.64 to 0.91）, 0.81 （95% CI, 0.71 to 0.91）, and 0.82 （95% CI, 0.69 to 0.96） for FTDMS, STDMS, and STTMS methods, respectively; for those above 35 years old, AUCs were 0.70 （95% CI, 0.56 to 0.83）, 0.70 （95% CI, 0.59 to 0.82）, 0.78 （95% Cl, 0.58 to 0.97） for FTDMS, STDMS and SITMS, respectively. Conclusion Findings from our study revealed that STDMS is optimal for the detection of fetal DS in pregnant women aged under 35. For individual women, if economic condition permits, STFMS is the best choice, while for women aged above 35, STTMS is the best choice in this regard.
文摘Objective To search for new putative tumor suppressor genes in colorectal carcinoma. Methods Subtractive hybridization technologies were applied to screen and select genes, the expression of which was down regulated in colorectal carcinoma. mRNAs uniquely expressed in normal cells but not in colorectal carcinoma were recovered as cDNA (sub cDNA) after two rounds of subtractive hybridization with mRNA prepared from colorectal carcinoma. The sub cDNAs were then used as probes to screen a normal human colon cDNA library constructed in lambda Zap II phage. The DNAs of positive clones were in vivo excised, and partial DNA sequences were analyzed and compared with DNA sequence database Genbank. Results A total of 46 different clones with an average of about 1 kilobases in transcript size was recovered. Among these 46 down regulated genes in colorectal carcinoma were genes encoding immunoglobulin (n=32), 40 kDa keratin intermediate filamentous protein or IFP (n=1), major histocompatibility complex related protein (n=1), unrelated structural proteins (n=10) and gene products yet to be identified (n=2). RNA dot blot hybridizations confirmed that all 46 clones contained genes that were down regulated and have not been reported before in colorectal carcinoma. Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the 46 clones were down regulated in colorectal carcinoma,they should be further studied as new putative tumor suppressor genes and could be used as new tumor markers of colorectal carcinoma.
文摘Objective To study prospectively the use of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and total β human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations for screening of Down syndrome in Hong Kong.Methods AFP and total β hCG were measured in serum samples from 1638 singleton Chinese pregnancies at 14-22 weeks of gestation, recruited over a twelve month period. Gestational ages were determined by ultrasonographic parameters measured at the same visit as the test for all cases. The gestational age specific and weight adjusted medians for serum AFP and total β hCG were calculated. Risk for fetal Down syndrome (FDS) was derived by mathematical modeling of the medians together with maternal age. Amniocenteses were offered to women with a calculated FDS risk of 1∶270 or greater.Results The gestational age specific and weight adjusted medians for maternal serum AFP were similar to previous studies while that of total β hCG were higher. A total of 101 patients (6.1%) were classified as being high risk for FDS, including 3.4% (48/1394) of those younger than 35 years of age and 21.7% (53/244) of those who were 35 or above. There were 4 cases of Down syndrome, 1 case of Turner syndrome and 1 of Edward syndrome. Three out of the four cases of Down syndrome were screened positive, corresponding to a detection rate of FDS of 75%. A case of Turner syndrome was also screened positive. A case of trisomy 18 was found to have very low levels of AFP [0.262 multiple of median (MoM)] and total β hCG (0.115 MoM).Conclusions Maternal serum screening using double biochemical markers (AFP and total β hCG) in combination with gestational dating by ultrasonography is effective in the detection of fetal Down syndrome and possibly other chromosomal disorders in Chinese pregnant women.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21835002,21621001111 Project,Grant/Award Number:B17020。
文摘Luminescence anti-counterfeiting derives from the easily changeable luminescence behaviors of luminescence materials under the regulation of various external stimuli(such as excitation light,chemical reagent,heat,and mechanical force,etc.)and luminescence lifetime,which plays an important role in preventing forgery of currency,artworks,and product brands.According to the numbers of changes of anti-counterfeiting labels under various regulation conditions,luminescence anti-counterfeiting can be classified into three levels from elementary to advanced:single-level anti-counterfeiting,double-level anti-counterfeiting,and multilevel anti-counterfeiting.In this review,the recent achievements in luminescence anti-counterfeiting are summarized,and the regulation of various factors to anti-counterfeiting labels is discussed.Finally,existing problems,future challenges,and possible development directions are proposed in order to realize facile,quick,low-cost,environmentally friendly,and difficult-to-replicate advanced luminescence anti-counterfeiting.
基金Supported by the Advance Research Project in Manned Spaceflight(No.010202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30772694)
文摘Objective： To study the changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by mid/long-term simulated microgravity with 6^° head down bed rest （HDBR）, and the effects of Taikong Yangxin Prescription （太空养心方, TYP） as a countermeasure. Methods： Fourteen healthy male volunteers were randomly divided into a control group and a Chinese medicine （CM） group （7 in each group） by a random digital table based on their body weight. Both groups underwent6^° HDBR for 60 days. Subjects in the CM group received daily TYP pills and subjects in the control group received daily placebo pills. Cardiac systolic and pumping functions were measured by echocardiography before HDBR; on days 20, 42, and 57 of HDBR; and on day 3 of recovery after HDBR （R＋3）. Cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity were evaluated before HDBR, on day 29, and on day R＋3 by exercise testing. Results： The heart rate （HR） increased gradually during HDBR. The HR was significantly higher on day 57 than before HDBR in the control group （P〈0.05）, but did not increase significantly in the CM group. The stroke volume/stroke volume index, ejection fraction, and left ventricular fractional shortening tended to decrease over time in the control group, but not in the CM group. These parameters were significantly higher in the CM group than in the control group on day 42 （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Exercise testing showed that maximum 02 consumption （VO2max）, metabolic equivalents, relative 02 consumption （VO2）, 02 pulse, and exercise duration were significantly lower on day 29 than before HDBR in the control group, but not in the CM group. Conclusions： Sixty days of 6^° HDBR induced a reduction in cardiac systolic and pumping functions, and reduced cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity. Administration of TYP significantly improved cardiac systolic and pumping functions, and maintained cardiopulmonary functional reserve and exercise capacity.
