Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles （TiO2-NPs...Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles （TiO2-NPs）, but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp （Cyprinus carpio） was assessed. Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） activities and lipid peroxidation （LPO） levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time （up to 8 d）. As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues （P 〈 0.05）, suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) in the treatmentofsubacutethyroiditis.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials found in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and three Chinese datab...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) in the treatmentofsubacutethyroiditis.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials found in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and three Chinese databases were selected. RevMan 5.2 software was used to analyze the data with relative risk or mean difference, expressed with 95% of confidence interval. The quality of trials was assessed and gradedthe quality of evidence with GRADE profiler software.RESULTS: Twenty one studies were included. CHM was superior to Western Medicine(include prednisone and NSAIDs) in abating fever, relieving thyroid pain, recovering blood sedimentation, improving thyroid function, and preventing hypothyroidism(P<0.05), while no statistical differences were found in eliminating goiter and reducing relapse rate.CHM plusWestern Medicine were superior toWestern Medicine in abating fever, relieving thyroid pain, eliminating goiter, and reducing relapse rate,while no statistical differences(P>0.05) were found in recovering blood sedimentation and improving thyroid function. The incidence of adverse reactions in treatment group was lower than that in control group(relative risk was 0.12 and 95% confidence interval was 0.03-0.51). The methodological quality of trials is generally poor with a high risk of bias.CONCLUSION: CHM(particularly CHM combined withWestern Medicine) used to treat subacute thyroiditis may improve clinical symptoms and signs,reduce relapse rate, and alleviate the side effects of hormones. Due to poor methodological quality of included trials, further more high-quality studies are warranted to confirm the effectiveness and safety of CHM.展开更多
Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The resea...Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The research specifically compared the outcomes of aqueous and ethanol extraction methods. Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single oral dose of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts to rats and monitoring them for 24 hours and during a 14-day observation period. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed through a 28-day administration of the leaf extract. Body weight changes, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters were measured and compared among treatment groups. Results: No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in rats treated with Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts obtained through either aqueous or ethanol extraction methods. The calculated lethal dose required to cause mortality in 50% of the tested animals (LD<sub>50</sub>) exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the leaf extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight did not induce any observable signs of toxicity or adverse effects during the 28-day study period. Male and female albino rats treated with the leaf extract showed significant weight gains compared to the control group. Higher doses (800 mg/kg) of both aqueous and ethanol extracts led to increased levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in male albino rats, with the ethanol extract exhibiting a more pronounced effect. The administration of the ethanol extract, particularly at the lower dose (400 mg/kg), resulted in decreased levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), suggesting potential liver protective properties. Additionally, bilirubin levels, a marker of liver dysfunction, were significantly reduced in all treatment groups, with the lowest levels observed in the groups receiving higher doses of both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The administration of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts did not significantly affect renal funct展开更多
Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security o...Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momordica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to the treatment, indicating that the median-lethal-dose (LD50) value is greater than 5000 mg/Kg of body weight. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, the extract did not affect the general behavior of animals, meanwhile, it led to a significant increase in the levels of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, granulocytes and Mid-Cells (MIDs). Biochemical parameters showed an increase in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum urea, serum and urinary glucose and a decrease in urinary proteins, serum creatinine, urinary urea levels, serum activities of AST, ALT and proteins levels, as well as increases in lung, spleen and ovaries relative weight were noticed, all compared to control animals. Histological analysis revealed a normal architecture of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, ovaries and testes. This study provides valuable data on the safety of per os administration of Momordica foetida leaf methanol extract that could be very useful for future assays.展开更多
70-year-old female with no Aprevious cardiac history resented with complaints of severe chest and back pain lasting for 20 minutes. She had a past history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for five years and hypertension fo...70-year-old female with no Aprevious cardiac history resented with complaints of severe chest and back pain lasting for 20 minutes. She had a past history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for five years and hypertension for twenty years, but denied a history of hyperlipidemia, smoking or hemorrhagic disorder. There was no family history of coronary artery or hematologic disease. On physical examination, the blood pressure was 145/90 mmHg and the heart rate was 102 beats/rain. Cardiac examination revealed normal S1 and $2 sounds. There were no murmors or clicks. The lungs were clear on auscultation. Hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy was not detected. Her electrocardiogram showed ST elevations in lead V1-V6, consistent with acute anterior MI and echocardiogram supported the diagnosis with a slight reduction in wall motion in the anterior region. Complete blood count revealed a white blood cell count of 9 000/mm3 with a normal differential, red blood cell count of 3.5×106/mm3, hematocrit of 40.2%, and platelet count of 238 000/mm3. Emergent coronary angiography demonstrated proximal thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending artery （LAD） （Figure 1A）. A loading dose of 600 mg clopidogrel and 300 mg acetylsalicylic asid （ASA） was given immediately. After administration of 10 000 U intravenous heparin, angioplasty was performed and a 3.0 mm×20.0 mm bare metal stent （BMS） was deployed to the LAD. Repeat angiogram revealed TIMI III flow in the LAD （Figure 1B）. Five days later, the patient was discharged without any bleeding or thrombotic complications. She was receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with ASA and clopidogrel 150 mg daily. However, she was admitted to our hospital again with severe chest pain just one day after dischargement. Her platelet count of 487 000/mm3 was remarkable in comparison with her previous complete blood count. Electrocardiogram showed ST elevations in leads V1-V6, suggestive of an acute anterior reinfarction. Coronary angiography revealed in- stent thrombosis in 展开更多
Pakistan is ranked 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide.In the summer of 2010,the northern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa received more than 312 mm of rain in a 56 hour period.This resulted in over 1 600...Pakistan is ranked 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide.In the summer of 2010,the northern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa received more than 312 mm of rain in a 56 hour period.This resulted in over 1 600 deaths across the region.In addition,over 14 million people were directly affected by this record-breaking deluge.Flood affected regions serve as ideal breeding grounds for pathogens,leading to the spread of diseases.The poor standards of hygiene in camps set up for individuals displaced by the floods also contribute to this.It is essential that those involved in relief efforts are aware of the epidemiology of diseases that have historically seen a sudden upsurge after natural disasters.Keeping this in mind,we conducted a simple review of literature.An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed data base and online search engines.Articles published in the last 20 years were considered along with some historical articles where a background was required.Seven major diseases were identified to increase substantially in the aftermath of natural disasters.They were then classified into acute and sub-acute settings.Diarrhea,skin&eye infections and leptospirosis were identified in the acute setting while malaria,leishmaniasis,respiratory infections and hepatitis were identified in the sub-acute setting.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effect of Lead (Pb) acetate exposure on Semliki forest virus (SFV) pathogenesis in mice. Methods Different doses (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg body weight) of Pb dissolved in normal saline...Objective To investigate the effect of Lead (Pb) acetate exposure on Semliki forest virus (SFV) pathogenesis in mice. Methods Different doses (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg body weight) of Pb dissolved in normal saline were given to mice by oral intubation in a sub-acute (28 days) and sub-chronic (90 days) regimen followed by SFV infection. Morbidity, mortality, clinical symptoms, mean survival time (MST), changes in body and organ weight, accumulation of lead in soft tissues, virus titre in brain and histopathological alterations were compared between lead exposed and infected groups. Results Early appearance of virus symptoms, increased mortality, decreased MST, enhanced SFV titre and greater tissue damage were observed in lead exposed-SFV-infected mice. Conclusion Pre-exposure to lead increases the susceptibility of mice towards SFV infection. Further studies are suggested in view of the persistence of lead in the environment and the possibility of infection by microbial pathogens.展开更多
Various forms of Karuho poisoning are a common traditional mystery and a public health challenge in Goma city, North Kivu in DRC practiced by unscrupulous people. Its signs and symptoms are commonly mistaken by local ...Various forms of Karuho poisoning are a common traditional mystery and a public health challenge in Goma city, North Kivu in DRC practiced by unscrupulous people. Its signs and symptoms are commonly mistaken by local communities and medical world with those of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and typhoid fever;with neurological and psychological symptoms. Study investigated sub-acute toxicity of Karuho poison on brain of Wistar albino rats. Laboratory based experimental study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. A total of 4 Karuho poisons (OMGKRP, DLNKRP, CHKRP and BHKRP) were screened for acute and sub-acute toxicity. Fifty animals, 10 in each group were daily dosed for 28 days with 1 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg and 5000 mg/kg bwt of OMGKRP (most active following screening) and normal saline for control group using OECD 407 and NIH 2011 guidelines. Behavioral changes were noted. Histopathological changes in brain regions were analyzed. Treated rats by OMGKRP, most active Karuho poison, were associated with sign of depression, piloerection and shortness of breath. Histopathological changes revealed moderate diffuse congestion and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration (plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophage) in cerebral region with severe inflammation observed in meninges of cerebellum. OMGKRP poison induced inflammation of meninges of cerebellar region of brain.展开更多
Objective:To assess the potential toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium affine(A.affine)aerial parts after acute and sub-acute administration in female and male Wistar rats.Methods:For acute toxicity assay,anim...Objective:To assess the potential toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium affine(A.affine)aerial parts after acute and sub-acute administration in female and male Wistar rats.Methods:For acute toxicity assay,animals orally received the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg of A.affine extract and were observed for 2 weeks.For sub-acute toxicity study,rats were orally treated with 125,250,and 500 mg/kg/day of the extract over 28 days,and hematological,biochemical,and histological evaluations were then conducted.Results:All rats were alive with normal body weight gain over 14 days,with LD50˃2000 mg/kg.No abnormality in body weight changes but significant increases in the relative weight of spleen and lung were detected after administration of the highest dose of extract for 28 days in sub-acute assay.Hematological analysis showed prominent elevations in total white blood cells in male rats and neutrophils count in female rats after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A.affine extract.In biochemical evaluations,significant increases in serum creatinine level(female rats,250 and 500 mg/kg)and in aspartate aminotransferase(male and female rate,500 mg/kg)and alanine aminotransferase(male,250 and 500 mg/kg and female,500 mg/kg)activities,however,notable decreases in serum blood glucose(male rats,125 and 500 mg/kg),triglycerides(male rats,500 mg/kg and female rates,250 mg/kg),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels(male,250 mg/kg)were found.Histological examinations presented slight portal inflammation in liver tissue,moderate pneumocyte hyperplasia,congestion and peri-bronchial inflammation in lung tissue,and mild histiocytosis and lymphoid follicular activation in spleen tissue after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A.affine extract in male and female animals.Conclusions:The present investigation reveals the safety of A.affine extract at doses of lower than 250 mg/kg in rats and monitoring of lung,spleen,and liver functions is suggested during excessive and prolonged uses.展开更多
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (No 20080431217)the Cheung Kong Scholar Program of Education Ministry of China
文摘Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles （TiO2-NPs）, but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp （Cyprinus carpio） was assessed. Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） activities and lipid peroxidation （LPO） levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time （up to 8 d）. As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues （P 〈 0.05）, suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.
基金Supported by Effectiveness of External Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Subacute Thyroiditis:a Evaluation Research(sci-tech project,No.WZF2012-12)Research on Professor Wu Ruimin's Academic Thought on Treating Subacute Thyroiditis(research project,No.JJ2010-65)from Beijing Municipality of Traditional Chinese Medicine
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) in the treatmentofsubacutethyroiditis.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials found in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and three Chinese databases were selected. RevMan 5.2 software was used to analyze the data with relative risk or mean difference, expressed with 95% of confidence interval. The quality of trials was assessed and gradedthe quality of evidence with GRADE profiler software.RESULTS: Twenty one studies were included. CHM was superior to Western Medicine(include prednisone and NSAIDs) in abating fever, relieving thyroid pain, recovering blood sedimentation, improving thyroid function, and preventing hypothyroidism(P<0.05), while no statistical differences were found in eliminating goiter and reducing relapse rate.CHM plusWestern Medicine were superior toWestern Medicine in abating fever, relieving thyroid pain, eliminating goiter, and reducing relapse rate,while no statistical differences(P>0.05) were found in recovering blood sedimentation and improving thyroid function. The incidence of adverse reactions in treatment group was lower than that in control group(relative risk was 0.12 and 95% confidence interval was 0.03-0.51). The methodological quality of trials is generally poor with a high risk of bias.CONCLUSION: CHM(particularly CHM combined withWestern Medicine) used to treat subacute thyroiditis may improve clinical symptoms and signs,reduce relapse rate, and alleviate the side effects of hormones. Due to poor methodological quality of included trials, further more high-quality studies are warranted to confirm the effectiveness and safety of CHM.
文摘Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The research specifically compared the outcomes of aqueous and ethanol extraction methods. Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single oral dose of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts to rats and monitoring them for 24 hours and during a 14-day observation period. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed through a 28-day administration of the leaf extract. Body weight changes, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters were measured and compared among treatment groups. Results: No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in rats treated with Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts obtained through either aqueous or ethanol extraction methods. The calculated lethal dose required to cause mortality in 50% of the tested animals (LD<sub>50</sub>) exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the leaf extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight did not induce any observable signs of toxicity or adverse effects during the 28-day study period. Male and female albino rats treated with the leaf extract showed significant weight gains compared to the control group. Higher doses (800 mg/kg) of both aqueous and ethanol extracts led to increased levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in male albino rats, with the ethanol extract exhibiting a more pronounced effect. The administration of the ethanol extract, particularly at the lower dose (400 mg/kg), resulted in decreased levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), suggesting potential liver protective properties. Additionally, bilirubin levels, a marker of liver dysfunction, were significantly reduced in all treatment groups, with the lowest levels observed in the groups receiving higher doses of both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The administration of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts did not significantly affect renal funct
文摘Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage gastroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momordica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to the treatment, indicating that the median-lethal-dose (LD50) value is greater than 5000 mg/Kg of body weight. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, the extract did not affect the general behavior of animals, meanwhile, it led to a significant increase in the levels of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, granulocytes and Mid-Cells (MIDs). Biochemical parameters showed an increase in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum urea, serum and urinary glucose and a decrease in urinary proteins, serum creatinine, urinary urea levels, serum activities of AST, ALT and proteins levels, as well as increases in lung, spleen and ovaries relative weight were noticed, all compared to control animals. Histological analysis revealed a normal architecture of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, ovaries and testes. This study provides valuable data on the safety of per os administration of Momordica foetida leaf methanol extract that could be very useful for future assays.
文摘70-year-old female with no Aprevious cardiac history resented with complaints of severe chest and back pain lasting for 20 minutes. She had a past history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for five years and hypertension for twenty years, but denied a history of hyperlipidemia, smoking or hemorrhagic disorder. There was no family history of coronary artery or hematologic disease. On physical examination, the blood pressure was 145/90 mmHg and the heart rate was 102 beats/rain. Cardiac examination revealed normal S1 and $2 sounds. There were no murmors or clicks. The lungs were clear on auscultation. Hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy was not detected. Her electrocardiogram showed ST elevations in lead V1-V6, consistent with acute anterior MI and echocardiogram supported the diagnosis with a slight reduction in wall motion in the anterior region. Complete blood count revealed a white blood cell count of 9 000/mm3 with a normal differential, red blood cell count of 3.5×106/mm3, hematocrit of 40.2%, and platelet count of 238 000/mm3. Emergent coronary angiography demonstrated proximal thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending artery （LAD） （Figure 1A）. A loading dose of 600 mg clopidogrel and 300 mg acetylsalicylic asid （ASA） was given immediately. After administration of 10 000 U intravenous heparin, angioplasty was performed and a 3.0 mm×20.0 mm bare metal stent （BMS） was deployed to the LAD. Repeat angiogram revealed TIMI III flow in the LAD （Figure 1B）. Five days later, the patient was discharged without any bleeding or thrombotic complications. She was receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with ASA and clopidogrel 150 mg daily. However, she was admitted to our hospital again with severe chest pain just one day after dischargement. Her platelet count of 487 000/mm3 was remarkable in comparison with her previous complete blood count. Electrocardiogram showed ST elevations in leads V1-V6, suggestive of an acute anterior reinfarction. Coronary angiography revealed in- stent thrombosis in
文摘Pakistan is ranked 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide.In the summer of 2010,the northern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa received more than 312 mm of rain in a 56 hour period.This resulted in over 1 600 deaths across the region.In addition,over 14 million people were directly affected by this record-breaking deluge.Flood affected regions serve as ideal breeding grounds for pathogens,leading to the spread of diseases.The poor standards of hygiene in camps set up for individuals displaced by the floods also contribute to this.It is essential that those involved in relief efforts are aware of the epidemiology of diseases that have historically seen a sudden upsurge after natural disasters.Keeping this in mind,we conducted a simple review of literature.An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed data base and online search engines.Articles published in the last 20 years were considered along with some historical articles where a background was required.Seven major diseases were identified to increase substantially in the aftermath of natural disasters.They were then classified into acute and sub-acute settings.Diarrhea,skin&eye infections and leptospirosis were identified in the acute setting while malaria,leishmaniasis,respiratory infections and hepatitis were identified in the sub-acute setting.
基金This work was supported by US India Fund for Cultural and Scientific Cooperation under project No.N-904-660.
文摘Objective To investigate the effect of Lead (Pb) acetate exposure on Semliki forest virus (SFV) pathogenesis in mice. Methods Different doses (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg body weight) of Pb dissolved in normal saline were given to mice by oral intubation in a sub-acute (28 days) and sub-chronic (90 days) regimen followed by SFV infection. Morbidity, mortality, clinical symptoms, mean survival time (MST), changes in body and organ weight, accumulation of lead in soft tissues, virus titre in brain and histopathological alterations were compared between lead exposed and infected groups. Results Early appearance of virus symptoms, increased mortality, decreased MST, enhanced SFV titre and greater tissue damage were observed in lead exposed-SFV-infected mice. Conclusion Pre-exposure to lead increases the susceptibility of mice towards SFV infection. Further studies are suggested in view of the persistence of lead in the environment and the possibility of infection by microbial pathogens.
文摘Various forms of Karuho poisoning are a common traditional mystery and a public health challenge in Goma city, North Kivu in DRC practiced by unscrupulous people. Its signs and symptoms are commonly mistaken by local communities and medical world with those of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and typhoid fever;with neurological and psychological symptoms. Study investigated sub-acute toxicity of Karuho poison on brain of Wistar albino rats. Laboratory based experimental study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. A total of 4 Karuho poisons (OMGKRP, DLNKRP, CHKRP and BHKRP) were screened for acute and sub-acute toxicity. Fifty animals, 10 in each group were daily dosed for 28 days with 1 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg and 5000 mg/kg bwt of OMGKRP (most active following screening) and normal saline for control group using OECD 407 and NIH 2011 guidelines. Behavioral changes were noted. Histopathological changes in brain regions were analyzed. Treated rats by OMGKRP, most active Karuho poison, were associated with sign of depression, piloerection and shortness of breath. Histopathological changes revealed moderate diffuse congestion and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration (plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophage) in cerebral region with severe inflammation observed in meninges of cerebellum. OMGKRP poison induced inflammation of meninges of cerebellar region of brain.
基金financially supported by Vice-Chancellery for Research and Technology,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.399187).
文摘Objective:To assess the potential toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium affine(A.affine)aerial parts after acute and sub-acute administration in female and male Wistar rats.Methods:For acute toxicity assay,animals orally received the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg of A.affine extract and were observed for 2 weeks.For sub-acute toxicity study,rats were orally treated with 125,250,and 500 mg/kg/day of the extract over 28 days,and hematological,biochemical,and histological evaluations were then conducted.Results:All rats were alive with normal body weight gain over 14 days,with LD50˃2000 mg/kg.No abnormality in body weight changes but significant increases in the relative weight of spleen and lung were detected after administration of the highest dose of extract for 28 days in sub-acute assay.Hematological analysis showed prominent elevations in total white blood cells in male rats and neutrophils count in female rats after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A.affine extract.In biochemical evaluations,significant increases in serum creatinine level(female rats,250 and 500 mg/kg)and in aspartate aminotransferase(male and female rate,500 mg/kg)and alanine aminotransferase(male,250 and 500 mg/kg and female,500 mg/kg)activities,however,notable decreases in serum blood glucose(male rats,125 and 500 mg/kg),triglycerides(male rats,500 mg/kg and female rates,250 mg/kg),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels(male,250 mg/kg)were found.Histological examinations presented slight portal inflammation in liver tissue,moderate pneumocyte hyperplasia,congestion and peri-bronchial inflammation in lung tissue,and mild histiocytosis and lymphoid follicular activation in spleen tissue after exposure to 500 mg/kg of A.affine extract in male and female animals.Conclusions:The present investigation reveals the safety of A.affine extract at doses of lower than 250 mg/kg in rats and monitoring of lung,spleen,and liver functions is suggested during excessive and prolonged uses.
