利用统计方法和数值模拟对2008年4月18日-7月28日和2009年5月19日-8月20日在黄山光明顶的两次外场观测中臭氧（O3）数据进行了分析，讨论了中国华东高海拔地区O3的质量浓度特征和来源。结果表明，5、6和7月的月平均质量浓度分别为107．7...利用统计方法和数值模拟对2008年4月18日-7月28日和2009年5月19日-8月20日在黄山光明顶的两次外场观测中臭氧（O3）数据进行了分析，讨论了中国华东高海拔地区O3的质量浓度特征和来源。结果表明，5、6和7月的月平均质量浓度分别为107．73、101．93和68．02μg·m^-1，其中5月和6月的月平均质量浓度相对于国内其他本底站（除上甸子外）以及南极地区高出25～60Iμg·m^-1，7月与其他地区质量浓度相差较少。该地区的0，质量浓度相对于其他地区整体上维持在一个较高的水平，但高质量浓度超标事件发生的次数很少，只占总观测时间的3．9％。质量浓度EI最大值多出现在夜间21时一次日06时（北京时间，下同），呈多峰分布，并且变化幅度很小，在15—20μg·m^-1，通过利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式模拟当地上空对流层顶高度和晴空湍流等要素的变化发现，O3质量浓度和对流层顶折叠现象有关。不同天气条件下，其质量浓度在晴天最高，雨天最低，雾天和阴天在二者之间。臭氧质量浓度与温度、相对湿度和其他污染气体（CO、N0和NO3）浓度之间有很强的负相关，而与风速相关性相对较弱；5月北面来风占主导，各风向所对应的O3质量浓度分布较均匀，而6月和7月西南风占主导，北面来向的风对应的质量浓度要高于南面来向。在利用KZ过滤器将O3原始数据分解成不同组份后，发现当地O3质量浓度整体上受低频组份（CBL组份）的控制，其余各高频组份（CSY、CDU和CID组份）只是会使其质量浓度在基准线附近波动。随后对发生在2009年5月28—31日和6月12—15日期间的两次0，质量浓度超标事件中CSY、CDU和CID对基线的贡献做了定量分析。展开更多
A springtime tropopause fold event, found to be related to a cold trough intrusion from the north, was detected in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau （TP） based on various observations. A nested high-resolution mesosc...A springtime tropopause fold event, found to be related to a cold trough intrusion from the north, was detected in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau （TP） based on various observations. A nested high-resolution mesoscale model was employed to investigate the effect of orography on the stratosphere-troposphere exchange. The model was found to be able to capture plausible tropopause fold properties. The propagation of the tropopause fold changed significantly when the terrain height in the model was altered. However, decreasing the terrain height had no significant effect on the morphology of folds. When a fold passed over an elevated surface, a leeside jet stream and a layer of humid air in the middle troposphere tended to develop. This strong leeside descent of air masses and high mid-level potential instability （PI） could give rise to deep upward motions in the leeside and inject tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. Besides, when the flow encounters an elevated surface, forced lifting together with mid-level PI can trigger deep convective motions on the windward slope. The troposphere to stratosphere transport was found to be persistent and almost stationary over the windward slope of the TP during the evolution of the fold.展开更多
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim(ERA-Interim)reanalysis data and satellite data,and trajectory model were applied to analyze the dynamical,thermo-dynamical,and chemical structure ...European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim(ERA-Interim)reanalysis data and satellite data,and trajectory model were applied to analyze the dynamical,thermo-dynamical,and chemical structure in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS)of an intense cut-off low(COL)event occurring over East Asia during June 19-23,2010,and to characterize the process and transport pathway of deep stratospheric intrusion.The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)ozone data and the Global Positioning System Ozone(GPSO3)sonde data showed that the air mass originating from the polar formed a region with relatively high values of potential vorticity(PV)and ozone in the center of COL,and a secondary ozone peak appeared in the upper troposphere during mature stage of the COL.Forward trajectory simulation suggested that during the first stage of COL,deep stratospheric intrusion associated with strong northerly wind jet on the west side of the upper-level trough transported ozone-rich air from the polar lower stratosphere into the middle and lower troposphere in the mid-latitude,and increased the ozone concentration there.During the mature stage of the COL,stratospheric air was transported counterclockwise into the troposphere.Backward trajectory model was used to find the source regions of air mass within the COL during its mature stage.Model results show that air masses with high ozone concentration in the center of the COL have two source regions:one is the subpolar vortex which lies in northern part of Center Siberia,where ozone-rich air plays a major role in increasing the ozone concentrations,and the other is the strong shear region which is near by the cyclonic side of the extratropical jet axis(west of 90°E,near 50°N).The air masses with low ozone concentration around the COL also have two source regions:one is the anticyclonic side of the extratropical jet axis,where the air mass with the relatively low ozone concentration at the bottom of the COL is mainly controlled by horizontal movement,and the 展开更多
利用美国航空航天局MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)再分析资料和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料以及欧洲气象中心ECMWF-Interim(European Centre for Medium-...利用美国航空航天局MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)再分析资料和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料以及欧洲气象中心ECMWF-Interim(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,分析了发生于青藏高原北侧上空的一次地形重力波事件,并使用中尺度预报模式WRF-ARW.V3.0(Weather Research and Forecasting model,V3.0)对其进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,诊断分析了此次地形重力波在UTLS(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere)区域造成的物质和能量垂直传输特征.分析结果表明这一中尺度地形重力波信号的水平波长约为600km,与地形扰动水平尺度接近,重力波在对流层中传播的垂直波长约为3km,在垂直方向上随着高度的增加呈现出由东向西倾斜的结构特征.此次地形重力波上传进入平流层并在150hPa附近破碎,波破碎后动量通量在短时间内发生了强烈的衰减,重力波携带的能量在破碎高度附近释放.重力波破碎的同时垂直方向湍流混合变得异常强烈,湍流交换系数可在短时间内增加到背景值的8倍以上,剧烈湍流混合过程导致了对流层上层的空气进入平流层,使下平流层空气出现了位势涡度和臭氧的低值区,在浮力频率的垂直剖面中也可以看到由于地形重力波过程造成的平流层下层浮力频率异常低值区.展开更多
The Asian monsoon(AM) region is a well-known region with prevailing stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE).However,how the STE across this region changes with the weakening AM remains unclear.Here,we particularly dia...The Asian monsoon(AM) region is a well-known region with prevailing stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE).However,how the STE across this region changes with the weakening AM remains unclear.Here,we particularly diagnose the air mass transport between the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and the stratosphere over the AM region during 1992–2017 using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data.The results show that both the downward and upward deep STEs exhibit a detectable increasing trend,while the latter,namely,the deep troposphere-to-stratosphere transport(DTST),is relatively more significant.Further analysis reveals that the long-term trend of DTST over the AM region could be partly attributed to changes in the Pacific Walker circulation and the air temperature(especially at upper levels).Additionally,it is found that DTST increases markedly over the tropical oceanic regions,while the increasing DTST into the stratosphere can be attributed to the enhanced air masses originated from the PBL over the terrestrial regions,where large amounts of pollutant emissions occur.The results imply that the influence of the DTST on the chemical composition and the climate of the stratosphere over the AM region is expected to become increasingly important,and is thereby of relevance to climate projection in an evolving climate.展开更多
To investigate the stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE)process induced by the gravity waves(GWs)caused by Typhoon Molave(2020)in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,we analyzed the ERA5 reanalysis data prov...To investigate the stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE)process induced by the gravity waves(GWs)caused by Typhoon Molave(2020)in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,we analyzed the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the CMA Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset.We also adopted the mesoscale forecast model Weather Research and Forecasting model V4.3 for numerical simulation.Most of the previous studies were about typhoon-induced STE and typhoon-induced GWs,while our research focused on the STE caused by typhoon-induced gravity waves.Our analysis shows that most of the time,the gravity wave signal of Typhoon Molave appeared below the tropopause.It was stronger on the east side of the typhoon center(10°-20°N,110°-120°E)than on the west side,suggesting an eastward tilted structure with height increase.When the GWs in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region on the west side of the typhoon center broke up,it produced strong turbulence,resulting in stratosphere-troposphere exchange.At this time,the average potential vorticity vertical flux increased with the average ozone mass mixing ratio.The gravity wave events and STE process simulated by the WRF model were basically consistent with the results of ERA5 reanalysis data,but the time of gravity wave breaking was different.This study indicates that after the breaking of the GWs induced by typhoons,turbulent mixing will also be generated,and thus the STE.展开更多
A mesoscale weather research and forecasting(WRF)model was used to simulate a cold vortex that developed over Northeast China during June 19–23,2010.The simulation used high vertical resolution to reproduce the key f...A mesoscale weather research and forecasting(WRF)model was used to simulate a cold vortex that developed over Northeast China during June 19–23,2010.The simulation used high vertical resolution to reproduce the key features of the cold vortex development.Characteristics of the associated stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE),specifically the spatiotemporal distribution of the cross-tropopause mass flux(CTF),were investigated using the Wei formula.The simulation results showed that the net mass exchange induced by the cold vortex was controlled by stratosphere-to-troposphere transport(STT)processes.In the pre-formation stage of the cold vortex(i.e.,the development of the trough and ridge),active exchange was evident.Over the lifecycle of the cold vortex,STT processes prevailed at the rear of the trough and moving vortex,whereas troposphere-to-stratosphere transport(TST)processes prevailed at the front end.This spatial pattern was caused by temporal fluctuations of the tropopause.However,because of the cancellation of the upward flux by the downward flux,the contribution of the tropopause fluctuation term to the net mass exchange was only minor.In this case,horizontal motion dominated the net mass exchange.The time evolution of the CTF exhibited three characteristics:(1)the predominance of the STT during the pre-formation stage;(2)the formation and development of the cold vortex,in which the CTF varied in a fluctuating pattern from TST to STT to TST;and(3)the prevalence of the STT during the decay stage.展开更多
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather orology and measurements from the Microwave Limb Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim （ERA-Interim） meteSounder, High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, and Ozone Monitoring Inst...The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather orology and measurements from the Microwave Limb Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim （ERA-Interim） meteSounder, High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard the Earth Observing System Aura satellite were applied to analyze the dynamical and chemical features of a cutoff low （COL） event over northeast China in early July 2007. The results showed the polar stratospheric origin of an upper-level warm-core cyclone at 100 300 hPa, associated with a funnel-shaped tropopause intruding into the mid-troposphere just above the COL center. The impacts of the stratospheric intrusion on both column ozone and ozone profiles were investigated using satellite measurements. When the intensity of the COL peaked on 10 July 2007, the total column ozone （TCO） increase reached a maximum （40-70 DU）. This could be dynamically attributed to both the descent of the tropopause （~75%） and the downward transport of stratospheric ozone across the tropopause （~25%）. Analysis of the tropospheric ozone profiles provided evidence for irreversible transport/mixing of ozone-rich stratospheric air across the tropopause near the upper-level front region ahead of the COL center. This ozone intrusion underwent downstream transport by the upper tropospheric winds, leading to further increase in TCO by 12 16 DU over broad regions extending from east China toward the northern Japan Sea via South Korea. Meteorological analysis also showed the precedence of the stratospheric intrusion ahead of the development of cyclones in the middle and lower troposphere.展开更多
文摘利用统计方法和数值模拟对2008年4月18日-7月28日和2009年5月19日-8月20日在黄山光明顶的两次外场观测中臭氧（O3）数据进行了分析，讨论了中国华东高海拔地区O3的质量浓度特征和来源。结果表明，5、6和7月的月平均质量浓度分别为107．73、101．93和68．02μg·m^-1，其中5月和6月的月平均质量浓度相对于国内其他本底站（除上甸子外）以及南极地区高出25～60Iμg·m^-1，7月与其他地区质量浓度相差较少。该地区的0，质量浓度相对于其他地区整体上维持在一个较高的水平，但高质量浓度超标事件发生的次数很少，只占总观测时间的3．9％。质量浓度EI最大值多出现在夜间21时一次日06时（北京时间，下同），呈多峰分布，并且变化幅度很小，在15—20μg·m^-1，通过利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式模拟当地上空对流层顶高度和晴空湍流等要素的变化发现，O3质量浓度和对流层顶折叠现象有关。不同天气条件下，其质量浓度在晴天最高，雨天最低，雾天和阴天在二者之间。臭氧质量浓度与温度、相对湿度和其他污染气体（CO、N0和NO3）浓度之间有很强的负相关，而与风速相关性相对较弱；5月北面来风占主导，各风向所对应的O3质量浓度分布较均匀，而6月和7月西南风占主导，北面来向的风对应的质量浓度要高于南面来向。在利用KZ过滤器将O3原始数据分解成不同组份后，发现当地O3质量浓度整体上受低频组份（CBL组份）的控制，其余各高频组份（CSY、CDU和CID组份）只是会使其质量浓度在基准线附近波动。随后对发生在2009年5月28—31日和6月12—15日期间的两次0，质量浓度超标事件中CSY、CDU和CID对基线的贡献做了定量分析。
基金provided by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (40730949)the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB428604)the International Cooperation Project (40710059003)
文摘A springtime tropopause fold event, found to be related to a cold trough intrusion from the north, was detected in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau （TP） based on various observations. A nested high-resolution mesoscale model was employed to investigate the effect of orography on the stratosphere-troposphere exchange. The model was found to be able to capture plausible tropopause fold properties. The propagation of the tropopause fold changed significantly when the terrain height in the model was altered. However, decreasing the terrain height had no significant effect on the morphology of folds. When a fold passed over an elevated surface, a leeside jet stream and a layer of humid air in the middle troposphere tended to develop. This strong leeside descent of air masses and high mid-level potential instability （PI） could give rise to deep upward motions in the leeside and inject tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. Besides, when the flow encounters an elevated surface, forced lifting together with mid-level PI can trigger deep convective motions on the windward slope. The troposphere to stratosphere transport was found to be persistent and almost stationary over the windward slope of the TP during the evolution of the fold.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB428602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41175040)
文摘European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim(ERA-Interim)reanalysis data and satellite data,and trajectory model were applied to analyze the dynamical,thermo-dynamical,and chemical structure in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS)of an intense cut-off low(COL)event occurring over East Asia during June 19-23,2010,and to characterize the process and transport pathway of deep stratospheric intrusion.The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)ozone data and the Global Positioning System Ozone(GPSO3)sonde data showed that the air mass originating from the polar formed a region with relatively high values of potential vorticity(PV)and ozone in the center of COL,and a secondary ozone peak appeared in the upper troposphere during mature stage of the COL.Forward trajectory simulation suggested that during the first stage of COL,deep stratospheric intrusion associated with strong northerly wind jet on the west side of the upper-level trough transported ozone-rich air from the polar lower stratosphere into the middle and lower troposphere in the mid-latitude,and increased the ozone concentration there.During the mature stage of the COL,stratospheric air was transported counterclockwise into the troposphere.Backward trajectory model was used to find the source regions of air mass within the COL during its mature stage.Model results show that air masses with high ozone concentration in the center of the COL have two source regions:one is the subpolar vortex which lies in northern part of Center Siberia,where ozone-rich air plays a major role in increasing the ozone concentrations,and the other is the strong shear region which is near by the cyclonic side of the extratropical jet axis(west of 90°E,near 50°N).The air masses with low ozone concentration around the COL also have two source regions:one is the anticyclonic side of the extratropical jet axis,where the air mass with the relatively low ozone concentration at the bottom of the COL is mainly controlled by horizontal movement,and the
文摘利用美国航空航天局MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)再分析资料和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料以及欧洲气象中心ECMWF-Interim(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,分析了发生于青藏高原北侧上空的一次地形重力波事件,并使用中尺度预报模式WRF-ARW.V3.0(Weather Research and Forecasting model,V3.0)对其进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,诊断分析了此次地形重力波在UTLS(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere)区域造成的物质和能量垂直传输特征.分析结果表明这一中尺度地形重力波信号的水平波长约为600km,与地形扰动水平尺度接近,重力波在对流层中传播的垂直波长约为3km,在垂直方向上随着高度的增加呈现出由东向西倾斜的结构特征.此次地形重力波上传进入平流层并在150hPa附近破碎,波破碎后动量通量在短时间内发生了强烈的衰减,重力波携带的能量在破碎高度附近释放.重力波破碎的同时垂直方向湍流混合变得异常强烈,湍流交换系数可在短时间内增加到背景值的8倍以上,剧烈湍流混合过程导致了对流层上层的空气进入平流层,使下平流层空气出现了位势涡度和臭氧的低值区,在浮力频率的垂直剖面中也可以看到由于地形重力波过程造成的平流层下层浮力频率异常低值区.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3010700)Second Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0105)Science and Technology Development Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2023KJ027 and 2024KJ012)。
文摘The Asian monsoon(AM) region is a well-known region with prevailing stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE).However,how the STE across this region changes with the weakening AM remains unclear.Here,we particularly diagnose the air mass transport between the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and the stratosphere over the AM region during 1992–2017 using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data.The results show that both the downward and upward deep STEs exhibit a detectable increasing trend,while the latter,namely,the deep troposphere-to-stratosphere transport(DTST),is relatively more significant.Further analysis reveals that the long-term trend of DTST over the AM region could be partly attributed to changes in the Pacific Walker circulation and the air temperature(especially at upper levels).Additionally,it is found that DTST increases markedly over the tropical oceanic regions,while the increasing DTST into the stratosphere can be attributed to the enhanced air masses originated from the PBL over the terrestrial regions,where large amounts of pollutant emissions occur.The results imply that the influence of the DTST on the chemical composition and the climate of the stratosphere over the AM region is expected to become increasingly important,and is thereby of relevance to climate projection in an evolving climate.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011323)National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(42130604,42130605,72293604)+4 种基金Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Tropical Ocean Environment in Western Coastal Waters(GSTOEW)First-Class Discipline Plan of Guangdong Province(080503032101,231420003)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(202362001,202072010)China Scholarship Council(202208440223)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1473800)。
文摘To investigate the stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE)process induced by the gravity waves(GWs)caused by Typhoon Molave(2020)in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,we analyzed the ERA5 reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the CMA Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset.We also adopted the mesoscale forecast model Weather Research and Forecasting model V4.3 for numerical simulation.Most of the previous studies were about typhoon-induced STE and typhoon-induced GWs,while our research focused on the STE caused by typhoon-induced gravity waves.Our analysis shows that most of the time,the gravity wave signal of Typhoon Molave appeared below the tropopause.It was stronger on the east side of the typhoon center(10°-20°N,110°-120°E)than on the west side,suggesting an eastward tilted structure with height increase.When the GWs in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region on the west side of the typhoon center broke up,it produced strong turbulence,resulting in stratosphere-troposphere exchange.At this time,the average potential vorticity vertical flux increased with the average ozone mass mixing ratio.The gravity wave events and STE process simulated by the WRF model were basically consistent with the results of ERA5 reanalysis data,but the time of gravity wave breaking was different.This study indicates that after the breaking of the GWs induced by typhoons,turbulent mixing will also be generated,and thus the STE.
基金the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41305038)
文摘A mesoscale weather research and forecasting(WRF)model was used to simulate a cold vortex that developed over Northeast China during June 19–23,2010.The simulation used high vertical resolution to reproduce the key features of the cold vortex development.Characteristics of the associated stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE),specifically the spatiotemporal distribution of the cross-tropopause mass flux(CTF),were investigated using the Wei formula.The simulation results showed that the net mass exchange induced by the cold vortex was controlled by stratosphere-to-troposphere transport(STT)processes.In the pre-formation stage of the cold vortex(i.e.,the development of the trough and ridge),active exchange was evident.Over the lifecycle of the cold vortex,STT processes prevailed at the rear of the trough and moving vortex,whereas troposphere-to-stratosphere transport(TST)processes prevailed at the front end.This spatial pattern was caused by temporal fluctuations of the tropopause.However,because of the cancellation of the upward flux by the downward flux,the contribution of the tropopause fluctuation term to the net mass exchange was only minor.In this case,horizontal motion dominated the net mass exchange.The time evolution of the CTF exhibited three characteristics:(1)the predominance of the STT during the pre-formation stage;(2)the formation and development of the cold vortex,in which the CTF varied in a fluctuating pattern from TST to STT to TST;and(3)the prevalence of the STT during the decay stage.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2010CB428604)National Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 41105025)+1 种基金the Dragon 3 Programme (ID:10577)Research at Harvard-Smithsonian was funded by NASA and the Smithsonian Institution
文摘The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather orology and measurements from the Microwave Limb Forecasts Re-Analysis Interim （ERA-Interim） meteSounder, High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard the Earth Observing System Aura satellite were applied to analyze the dynamical and chemical features of a cutoff low （COL） event over northeast China in early July 2007. The results showed the polar stratospheric origin of an upper-level warm-core cyclone at 100 300 hPa, associated with a funnel-shaped tropopause intruding into the mid-troposphere just above the COL center. The impacts of the stratospheric intrusion on both column ozone and ozone profiles were investigated using satellite measurements. When the intensity of the COL peaked on 10 July 2007, the total column ozone （TCO） increase reached a maximum （40-70 DU）. This could be dynamically attributed to both the descent of the tropopause （~75%） and the downward transport of stratospheric ozone across the tropopause （~25%）. Analysis of the tropospheric ozone profiles provided evidence for irreversible transport/mixing of ozone-rich stratospheric air across the tropopause near the upper-level front region ahead of the COL center. This ozone intrusion underwent downstream transport by the upper tropospheric winds, leading to further increase in TCO by 12 16 DU over broad regions extending from east China toward the northern Japan Sea via South Korea. Meteorological analysis also showed the precedence of the stratospheric intrusion ahead of the development of cyclones in the middle and lower troposphere.
