Key questions on solar wind-Moon interaction are reviewed.As the nearest celestial body to Earth,Moon’s space environment is distinctive to Earth’s mainly because of lack of a significant atmosphere/ionosphere and a...Key questions on solar wind-Moon interaction are reviewed.As the nearest celestial body to Earth,Moon’s space environment is distinctive to Earth’s mainly because of lack of a significant atmosphere/ionosphere and a global magnetic field.From a global respective,solar wind can bombard its surface,and the solar wind materials cumulated in the soil record the evolution of the Solar System.Many small-scale remanent magnetic fields are scattered over the lunar surface and,just as planetary magnetic fields protect planets,they are believed to divert the incident solar wind and shield the local lunar surface beneath,thus producing unique local surface environment that is critical to activities of human beings/facilities,thus providing unique landing sites to explore the origins of lunar swirls and remanent magnetic fields.Evidences have hinted that this local interaction,however,may be also distinct with the interacting scenario on planets,and the specific process has not been revealed because of lack of in situ observations in the near-Moon space or on the ground.The global and local solar wind interactions of the Moon represent 2 types of characteristic interaction of celestial bodies with stellar wind in deep space,i.e.,the interactions of nonmagnetized bodies and of small-scale magnetized bodies,both of which may occur on asteroids and Mars.The deep-space celestial bodies,either difficult or impossible to reach for human beings or artificial satellites,are hard to measure,and the exploration of the Moon can reveal the mystery of stellar wind interaction on these bodies.展开更多
Physical properties of the supernova remnant expanding in a dumpy circumstellar medium are studied. Taking into account the effect of cloud evaporation in the clumpy medium, it is found that the evolution and internal...Physical properties of the supernova remnant expanding in a dumpy circumstellar medium are studied. Taking into account the effect of cloud evaporation in the clumpy medium, it is found that the evolution and internal structure of supernova remnant in a clumpy medium of a power-law density distribution in the radius are generally serf-similar as long as the minus power-law index is in the range of about 0-3. In the case where the index equals -2, namely, the medium is composed of the inhomogeneous free stellar wind, based on the detailed hydrodynamic solution, the formulae, figures, and tables for describing the observable properties, such as the relative distribution of the remnant's surface brightness, X-ray luminosity, the mass of X-ray-emitting gas, emission-measure-weighted mean temperature, infrared luminosity, and Ha luminosity, are provided. It is indicated that the evaporated matter may pile up near the center and the X-ray emission there is brighter than that near the limb when some parameters are appropriate.展开更多
基金supported by the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.XDB41000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41941001 and L2224032)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XK2022DXC004).
文摘Key questions on solar wind-Moon interaction are reviewed.As the nearest celestial body to Earth,Moon’s space environment is distinctive to Earth’s mainly because of lack of a significant atmosphere/ionosphere and a global magnetic field.From a global respective,solar wind can bombard its surface,and the solar wind materials cumulated in the soil record the evolution of the Solar System.Many small-scale remanent magnetic fields are scattered over the lunar surface and,just as planetary magnetic fields protect planets,they are believed to divert the incident solar wind and shield the local lunar surface beneath,thus producing unique local surface environment that is critical to activities of human beings/facilities,thus providing unique landing sites to explore the origins of lunar swirls and remanent magnetic fields.Evidences have hinted that this local interaction,however,may be also distinct with the interacting scenario on planets,and the specific process has not been revealed because of lack of in situ observations in the near-Moon space or on the ground.The global and local solar wind interactions of the Moon represent 2 types of characteristic interaction of celestial bodies with stellar wind in deep space,i.e.,the interactions of nonmagnetized bodies and of small-scale magnetized bodies,both of which may occur on asteroids and Mars.The deep-space celestial bodies,either difficult or impossible to reach for human beings or artificial satellites,are hard to measure,and the exploration of the Moon can reveal the mystery of stellar wind interaction on these bodies.
文摘Physical properties of the supernova remnant expanding in a dumpy circumstellar medium are studied. Taking into account the effect of cloud evaporation in the clumpy medium, it is found that the evolution and internal structure of supernova remnant in a clumpy medium of a power-law density distribution in the radius are generally serf-similar as long as the minus power-law index is in the range of about 0-3. In the case where the index equals -2, namely, the medium is composed of the inhomogeneous free stellar wind, based on the detailed hydrodynamic solution, the formulae, figures, and tables for describing the observable properties, such as the relative distribution of the remnant's surface brightness, X-ray luminosity, the mass of X-ray-emitting gas, emission-measure-weighted mean temperature, infrared luminosity, and Ha luminosity, are provided. It is indicated that the evaporated matter may pile up near the center and the X-ray emission there is brighter than that near the limb when some parameters are appropriate.
