The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challe...The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challenge to dairy camel farming, particularly in Somalia. The studys objective was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and the risk factors associated with it among lactating camels on dairy farms in Benadir, Somalia. To achieve this, a cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2022 in the Benadir region of Somalia. A total of 96 lactating camels underwent examination using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 farm employees/owners to gather information on hygiene practices, parity, lactation stage, tick infestation, and the presence of udder/teat lesions. Data regarding parity and lactation stage were obtained through owner interviews. The data collected on specifically designed forms were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS version 20 statistical software, ensuring a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the data. The studys findings revealed a significant prevalence of camel mastitis, with 34.4% (33/96) of lactating camels affected and clinical and subclinical cases constituting 5.2% and 29.2%, respectively. Quarter-level prevalence was 46.3%, with clinical and subclinical mastitis at 4.7% and 41.6%, respectively. The study also identified significant associations (P < 0.05) among risk factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and age, indicating a higher susceptibility to mastitis in older camels during early lactation compared to those in late lactation and younger camels. These findings underscore the crucial role of inadequate hygienic conditions on camel farms and udder tick infestations in driving the elevated prevalence of mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices in dairy farming in Benadir, Soma展开更多
Background: In Africa, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread and harmful practice, with Somalia having the highest incidence at 98%. This practice has severe and long-lasting physical and mental health conse...Background: In Africa, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread and harmful practice, with Somalia having the highest incidence at 98%. This practice has severe and long-lasting physical and mental health consequences. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different types of FGM;immediate and long-term complications associated with the practice, and identify factors related to its prevalence. Method: In a one-year cross-sectional hospital-based study, data were collected from females aged 18 - 50 with a history of FGM. Face-to-face semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, utilizing univariate and bivariate analyses to identify correlations between variables, which were presented in tables. Results: In a study involving 255 female participants, 65.5% were between 18 and 30 years old. The majority (82.7%) were married, while 47.1% were illiterate. FGM cases were more prevalent in rural areas (61.6%). Among the participants, 45.1% were employed. Type 3 FGM was the most common (44.3%), followed by Type 2 (32.2%) and Type 1 (23.9%). In terms of short-term complications experienced by circumcised women, the most common were bleeding, reported by 29.8% of participants, followed by infection (25.1%), and urinary retention (19.2%). Among the long-term complications observed, recurrent vaginal infections were the most prevalent, affecting 29.8% of the surveyed females. This was episiotomy during delivery (22.3%) and genital scarring (10.2%). Conclusion: The study reveals that Type 3 FGM is highly prevalent among the surveyed females, contributing to an increased risk of recurrent vaginal infections, prolonged second stage of labor, higher likelihood of episiotomy during delivery, and genital scarring. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and implementation from both international and local organizations to eliminate the harmful practice of FGM.展开更多
Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic l...Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic losses and leads to a severe livestock production problem, negatively influencing people’s livelihoods of affected countries. In Somalia, there is no updated data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease. Hence, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to June 2023 in different villages under the Afgoye District of lower Shabelle region, Somalia. The main purpose of this study is to assess the sero-prevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. In this study, villages, age, sex, breed, and body condition were considered as risk factors. A total of 90 blood samples were collected and tested in the laboratory using the Anti-CBPP Elisa kit test. Out of 90 serum samples from herd cattle, 32 were positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 35.5%. In addition, we found a statistically significant variation between the prevalence of the disease and factors such as sex, age, body condition and breeds. In summary, the overall prevalence of Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in this study area is worth to be considered because there is a low quality of health care and less awareness of the Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia effects on herds, which warrants the official authorities to act and follow appropriate preventive and control measures to reduce the incidence of the disease and generate appropriate controlling and prevention measures in all regions of Somalia.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of retention ponds on the environment and population health by analyzing water samples from various ponds in Mogadishu, to determine the prevalence of waterborne i...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of retention ponds on the environment and population health by analyzing water samples from various ponds in Mogadishu, to determine the prevalence of waterborne illnesses that occur during the rainy season in Mogadishu, and to find out what experts thought about the effects of retention ponds on the environment as well as population health in Mogadishu. Methods: Mixed designs were used in the study. The first design is an exploratory study where samples are taken from different retention ponds in Mogadishu. The second design involves gathering secondary data from the online FSNAU Dashboard regarding the incidence of rainfall and waterborne illnesses including malaria and cholera. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of expert opinions using questionnaires was the third design. The 10 water samples were taken from retention ponds in Mogadishu as part of the sample size. Data on the fourth month was also gathered using the FNSAU dashboard, and seventy sample sizes were used for the expert self-administered questionnaire for the third design. Excel was used for data analysis in the initial design. While BMI SPSS versions 22 were used to analyze the data from the Self-administered Questionnaire, additional methods were utilized to compute descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and to analyze demographic data in a frequency table. Findings: The results show that three samples had unsatisfactory scores (Grade D): Yaqshid (Warshadda Bastada) had a WQI of 80.85, Boondheer (Bondher Pond) had a WQI of 80.64, and Wartanabad (Xamar Jadiid Pond) had a WQI of 80.89. The remaining samples were all rated as fair (grade), which indicates that they ranged from 50 to 75. The months with the largest rainfall already occurred in December, November, and October, when the prevalence of diseases during the rainy season was highest for cholera cases. Although October and December saw a significant number of malaria cases, November did not. Retention ponds’ o展开更多
This review article aims to describe the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants and humans in Somalia and also guides policy makers to draw sound decisions regarding brucellosis control policies. It is concluded that ...This review article aims to describe the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants and humans in Somalia and also guides policy makers to draw sound decisions regarding brucellosis control policies. It is concluded that brucellosis is of no public health importance in Somalia. Nevertheless, it is suggested that a stronger inter-sectoral collaboration among veterinary, medical and public health professionals at the federal and country level in terms of one-health approach should be promoted.展开更多
AIM To provide a clear understanding of viral hepatitis epidemiology and their clinical burdens in Somalia.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review...AIM To provide a clear understanding of viral hepatitis epidemiology and their clinical burdens in Somalia.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search of published studies on viral hepatitis was performed from 1977-2016 in Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, World Health Organization African Index Medicus and the Africa Journals Online databases, as well as on the Ministry of Health website. We also captured unpublished articles that were not available on online systems.RESULTS Twenty-nine studies from Somalia and Somali immigrants(United Kingdom,United States,Italy,Libya)with a combined sample size for each type of viral hepatitis[hepatitis A virus(HAV):1564,hepatitis B virus(HBV):8756,hepatitis C virus(HCV):6257,hepatitis D virus(HDV):375 and hepatitis E virus(HEV):278]were analyzed.The overall pooled prevalence rate of HAV was 90.2%(95%CI:77.8%to 96%).The HAV prevalence among different age groups was as follows:<1 year old,61.54%(95%CI:40.14%to79.24%);1-10 years old,91.91%(95%CI:87.76%to94.73%);11-19 years old,96.31%(95%CI:92.84%to 98.14%);20-39 years old,91.3%(95%CI:83.07%to 95.73%);and>40 years old,86.96%(95%CI:75.68%to 93.47%).The overall pooled prevalence of HBV was 18.9%(95%CI:14%to 29%).The overall pooled prevalence among subgroups of HBV was20.5%(95%CI:5.1%to 55.4%)in pregnant women;5.7%(95%CI:2.7%to 11.5%)in children;39.2%(95%CI:33.4%to 45.4%)in patients with chronic liver disease,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC);7.7%(95%CI:4.2%to 13.6%),12.4%(95%CI:6.3%to 23.0%)and 11.8%(95%CI:5.3%to 24.5%)in age groups<20 years old,20-39 years old and>40years old,respectively.The HBV prevalence among risk groups was 20%(95%CI:7.19%to 44.64%)in female prostitutes,21.28%(95%CI:7.15%to48.69%)in hospitalized adults,5.56%(95%CI:0.99%to 25.62%)in hospitalized children,60%(95%CI:31.66%to 82.92%)in patients with acute hepatitis,33.55%(95%CI:14.44%to 60.16%)in patients with ancylostom展开更多
Somalia has faced severe challenges linked to climate variability, which has been exacerbated by conflict and limited governance that persisted for decades. Today climate extremes such as floods, drought, and coastal ...Somalia has faced severe challenges linked to climate variability, which has been exacerbated by conflict and limited governance that persisted for decades. Today climate extremes such as floods, drought, and coastal marine severe systems among others are always associated with the destruction of property and livelihoods;losses of lives lost, migrations, and resource based conflicts among many other miseries. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has shown that climate change is real and requires sound knowledge of local future climate change scenarios. The study attempted to provide projected rainfall and temperature change scenarios over Lower Jubba, Somalia. This was done using the downscaled Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) RCMs data. The simulated temperature and rainfall data derived from the CORDEX RCMs ensemble were compared with the observed data. The study focused on the IPCC projected periods of 2030, 2050 and 2070 benchmarks. Analysis of the projected rainfall indicated a decreasing trend in rainfall leading up to 2030 followed by an increase in rainfall with the 2050 and 2070 scenarios. In the case of temperature, the projections from all the models showed increase in minimum and maximum temperatures in all seasons and sub periods, like being observed by temperature projection over other parts of the world. The 2030, 2050 and 2070 projected rainfall and temperature change scenarios show that Somalia future development and livelihoods will in future face increased threats of climate extremes unless effective climate smart adaptation systems form integral components of national development strategies.展开更多
Charcoal is the main cooking source of energy used by millions of households in Somalia and has been described as “black gold” because of the revenue it produces. The objective of this study was to understand the ex...Charcoal is the main cooking source of energy used by millions of households in Somalia and has been described as “black gold” because of the revenue it produces. The objective of this study was to understand the extent of land cover change, given the widely reported charcoal trade in the South of Somalia. Land cover change analysis was done using remotely data from Landsat imagery. Different images covering all districts in Lower Jubba from 1993/95, 2000 and 2014 were analysed and compared. A survey was conducted in Lower Jubba to determine the divers of deforestation and degradation in the region. Results showed a 50% reduction in forest cover and a 17% reduction in woodlands between 1993/95 and 2014. Results from the survey showed charcoal production as a maladaptive response to climate extremes. If business continues as usual with deforestation, the entire area could completely be deforested in the future. Results from this study can be useful in the development of strategies for reforestation, environmental management and sustainable development for this region.展开更多
Haemoparasites are major-constraints on livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study was conducted during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence of blood parasites in goats of small-holders i...Haemoparasites are major-constraints on livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study was conducted during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence of blood parasites in goats of small-holders in Benadir region, Somalia and update epidemiological data that had already lost during the civil war in the country. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from goat in Wadajir (47 goat) and Dharkeynley (53 goat) districts, using venipuncture of jugular vein. The samples were examined for the presence of blood parasites using light microscopy. Some ticks when presented in the sampled animals—were also collected for tick identification. Analysis of blood smears revealed 100% samples positive for blood parasites. Out of these cases, 22 samples (22%) were harboring single infection of Babesia spp. and 14 samples (14%) were having single infection of Theileria spp. Interestingly the Remaining 64 blood samples (64%) showed mixed infection of Babesia spp. with Theileria spp. Rhipicephalus evertsi (72.84%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (34.57%), Amblyomma lepidum (3.70%) and Hyalomma rufipes (1.23%) were identified from the investigated goats. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that, the prevalence of tick and tick-borne diseases were considered to be high in Benadir region of Somalia. A further area wide in-depth study is recommended in the country.展开更多
Background: Induction of labor is an artificial termination utilized to decrease both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The study was aimed to assess the epidemiology of induction of labor among women age...Background: Induction of labor is an artificial termination utilized to decrease both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The study was aimed to assess the epidemiology of induction of labor among women aged 15 - 49 who delivered at Shaafi Hospital in Hodon District, Mogadishu Somalia 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional and retrospective hospital-based study was conducted among 30 women aged 15 - 49 who had undergone induction of labor who were delivered at Shaafi Hospital Mogadishu during the period of the study from May-July 2020. Data were collected by interview method using structured questionnaire. Data analyzed was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. Results: The study showed that the majority of respondents 12 (40%) had undergone induction once time previously, followed by 8 (27%) had undergone induction previously two times, while 6 (20%) had undergone previously three times, 4 (13%) more than four times. 21 (70%) were delivered Spontaneous Vagina delivery (SVD), 6 (20%) were Cesarean section (CS) and 3 (10%) instrumental vaginal delivery. A total of (60%) were delivered in public hospitals, followed by (23%) were delivered in private hospitals and 5 (17%) home delivery. In addition the reasons of induction of labor a total of 27 (90%) were post term, followed by 2 (7%) were Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), while few proportion of 1 (3%) were Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Finally, the study revealed that the socio-demographic and obstetrical determinants such as age and daily meal intake as well as antenatal care visit and reasons for induction of labor e.g. Post term (Post-mature), Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) showed significant association with their the induced labor (P Conclusion and Recommendations: The study recommended that ministry of health especially maternal and reproductive health unit should ensure that every pregnant woman has access to skilled maternal counseling and improve quality of antenatal, 展开更多
The objective of this study is to determine the community perception on drinking water quality in Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchers tried to declare quality of water in Mogadishu, and if they are aware source of polluti...The objective of this study is to determine the community perception on drinking water quality in Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchers tried to declare quality of water in Mogadishu, and if they are aware source of pollution of waters. The study provided a description of a variety of aspects related to perceptions of drinking water in Mogadishu community of Somalia. Method: The study area was people living the capital city of Somalia, Mogadishu, and some academic students irrespective of districts which they live. This study was descriptive research with specifically cross-sectional survey using designed questionnaire added interpretation to local Somali language. The target population was 65 individuals, but researchers made sample size calculation using confidence interval and confidence level. After that, we got sample size 52 individuals. The sample procedure was non-probability purposive sampling. The data analyzed method was descriptive research, with mean and standard deviation, with using software SPSS version 16 applied in this study. Result: The results of Table 10 showed: 71.7% of respondents strongly agreed and agreed (45.3% and 26.4% respectively) that Good water quality is very important issue, with mean score 2.02 out of 5. Also 73.5% of respondents accepted (35.8% strongly greed and 37.7% agreed) they worried about water quality in Benadir region with mean score 2.04 out of 5. The respondents were asked questions related to perception of water quality by rating it. The majority respondents (30.2%) rated the overall water quality of their local wells as “Good”;some of them (28.2%) perceived water quality as “Adequate or Normal”. This questions has mean score (2.70 out of 6) and standard deviation (1.265). Of respondents, they rated the quality of their drinking water. The majority (32.1%) perceived quality of water is “Good” and has not reached excellent;28.2% of them selected “Adequate or Normal”;18.9% believed their drinking water is “Poor”;and last 15.1%, 1.9% and 3.8% of them sel展开更多
A cross-sectional study was carried out aimed to estimate sero-prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to investigate the related risk factors of the disease in Four Selected Villages of Galkayo, Mudug region from 14t...A cross-sectional study was carried out aimed to estimate sero-prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to investigate the related risk factors of the disease in Four Selected Villages of Galkayo, Mudug region from 14th March 2016 up to 20th April 2016. Blood samples were collected from 69 randomly selected camels of the four study villages, and samples were allowed to clot at room temper to detect the sero-prevalence of trypanosome using Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT). The results indicated that the overall sero-prevalence of trypanosomiasis in camels that 15.9% (11) samples were positive for trypanosome evansi (T. evansi) was recorded. Higher infection was found in female (19.4) as compared to male (11.1). However, there is no statistically significant difference in sero-prevalence between sex categories (P > 0.05). High Test infection of sero-prevalence was noted 20% in young age (10), and there was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in susceptibility among age groups. These results seem to indicate that T. evansi infection is high in the study area. There is need of further control of camel trypanosomiasis through the uses of curative and prophylactic drugs to avoid the various problems.展开更多
Somalia has the largest dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) population in the world. However, scientific research and camel diseases investigation in the country were lacking since 1980s. A total of 167 camels (131 semi-i...Somalia has the largest dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) population in the world. However, scientific research and camel diseases investigation in the country were lacking since 1980s. A total of 167 camels (131 semi-intensive dairy camels system and 36 free grazing systems) were sampled from three districts in Mogadishu citybetween December 2015 and March 2016 to investigate the prevalence rate of gastro-intestinal parasites in camels from Mogadishu city using different coprological techniques. The overall prevalence of camel gastro-intestinal parasites was 50.3%. The prevalence rate were significantly varies between the extensive and semi-intensive production systems (p = 0.000) and between the different districts (p = 0.000). Nematodes revealed higher prevalence rate (47.9%) than Cestodes (6.0%), Trematodes (4.2%) and Coccidia (0.65%). Eggs of eight genera of nematodes, two genera of trematodes and two genera of cestodes as well as Eimeria sp. Oocysts were identified in this study. Dictyocaulus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. were the most prevalent followed by Parascaris equorum and Strongyloides sp. About 56.0% of the infected camels revealed mix-infection of up to five different parasite species. Moreover, 35.7% of these animals revealed heavy infection. The important role of the camel has inspired investigators and researchers to look for diseases that may threaten camel health and production. However, in Somalia in spite of having the largest counts of camels but in depth scientific data are not available. Therefore, the present paper was to be the first detailed data on camel gastro-intestinal parasites in Mogadishu area and may be in whole Somalia. We came to conclude that gastrointes-tinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from Mogadishu particularly in nomadic herds of camels. Studies on the effect of gastro-intestinal parasites on camel production and productivity are recommended. Moreover, the intensive system of camel production should be encouraged.展开更多
文摘The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challenge to dairy camel farming, particularly in Somalia. The studys objective was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and the risk factors associated with it among lactating camels on dairy farms in Benadir, Somalia. To achieve this, a cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2022 in the Benadir region of Somalia. A total of 96 lactating camels underwent examination using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 farm employees/owners to gather information on hygiene practices, parity, lactation stage, tick infestation, and the presence of udder/teat lesions. Data regarding parity and lactation stage were obtained through owner interviews. The data collected on specifically designed forms were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS version 20 statistical software, ensuring a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the data. The studys findings revealed a significant prevalence of camel mastitis, with 34.4% (33/96) of lactating camels affected and clinical and subclinical cases constituting 5.2% and 29.2%, respectively. Quarter-level prevalence was 46.3%, with clinical and subclinical mastitis at 4.7% and 41.6%, respectively. The study also identified significant associations (P < 0.05) among risk factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and age, indicating a higher susceptibility to mastitis in older camels during early lactation compared to those in late lactation and younger camels. These findings underscore the crucial role of inadequate hygienic conditions on camel farms and udder tick infestations in driving the elevated prevalence of mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices in dairy farming in Benadir, Soma
文摘Background: In Africa, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread and harmful practice, with Somalia having the highest incidence at 98%. This practice has severe and long-lasting physical and mental health consequences. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different types of FGM;immediate and long-term complications associated with the practice, and identify factors related to its prevalence. Method: In a one-year cross-sectional hospital-based study, data were collected from females aged 18 - 50 with a history of FGM. Face-to-face semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, utilizing univariate and bivariate analyses to identify correlations between variables, which were presented in tables. Results: In a study involving 255 female participants, 65.5% were between 18 and 30 years old. The majority (82.7%) were married, while 47.1% were illiterate. FGM cases were more prevalent in rural areas (61.6%). Among the participants, 45.1% were employed. Type 3 FGM was the most common (44.3%), followed by Type 2 (32.2%) and Type 1 (23.9%). In terms of short-term complications experienced by circumcised women, the most common were bleeding, reported by 29.8% of participants, followed by infection (25.1%), and urinary retention (19.2%). Among the long-term complications observed, recurrent vaginal infections were the most prevalent, affecting 29.8% of the surveyed females. This was episiotomy during delivery (22.3%) and genital scarring (10.2%). Conclusion: The study reveals that Type 3 FGM is highly prevalent among the surveyed females, contributing to an increased risk of recurrent vaginal infections, prolonged second stage of labor, higher likelihood of episiotomy during delivery, and genital scarring. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and implementation from both international and local organizations to eliminate the harmful practice of FGM.
文摘Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic losses and leads to a severe livestock production problem, negatively influencing people’s livelihoods of affected countries. In Somalia, there is no updated data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease. Hence, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to June 2023 in different villages under the Afgoye District of lower Shabelle region, Somalia. The main purpose of this study is to assess the sero-prevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. In this study, villages, age, sex, breed, and body condition were considered as risk factors. A total of 90 blood samples were collected and tested in the laboratory using the Anti-CBPP Elisa kit test. Out of 90 serum samples from herd cattle, 32 were positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 35.5%. In addition, we found a statistically significant variation between the prevalence of the disease and factors such as sex, age, body condition and breeds. In summary, the overall prevalence of Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in this study area is worth to be considered because there is a low quality of health care and less awareness of the Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia effects on herds, which warrants the official authorities to act and follow appropriate preventive and control measures to reduce the incidence of the disease and generate appropriate controlling and prevention measures in all regions of Somalia.
文摘The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of retention ponds on the environment and population health by analyzing water samples from various ponds in Mogadishu, to determine the prevalence of waterborne illnesses that occur during the rainy season in Mogadishu, and to find out what experts thought about the effects of retention ponds on the environment as well as population health in Mogadishu. Methods: Mixed designs were used in the study. The first design is an exploratory study where samples are taken from different retention ponds in Mogadishu. The second design involves gathering secondary data from the online FSNAU Dashboard regarding the incidence of rainfall and waterborne illnesses including malaria and cholera. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of expert opinions using questionnaires was the third design. The 10 water samples were taken from retention ponds in Mogadishu as part of the sample size. Data on the fourth month was also gathered using the FNSAU dashboard, and seventy sample sizes were used for the expert self-administered questionnaire for the third design. Excel was used for data analysis in the initial design. While BMI SPSS versions 22 were used to analyze the data from the Self-administered Questionnaire, additional methods were utilized to compute descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and to analyze demographic data in a frequency table. Findings: The results show that three samples had unsatisfactory scores (Grade D): Yaqshid (Warshadda Bastada) had a WQI of 80.85, Boondheer (Bondher Pond) had a WQI of 80.64, and Wartanabad (Xamar Jadiid Pond) had a WQI of 80.89. The remaining samples were all rated as fair (grade), which indicates that they ranged from 50 to 75. The months with the largest rainfall already occurred in December, November, and October, when the prevalence of diseases during the rainy season was highest for cholera cases. Although October and December saw a significant number of malaria cases, November did not. Retention ponds’ o
文摘This review article aims to describe the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants and humans in Somalia and also guides policy makers to draw sound decisions regarding brucellosis control policies. It is concluded that brucellosis is of no public health importance in Somalia. Nevertheless, it is suggested that a stronger inter-sectoral collaboration among veterinary, medical and public health professionals at the federal and country level in terms of one-health approach should be promoted.
文摘AIM To provide a clear understanding of viral hepatitis epidemiology and their clinical burdens in Somalia.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search of published studies on viral hepatitis was performed from 1977-2016 in Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, World Health Organization African Index Medicus and the Africa Journals Online databases, as well as on the Ministry of Health website. We also captured unpublished articles that were not available on online systems.RESULTS Twenty-nine studies from Somalia and Somali immigrants(United Kingdom,United States,Italy,Libya)with a combined sample size for each type of viral hepatitis[hepatitis A virus(HAV):1564,hepatitis B virus(HBV):8756,hepatitis C virus(HCV):6257,hepatitis D virus(HDV):375 and hepatitis E virus(HEV):278]were analyzed.The overall pooled prevalence rate of HAV was 90.2%(95%CI:77.8%to 96%).The HAV prevalence among different age groups was as follows:<1 year old,61.54%(95%CI:40.14%to79.24%);1-10 years old,91.91%(95%CI:87.76%to94.73%);11-19 years old,96.31%(95%CI:92.84%to 98.14%);20-39 years old,91.3%(95%CI:83.07%to 95.73%);and>40 years old,86.96%(95%CI:75.68%to 93.47%).The overall pooled prevalence of HBV was 18.9%(95%CI:14%to 29%).The overall pooled prevalence among subgroups of HBV was20.5%(95%CI:5.1%to 55.4%)in pregnant women;5.7%(95%CI:2.7%to 11.5%)in children;39.2%(95%CI:33.4%to 45.4%)in patients with chronic liver disease,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC);7.7%(95%CI:4.2%to 13.6%),12.4%(95%CI:6.3%to 23.0%)and 11.8%(95%CI:5.3%to 24.5%)in age groups<20 years old,20-39 years old and>40years old,respectively.The HBV prevalence among risk groups was 20%(95%CI:7.19%to 44.64%)in female prostitutes,21.28%(95%CI:7.15%to48.69%)in hospitalized adults,5.56%(95%CI:0.99%to 25.62%)in hospitalized children,60%(95%CI:31.66%to 82.92%)in patients with acute hepatitis,33.55%(95%CI:14.44%to 60.16%)in patients with ancylostom
文摘Somalia has faced severe challenges linked to climate variability, which has been exacerbated by conflict and limited governance that persisted for decades. Today climate extremes such as floods, drought, and coastal marine severe systems among others are always associated with the destruction of property and livelihoods;losses of lives lost, migrations, and resource based conflicts among many other miseries. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has shown that climate change is real and requires sound knowledge of local future climate change scenarios. The study attempted to provide projected rainfall and temperature change scenarios over Lower Jubba, Somalia. This was done using the downscaled Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) RCMs data. The simulated temperature and rainfall data derived from the CORDEX RCMs ensemble were compared with the observed data. The study focused on the IPCC projected periods of 2030, 2050 and 2070 benchmarks. Analysis of the projected rainfall indicated a decreasing trend in rainfall leading up to 2030 followed by an increase in rainfall with the 2050 and 2070 scenarios. In the case of temperature, the projections from all the models showed increase in minimum and maximum temperatures in all seasons and sub periods, like being observed by temperature projection over other parts of the world. The 2030, 2050 and 2070 projected rainfall and temperature change scenarios show that Somalia future development and livelihoods will in future face increased threats of climate extremes unless effective climate smart adaptation systems form integral components of national development strategies.
文摘Charcoal is the main cooking source of energy used by millions of households in Somalia and has been described as “black gold” because of the revenue it produces. The objective of this study was to understand the extent of land cover change, given the widely reported charcoal trade in the South of Somalia. Land cover change analysis was done using remotely data from Landsat imagery. Different images covering all districts in Lower Jubba from 1993/95, 2000 and 2014 were analysed and compared. A survey was conducted in Lower Jubba to determine the divers of deforestation and degradation in the region. Results showed a 50% reduction in forest cover and a 17% reduction in woodlands between 1993/95 and 2014. Results from the survey showed charcoal production as a maladaptive response to climate extremes. If business continues as usual with deforestation, the entire area could completely be deforested in the future. Results from this study can be useful in the development of strategies for reforestation, environmental management and sustainable development for this region.
文摘Haemoparasites are major-constraints on livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study was conducted during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence of blood parasites in goats of small-holders in Benadir region, Somalia and update epidemiological data that had already lost during the civil war in the country. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from goat in Wadajir (47 goat) and Dharkeynley (53 goat) districts, using venipuncture of jugular vein. The samples were examined for the presence of blood parasites using light microscopy. Some ticks when presented in the sampled animals—were also collected for tick identification. Analysis of blood smears revealed 100% samples positive for blood parasites. Out of these cases, 22 samples (22%) were harboring single infection of Babesia spp. and 14 samples (14%) were having single infection of Theileria spp. Interestingly the Remaining 64 blood samples (64%) showed mixed infection of Babesia spp. with Theileria spp. Rhipicephalus evertsi (72.84%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (34.57%), Amblyomma lepidum (3.70%) and Hyalomma rufipes (1.23%) were identified from the investigated goats. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that, the prevalence of tick and tick-borne diseases were considered to be high in Benadir region of Somalia. A further area wide in-depth study is recommended in the country.
文摘Background: Induction of labor is an artificial termination utilized to decrease both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The study was aimed to assess the epidemiology of induction of labor among women aged 15 - 49 who delivered at Shaafi Hospital in Hodon District, Mogadishu Somalia 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional and retrospective hospital-based study was conducted among 30 women aged 15 - 49 who had undergone induction of labor who were delivered at Shaafi Hospital Mogadishu during the period of the study from May-July 2020. Data were collected by interview method using structured questionnaire. Data analyzed was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. Results: The study showed that the majority of respondents 12 (40%) had undergone induction once time previously, followed by 8 (27%) had undergone induction previously two times, while 6 (20%) had undergone previously three times, 4 (13%) more than four times. 21 (70%) were delivered Spontaneous Vagina delivery (SVD), 6 (20%) were Cesarean section (CS) and 3 (10%) instrumental vaginal delivery. A total of (60%) were delivered in public hospitals, followed by (23%) were delivered in private hospitals and 5 (17%) home delivery. In addition the reasons of induction of labor a total of 27 (90%) were post term, followed by 2 (7%) were Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), while few proportion of 1 (3%) were Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Finally, the study revealed that the socio-demographic and obstetrical determinants such as age and daily meal intake as well as antenatal care visit and reasons for induction of labor e.g. Post term (Post-mature), Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) showed significant association with their the induced labor (P Conclusion and Recommendations: The study recommended that ministry of health especially maternal and reproductive health unit should ensure that every pregnant woman has access to skilled maternal counseling and improve quality of antenatal,
文摘The objective of this study is to determine the community perception on drinking water quality in Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchers tried to declare quality of water in Mogadishu, and if they are aware source of pollution of waters. The study provided a description of a variety of aspects related to perceptions of drinking water in Mogadishu community of Somalia. Method: The study area was people living the capital city of Somalia, Mogadishu, and some academic students irrespective of districts which they live. This study was descriptive research with specifically cross-sectional survey using designed questionnaire added interpretation to local Somali language. The target population was 65 individuals, but researchers made sample size calculation using confidence interval and confidence level. After that, we got sample size 52 individuals. The sample procedure was non-probability purposive sampling. The data analyzed method was descriptive research, with mean and standard deviation, with using software SPSS version 16 applied in this study. Result: The results of Table 10 showed: 71.7% of respondents strongly agreed and agreed (45.3% and 26.4% respectively) that Good water quality is very important issue, with mean score 2.02 out of 5. Also 73.5% of respondents accepted (35.8% strongly greed and 37.7% agreed) they worried about water quality in Benadir region with mean score 2.04 out of 5. The respondents were asked questions related to perception of water quality by rating it. The majority respondents (30.2%) rated the overall water quality of their local wells as “Good”;some of them (28.2%) perceived water quality as “Adequate or Normal”. This questions has mean score (2.70 out of 6) and standard deviation (1.265). Of respondents, they rated the quality of their drinking water. The majority (32.1%) perceived quality of water is “Good” and has not reached excellent;28.2% of them selected “Adequate or Normal”;18.9% believed their drinking water is “Poor”;and last 15.1%, 1.9% and 3.8% of them sel
文摘A cross-sectional study was carried out aimed to estimate sero-prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to investigate the related risk factors of the disease in Four Selected Villages of Galkayo, Mudug region from 14th March 2016 up to 20th April 2016. Blood samples were collected from 69 randomly selected camels of the four study villages, and samples were allowed to clot at room temper to detect the sero-prevalence of trypanosome using Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT). The results indicated that the overall sero-prevalence of trypanosomiasis in camels that 15.9% (11) samples were positive for trypanosome evansi (T. evansi) was recorded. Higher infection was found in female (19.4) as compared to male (11.1). However, there is no statistically significant difference in sero-prevalence between sex categories (P > 0.05). High Test infection of sero-prevalence was noted 20% in young age (10), and there was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in susceptibility among age groups. These results seem to indicate that T. evansi infection is high in the study area. There is need of further control of camel trypanosomiasis through the uses of curative and prophylactic drugs to avoid the various problems.
文摘Somalia has the largest dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) population in the world. However, scientific research and camel diseases investigation in the country were lacking since 1980s. A total of 167 camels (131 semi-intensive dairy camels system and 36 free grazing systems) were sampled from three districts in Mogadishu citybetween December 2015 and March 2016 to investigate the prevalence rate of gastro-intestinal parasites in camels from Mogadishu city using different coprological techniques. The overall prevalence of camel gastro-intestinal parasites was 50.3%. The prevalence rate were significantly varies between the extensive and semi-intensive production systems (p = 0.000) and between the different districts (p = 0.000). Nematodes revealed higher prevalence rate (47.9%) than Cestodes (6.0%), Trematodes (4.2%) and Coccidia (0.65%). Eggs of eight genera of nematodes, two genera of trematodes and two genera of cestodes as well as Eimeria sp. Oocysts were identified in this study. Dictyocaulus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. were the most prevalent followed by Parascaris equorum and Strongyloides sp. About 56.0% of the infected camels revealed mix-infection of up to five different parasite species. Moreover, 35.7% of these animals revealed heavy infection. The important role of the camel has inspired investigators and researchers to look for diseases that may threaten camel health and production. However, in Somalia in spite of having the largest counts of camels but in depth scientific data are not available. Therefore, the present paper was to be the first detailed data on camel gastro-intestinal parasites in Mogadishu area and may be in whole Somalia. We came to conclude that gastrointes-tinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from Mogadishu particularly in nomadic herds of camels. Studies on the effect of gastro-intestinal parasites on camel production and productivity are recommended. Moreover, the intensive system of camel production should be encouraged.
