In the study of warm clouds,there are many outstanding questions.Cloud droplet size distributions are much wider,and warm rain is initiated in a shorter time and with a shallower cloud depth than theoretical expectati...In the study of warm clouds,there are many outstanding questions.Cloud droplet size distributions are much wider,and warm rain is initiated in a shorter time and with a shallower cloud depth than theoretical expectations.This review summarizes the studies related to the effects of turbulent fluctuations and turbulent entrainment-mixing on the broadening of droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation,including observational,laboratorial,numerical,and theoretical achievements.Particular attention is paid to studies by Chinese scientists since the 1950s,since most results have been published in Chinese.The review reveals that high-resolution observations and simulations,and laboratory experiments,are needed because knowledge of the detailed physical processes involved in the effects of turbulence and entrainment-mixing on cloud microphysics still remains elusive.The effects of turbulent fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes have been unrealistically separated in most theoretical studies.They could be unified by further advancement of a systems theory into a predictive theory.Developing parameterizations for the effects of fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes is still in its infancy,and more studies are warranted.展开更多
Polyacrylamide microspheres have been suc- cessfully used to reduce water production in reservoirs, but it is impossible to distinguish polyacrylamide microspheres from polyacrylamide that is used to enhance oil recov...Polyacrylamide microspheres have been suc- cessfully used to reduce water production in reservoirs, but it is impossible to distinguish polyacrylamide microspheres from polyacrylamide that is used to enhance oil recovery and is already present in production fluids. In order to detect polyacrylamide microspheres in the reservoir pro- duced fluid, fluorescent polyacrylamide microspheres P（AM-BA-AMCO）, which fluoresce under ultraviolet irradiation, were synthesized via an inverse suspension polymerization. In order to keep the particle size distribu- tion in a narrow range, the synthesis conditions of the polymerization were studied, including the stirring speed and the concentrations of initiator, NaaCO3, and dispersant. The bonding characteristics of microspheres were deter- mined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology of these microspheres was observed under ultraviolet irradiation with an inverse fluorescence microscope. A laboratory evaluation test showed that the fluorescent polymer microspheres had good water swelling capability, thus they had the ability to plug and migrate in a sand pack. The plugging rate was 99.8 % and the residual resistance coefficient was 800 after microsphere treatment in the sand pack. Furthermore, the fluorescent microspheres and their fragments were accurately detected under ultra- violet irradiation in the produced fluid, even though theyhad experienced extrusion and deformation in the sand pack.展开更多
There exist many fluvio-glacial deposits in the valley of Dadu River, Southwest China, which dates back to the Pleistocene. As some of the deposits are located within the seasonal water fluctuation zone of reservoirs,...There exist many fluvio-glacial deposits in the valley of Dadu River, Southwest China, which dates back to the Pleistocene. As some of the deposits are located within the seasonal water fluctuation zone of reservoirs, the seepage of groundwater acts as one of the key factors influencing their stability. Investigation into the sediment properties and permeability is, therefore, crucial for evaluating the sediment stability. In this study, in-situ permeability and sieving tests have been carried out to determine grain size distribution, correlations of permeability and hydraulic gradients, and relations between permeability and sedimentation properties. Test results indicate that the deposits are composed mostly of sands, gravels, cobbles and boulders, and the percentage of fines is less than 5%. The sediments have high densities, low porosities and natural moisture contents. At low hydraulic gradients, the seepage velocity obeys the Darcy＇s law, while a non- Darcy permeability is observed with hydraulic gradient exceeding a certain value （about 0.5 - 0.7）. The linear permeability coefficient ranges from 0.003 to 0.009 cm/s. Seepage failure occurs above a threshold between 1.1 and 1.5. The test data fit well with the non-linear permeability equations suggested by Forchheimer and Izbash. The non-Darcy permeability proves to be in accordance with the seepage equation suggested by Izbash with the power ＇m＇ of about 0.6 - 0.7. The characteristic grain sizes of the studied deposits are found in a narrow range between 0.024 and o.o31 mm, which is much lowerthan the effective grain size （dlo）.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2017YFA060 4000]the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund[grant number GYHY201406001]+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)[grant number 91537108]the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China[grant number BK20160041]the U.S.Department of Energy’s BER Atmospheric System Research Program[grant number DE-SC00112704]the Six Talent Peak Project in Jiangsu,China[grant number 2015-JY-011]the 333 High-level Talents Training Project in Jiangsu[grant number BRA2016424]the NSFC[grant number 41305120]
文摘In the study of warm clouds,there are many outstanding questions.Cloud droplet size distributions are much wider,and warm rain is initiated in a shorter time and with a shallower cloud depth than theoretical expectations.This review summarizes the studies related to the effects of turbulent fluctuations and turbulent entrainment-mixing on the broadening of droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation,including observational,laboratorial,numerical,and theoretical achievements.Particular attention is paid to studies by Chinese scientists since the 1950s,since most results have been published in Chinese.The review reveals that high-resolution observations and simulations,and laboratory experiments,are needed because knowledge of the detailed physical processes involved in the effects of turbulence and entrainment-mixing on cloud microphysics still remains elusive.The effects of turbulent fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes have been unrealistically separated in most theoretical studies.They could be unified by further advancement of a systems theory into a predictive theory.Developing parameterizations for the effects of fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes is still in its infancy,and more studies are warranted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21273286)Doctoral Program Foundation of the Education Ministry (No.20130133110005)
文摘Polyacrylamide microspheres have been suc- cessfully used to reduce water production in reservoirs, but it is impossible to distinguish polyacrylamide microspheres from polyacrylamide that is used to enhance oil recovery and is already present in production fluids. In order to detect polyacrylamide microspheres in the reservoir pro- duced fluid, fluorescent polyacrylamide microspheres P（AM-BA-AMCO）, which fluoresce under ultraviolet irradiation, were synthesized via an inverse suspension polymerization. In order to keep the particle size distribu- tion in a narrow range, the synthesis conditions of the polymerization were studied, including the stirring speed and the concentrations of initiator, NaaCO3, and dispersant. The bonding characteristics of microspheres were deter- mined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology of these microspheres was observed under ultraviolet irradiation with an inverse fluorescence microscope. A laboratory evaluation test showed that the fluorescent polymer microspheres had good water swelling capability, thus they had the ability to plug and migrate in a sand pack. The plugging rate was 99.8 % and the residual resistance coefficient was 800 after microsphere treatment in the sand pack. Furthermore, the fluorescent microspheres and their fragments were accurately detected under ultra- violet irradiation in the produced fluid, even though theyhad experienced extrusion and deformation in the sand pack.
基金Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-state Laser and Applied Techniques(Grant No.2012ADL04)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40805016)
基金supported by the National Natural Fundation of China (41202212)Independent Subject Foundation of SKLGP (SKLGP2012Z006)
文摘There exist many fluvio-glacial deposits in the valley of Dadu River, Southwest China, which dates back to the Pleistocene. As some of the deposits are located within the seasonal water fluctuation zone of reservoirs, the seepage of groundwater acts as one of the key factors influencing their stability. Investigation into the sediment properties and permeability is, therefore, crucial for evaluating the sediment stability. In this study, in-situ permeability and sieving tests have been carried out to determine grain size distribution, correlations of permeability and hydraulic gradients, and relations between permeability and sedimentation properties. Test results indicate that the deposits are composed mostly of sands, gravels, cobbles and boulders, and the percentage of fines is less than 5%. The sediments have high densities, low porosities and natural moisture contents. At low hydraulic gradients, the seepage velocity obeys the Darcy＇s law, while a non- Darcy permeability is observed with hydraulic gradient exceeding a certain value （about 0.5 - 0.7）. The linear permeability coefficient ranges from 0.003 to 0.009 cm/s. Seepage failure occurs above a threshold between 1.1 and 1.5. The test data fit well with the non-linear permeability equations suggested by Forchheimer and Izbash. The non-Darcy permeability proves to be in accordance with the seepage equation suggested by Izbash with the power ＇m＇ of about 0.6 - 0.7. The characteristic grain sizes of the studied deposits are found in a narrow range between 0.024 and o.o31 mm, which is much lowerthan the effective grain size （dlo）.
