The classical diagrams of radio loudness and jet power as a function of mass and accretion rate of the central spacetime singularity in active galactic nuclei are reanalyzed by including the data of the recently disco...The classical diagrams of radio loudness and jet power as a function of mass and accretion rate of the central spacetime singularity in active galactic nuclei are reanalyzed by including the data of the recently discovered powerful relativistic jets in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. The results are studied in the light of the known theories of relativistic jets, indicating that, although the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is sufficient to explain the power radiated by BL Lac Objects, it falls to completely account for the power from quasars and Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. This favors the scenario outlined by Cavaliere ＆ D＇Elia of a composite jet, with a magnetospheric core plus a hydromagnetic component emerging when the accretion power increases and the disk becomes radiation-pressure dominated. A comparison with Galactic compact objects is also made, finding some striking similarities, indicating that since neutron stars are low-mass jet systems analogous to black holes, Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies are low-mass counterparts of blazars.展开更多
Here we report an identification of B3 0749+460 A as a new double-peaked local "changing-look" active galactic nucleus(CL-AGN) in terms of our multi-epoch spectroscopic analysis. By comparing our new spectra...Here we report an identification of B3 0749+460 A as a new double-peaked local "changing-look" active galactic nucleus(CL-AGN) in terms of our multi-epoch spectroscopic analysis. By comparing our new spectra taken in 2021 with the ones taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2004, BOSS in 2013 and Ma NGA in 2016, we reveal type transitions of Seyfert(Sy) 1.9 → Sy1.8 → Sy1.9. In the transitions, the classical broad Hα emission fades away after 2013 and disappears in our 2021 spectrum, although the absence of broad Hβ can be traced back to at least 2016. A follow-up observation in X-rays by the Swift/XRT reveals that(1) the X-ray emission level gradually decreased since 2005;and(2)the X-ray spectrum is soft in the optical "turn-off" state and hard in the "turn-on" state. We argue that the disappearance of the classical broad Hα emission can be likely explained by the disk-wind broad-line-region model, in which the CL phenomenon is sensitive to luminosity in individual AGNs.展开更多
AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions ar...AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions are dominated by the nonthermal emissions from the jet. We model its SED through a synchrotron ＋ inverse Compton （IC） model. The results show that the IC component of Ⅲ Zw 2 peaks at a few MeV, and the flux density drops rapidly at higher energy with photon index F 3.3 above 0.1 GeV. The predicted flux is slightly over the sensitivity of Fermi/LAT, but it was not included in the first Fermi/LAT AGN catalog. The reason for this may be： 1） that the IC peak is low and the spectrum is very steep above 0.1 GeV, 2） that Ⅲ Zw 2 is in the low state during the period of the Fermi/LAT operation. We also find that Ⅲ Zw 2 follows similar jet processes as those in γ-ray AGNs, e.g., the relation between jet power and radiation power, which is called the blazar sequence. We suggest that Ⅲ Zw 2 may be a young source at an earlier stage of jet activity.展开更多
In order to study the physical properties of the γ-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy population,photometric and spectral observations of the γ-ray emitting NLS1 PMN J0948+0022 were made with the Lijian...In order to study the physical properties of the γ-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy population,photometric and spectral observations of the γ-ray emitting NLS1 PMN J0948+0022 were made with the Lijiang2.4 m optical telescope of Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Photometric data in the B and R bands were collected for 50 nights from 2020 January to 2021 December.During the observation epoch,the variability amplitudes are 73.67% in the B band and 79.96% in the R band.Intra-day variability is found in two observation nights,and the duty cycle value is 29% with variability amplitude> 12.9% in the R band,which support the presence of the relativistic jets in the target.The redder-when-brighter(RWB) chromatic trend(or steeper-when-brighter trend) appears on intra-day and long timescales.The RWB trend is dominated by the radiation of accretion disk and jet,and resembles those in flat spectrum radio quasars.When PMN J0948+0022 is brighter than 17.5 in the R band,there is no color change trend.By analyzing the spectral data of PMN J0948+0022,we obtained the black hole mass of M.=1.61×10^(7) Mand accretion rate of M=93,and confirmed that PMN J0948+0022 is a super-Eddington accreting NLS1.The redshifts of reverberation mapped super-Eddington accreting active galactic nuclei can be expanded by PMN J0948+0022 up to above 0.5.Super-Eddington accreting NLS1 galaxies were chosen as a new type of cosmological candle in the literature.PMN J0948+0022 may be used as a target for the next step of reverberation mapping monitoring project of super-Eddington accreting massive black holes.展开更多
We investigate the spatially resolved specific star formation rate （SSFR） in the inner -40 pc for a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy, M51 （NGC 5194） by analyzing spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） Spa...We investigate the spatially resolved specific star formation rate （SSFR） in the inner -40 pc for a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy, M51 （NGC 5194） by analyzing spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph （STIS）. We present 24 radial spectra measured along the STIS long slit in M51, extending - 1＂ from the nucleus （i.e., -41.5 pc to 39.4 pc）. By simple stellar population synthesis, the stellar contributions in these radial optical spectra are modeled. It is found that the mean flux fraction of young stellar populations （younger than 24.5 Myr） is about 9%. Excluding some regions with zero young flux fraction near the center （from -6 pc to 2 pc）, the mean mass fraction is about 0.09%. The young stellar populations are not required in the center inner -8 pc in M51, suggesting a possible SSFR suppression in the circumnuclear region （- 10 pc） from the feedback of active galactic nuclei （AGNs）. The radial distribution of SSFR in M51 is not symmetrical with respect to the long slit in STIS. This unsymmetrical SSFR distribution is possibly due to the unsymmetrical AGN feedback in M51, which is related to its jet.展开更多
How supermassive black holes(SMBHs) are spun-up is a key issue in modern astrophysics. As an extension to the study in Wang et al., here we address the issue by comparing the host galaxy properties of nearby(z < 0....How supermassive black holes(SMBHs) are spun-up is a key issue in modern astrophysics. As an extension to the study in Wang et al., here we address the issue by comparing the host galaxy properties of nearby(z < 0.05) radio-selected Seyfert 2 galaxies. With the two-dimensional bulge+disk decompositions for the SDSS r-band images, we identify a dichotomy in various host galaxy properties for radio-loud SMBHs. By assuming that radio emission from the jet reflects a high SMBH spin, which stems from the well-known Blandford-Znajek mechanism of jet production, high-mass SMBHs(i.e., MBH > 10^7.9 M⊙)have a preference for being spun-up in classical bulges, and low-mass SMBHs(i.e., MBH = 10^6-10^7 M⊙)in pseudo-bulges. This dichotomy suggests and confirms that high-mass and low-mass SMBHs are spun-up in different ways, i.e., a major "dry" merger and a secular evolution respectively.展开更多
Warm absorption is a common phenomenon in Seyfert 1 s and quasars, but is rare in Seyfert 2s. We report the detection of warm absorbers with high energy resolution in the Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS 18325-5926 for the first...Warm absorption is a common phenomenon in Seyfert 1 s and quasars, but is rare in Seyfert 2s. We report the detection of warm absorbers with high energy resolution in the Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS 18325-5926 for the first time with Chandra HETGS spectra. An intrinsic absorbing line system with an outflow velocity - 400 km s^-1 was found, which is contributed by two warm absorbers with FWHM of 570 km s^-1 and 1360 km s^-1, respectively. The two absorbers were adjacent, and moving transversely across our line of sight. We constrained the distance between the center and the absorbers to be a small value, suggesting that the absorbers may originate from the highly ionized accretion disk wind ejected five years ago. The perspective of this type 2 Seyfert provides the best situation in which to investigate the vertical part of the funnel-like outflows. Another weak absorbing line system with zero redshift was also detected, which could be due to Galactic absorption with very high temperature or an intrinsic outflow with a very high velocity - 6000 km s^-1.展开更多
We analyze eight XMM-Newton observations of the bright Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 564（Ark 564）. These observations, separated bye^6 days, allow us to look for correlations between the simultaneous ultrav...We analyze eight XMM-Newton observations of the bright Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 564（Ark 564）. These observations, separated bye^6 days, allow us to look for correlations between the simultaneous ultraviolet（UV） emission（from th Optical Monitor） with not only the X-ray flux but also with different X-ray spectral parameters. The X-ray spectra from all the observations are found to be adequately fitted by a double Comptonization model where the soft excess and the hard X-ray power law are represented by thermal Comptonization in a low temperature plasma and hot corona, respectively. Apart from the fluxes of each component, the hard X-ray power law index is found to be variable. These results suggest that the variability is associated with changes in the geometry of the inner region. The UV emission is found to be variable and well correlated with the high energy index while the correlations with the fluxes of each component are found to be weaker. Using viscous timescale arguments we rule out the possibility that the UV variation is due to the fluctuating accretion rate in the outer disk. If the UV variation is driven by X-ray reprocessing, then our results indicate that the strength of the X-ray reprocessing depends more on the geometry of the X-ray producing inner region rather than on the X-ray luminosity alone.展开更多
Low-ionization nuclear emission regions （LINERs） are present in a large fraction of local galaxies, while their connection to the more luminous active galactic nuclei （AGN） remains elusive. We analyze the narrow b...Low-ionization nuclear emission regions （LINERs） are present in a large fraction of local galaxies, while their connection to the more luminous active galactic nuclei （AGN） remains elusive. We analyze the narrow band images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） in Hα＋[NII] and/or [OIII] band for 23 LINERs and low luminosity Seyfert galaxies in the sample of the Palomar Optical Spectroscopic Survey of nearby galaxies in an attempt to resolve the structure of Narrow Emission Line Regions （NLRs） of these objects. In all cases, NLRs are well resolved and their morphology differs from object to object. Clumps, linear structure, spiral arms or a ring are detected in a large fraction of the objects, while there is no significant difference between Seyfert galaxies and LINERs. We find that the NLR size and the narrow line luminosity are strongly correlated for both LINERs and low luminosity Seyfert galaxies, and that the size of Ha＋[NII] emission line region scales with Ha luminosity as RNLR ∝ LHα^0.44＋0.06, consistent with an extension of the NLR size-luminosity relation defined for luminous Seyfert galaxies and quasars, to two orders of magnitude lower in luminosity and to lower activity levels. Our results suggest that NLRs in LINERs are similar to those of Seyfert galaxies, and they are powered by the central active galactic nucleus.展开更多
We present spectrophotometric results of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2273. Thepresence of high-order Balmer absorption lines (H8, H9, H10) and weak equivalent widths of CaII Kλ3933, CN λ4200, G-band λ4300 and MgIb λ5...We present spectrophotometric results of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2273. Thepresence of high-order Balmer absorption lines (H8, H9, H10) and weak equivalent widths of CaII Kλ3933, CN λ4200, G-band λ4300 and MgIb λ5173 clearly indicate recent star-forming activity inthe nuclear region. Using a simple stellar population synthesis model, we find that for the bestfit, the contributions of a power-law featureless continuum, an intermediate-age (～ 10~8 yr) and anold (> 10~9 yr) stellar population to the total light at the reference normalization wavelength are10.0%, 33.4% and 56.6%, respectively. The existence of recent starburst activity is also consistentwith its high far-infrared luminosity (log L_(FIR.)/L☉ = 9.9), its infrared color indexes[α(25,60) = ― 1.81 and α(60,100) = ― 0.79, typical values for Seyfert galaxies withcircumnuclear starburst], and its q-value (2.23, ratio of infrared to radio flux, very similar tothat of normal spirals and starburst galaxies). Byrd et al. have suggested that NGC 2273 might haveinteracted with NGC 2273B in less than 10~9 yr ago, so the starburst activity in this galaxy couldhave been triggered by tidal interaction, as indicated in recent numerical simulations.展开更多
We compare the ionized gas velocity dispersion σgas with the stellar velocity dispersion σ＊ in star-forming galaxies, composite galaxies, Low Ionization Nuclear Emissionline Regions （LINERs） and Seyfert 2s, compi...We compare the ionized gas velocity dispersion σgas with the stellar velocity dispersion σ＊ in star-forming galaxies, composite galaxies, Low Ionization Nuclear Emissionline Regions （LINERs） and Seyfert 2s, compiled from a cross-identification of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Fourth Data Release （SDSS DR4） and Point Source Catalogue Redshift Survey （PSCz）. We measure σgas from the FWHMs of emission lines （Hα, [NⅡ]λλ6548, 6583 and [SⅡ]λλ6716, 6731）. A significant correlation between the gas and stellar velocity dispersion exists, despite substantial scatter. The mean value of the gas to stellar velocity dispersion ratio is close to unity. This suggests that gas velocity dispersion can substitute for the stellar velocity dispersion as a tracer of the gravitational potential well for all the four types of galaxies, but the involved uncertainties are different from type to type. We also studied -↑σgas, as a function of the redshift and the axial ratio to test the effects of aperture and galaxy inclination, and found that both effects are weak. Finally we checked the trend of -↑σgas/σ＊ with the infrared luminosity and found no significant correlation.展开更多
The sizes of the Broad Line Region (BLR) of some Seyfert 1 galaxies and nearby quasars can be determined by the reverberation mapping method. Combining with the observed FWHM of Hbeta emission line and assuming that t...The sizes of the Broad Line Region (BLR) of some Seyfert 1 galaxies and nearby quasars can be determined by the reverberation mapping method. Combining with the observed FWHM of Hbeta emission line and assuming that the motion of BLR clouds is virialized, the black hole masses of these objects have been estimated. However, this method strongly depends on the poorly-understood geometry and inclination of the BLR. On the other hand, a tight correlation between the black hole mass and the bulge velocity dispersion was recently found for both active and nearby inactive galaxies. This may provide another method, independent of the BLR geometry, for estimating the black hole mass. Using this method for estimating the black hole mass and combining with the measured BLR size and FWHM of Hbeta emission line, we derived the BLR inclination angles for 20 Seyfert 1 galaxies under the assumption that the BLR is disk-like. The derived inclination angles agree well with those derived previously by fitting the UV continuum and Hbeta emission line profiles. Adopting a relation between the FWHMs of [OIII]lambda5007 forbidden line and the stellar velocity dispersion, we also estimated the BLR inclinations for 50 narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). We found that the inclinations of broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s) axe systematically greater than those of NLS1s, which seldom exceed 30degrees. This may be an important factor that leads to the differences between NLS1s and BLS1s if the BLR of NLS1s is really disk-like.展开更多
We have performed a statistical study of the properties of the broad band continuum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) by collecting ratio, infrared, optical and X-ray continuum data from various databases and ...We have performed a statistical study of the properties of the broad band continuum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) by collecting ratio, infrared, optical and X-ray continuum data from various databases and compared the results with control samples of Broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s). We find that the fraction (similar to 6%) of Radio Loud (RL) NLS1s is significantly less than that of BLS1s (similar to 13%), which is caused by the lack of radio-very-loud sources in the former. The rarity of RL NLS1s, especially radio-very-loud ones, is consistent with the scenario of small black hole and high accretion rate for NLS1s. Six new radio loud NLS1s are found and five RL NLS1 candidates are presented. In comparison with the BLS1s, the NLS1s tend to have stronger far infrared emission, cooler infrared colors and redder B - K color, which suggests that NLS1s are hosted by dust-richer nuclei. The NLS1s also show steeper soft X-ray spectrum and large soft X-ray to optical flux ratio, while a significant fraction show flat soft X-ray spectra. At least two factors can account for this, absorption and spectral variability. We also perform a correlation analysis between various broad band data. It is found that most correlations identified for NLS1s are also valid for radio quiet BLS1s: (1) the optical colors are anti-correlated with X-ray spectral index; (2) higher optical, Xray and NIR luminosity objects show bluer optical colors and red H - K color; (3) higher luminosity objects show warmer IRAS color; (4) the radio loudness correlates with B - K and X-ray to optical flux ratio. Radio loud objects behave somewhat differently in a few correlations.展开更多
It has been suggested that the narrow cores of the Fe Ka emission lines in Active Galactic Nuclei （AGNs） are likely produced in the torus, the inner radius of which can be measured by observing the lag time between ...It has been suggested that the narrow cores of the Fe Ka emission lines in Active Galactic Nuclei （AGNs） are likely produced in the torus, the inner radius of which can be measured by observing the lag time between the V and K band flux variations. In this paper, we compare the virial products of the infrared time lags, and the narrow Fe Ka widths for 10 type 1 AGNs, with the black hole masses from other techniques. We found the narrow Fe Ka line width is in average 2.6＋0.9-0.4 times broader than expected, assuming an isotropic velocity distribution of the torus at the distance measured by the infrared lags. We propose the thick disk model of the torus may explain the observed larger line width. Another possibility is the contamination by emission from the broad line region or the outer accretion disk. Alternatively, the narrow iron line might originate from the inner most part of the obscuring torus within the sublimation radius, while the infrared emission may be from the outer cooler part. We note the correlations between the black hole masses based on this new technique and those based on other known techniques are statistically insignificant. We argue that this could be attributed to the small sample size and the very large uncertainties in the measurements of iron K line widths. The next generation of X-ray observatories could help verify the origin of the narrow iron Ka line and the reliability of this new technique.展开更多
We present results of multi-epoch XMM-Newton observations separated by several years of the narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy,SDSS J160508.87+323921.4.The NLS1 showed X-ray flux variations on timescales of years as w...We present results of multi-epoch XMM-Newton observations separated by several years of the narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy,SDSS J160508.87+323921.4.The NLS1 showed X-ray flux variations on timescales of years as well as low amplitude variations on timescales as short as hours,while the X-ray spectral shape remained essentially unchanged.The spectrum shows a significant soft X-ray excess.The model of reflection from an ionized disc,that is dominant in the whole XMM-Newton bandpass,provides the best description of the observed spectra for all the observations,though alternatives such as Compton scattering(T-0.25 keV) cannot be ruled out in a statistical sense.For the disc reflection model,the observed variations may originate either from the change in the reflection fraction,or from the variability of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity.展开更多
文摘The classical diagrams of radio loudness and jet power as a function of mass and accretion rate of the central spacetime singularity in active galactic nuclei are reanalyzed by including the data of the recently discovered powerful relativistic jets in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. The results are studied in the light of the known theories of relativistic jets, indicating that, although the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is sufficient to explain the power radiated by BL Lac Objects, it falls to completely account for the power from quasars and Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. This favors the scenario outlined by Cavaliere ＆ D＇Elia of a composite jet, with a magnetospheric core plus a hydromagnetic component emerging when the accretion power increases and the disk becomes radiation-pressure dominated. A comparison with Galactic compact objects is also made, finding some striking similarities, indicating that since neutron stars are low-mass jet systems analogous to black holes, Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies are low-mass counterparts of blazars.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Project of China (grant 2020YFE0202100)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.11773036 and 12173009)+6 种基金Strategic Pioneer Program on Space ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences,grants XDA15052600 and XDA15016500supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2020GXNSFDA238018)the Bagui Young Scholars Programsupported by the Open Project Program of the Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy,NAOC,CASsupported by the Christopher R.Redlich Fund and the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (in which A.V.F.is a Senior Miller Fellow) funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)partially supported by a generous gift from Google。
文摘Here we report an identification of B3 0749+460 A as a new double-peaked local "changing-look" active galactic nucleus(CL-AGN) in terms of our multi-epoch spectroscopic analysis. By comparing our new spectra taken in 2021 with the ones taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2004, BOSS in 2013 and Ma NGA in 2016, we reveal type transitions of Seyfert(Sy) 1.9 → Sy1.8 → Sy1.9. In the transitions, the classical broad Hα emission fades away after 2013 and disappears in our 2021 spectrum, although the absence of broad Hβ can be traced back to at least 2016. A follow-up observation in X-rays by the Swift/XRT reveals that(1) the X-ray emission level gradually decreased since 2005;and(2)the X-ray spectrum is soft in the optical "turn-off" state and hard in the "turn-on" state. We argue that the disappearance of the classical broad Hα emission can be likely explained by the disk-wind broad-line-region model, in which the CL phenomenon is sensitive to luminosity in individual AGNs.
基金the West Ph.D. project of the Training Programme for the Talents of the West Light Foundation of the CASthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC+2 种基金Grant Nos.10903025 and 10778702) for financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10973034)the 973 Program (Grant No.2009CB824800)
文摘AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions are dominated by the nonthermal emissions from the jet. We model its SED through a synchrotron ＋ inverse Compton （IC） model. The results show that the IC component of Ⅲ Zw 2 peaks at a few MeV, and the flux density drops rapidly at higher energy with photon index F 3.3 above 0.1 GeV. The predicted flux is slightly over the sensitivity of Fermi/LAT, but it was not included in the first Fermi/LAT AGN catalog. The reason for this may be： 1） that the IC peak is low and the spectrum is very steep above 0.1 GeV, 2） that Ⅲ Zw 2 is in the low state during the period of the Fermi/LAT operation. We also find that Ⅲ Zw 2 follows similar jet processes as those in γ-ray AGNs, e.g., the relation between jet power and radiation power, which is called the blazar sequence. We suggest that Ⅲ Zw 2 may be a young source at an earlier stage of jet activity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China with No. 2021YFA1600404the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant Nos. 11991051, Y911080201, 12073068, 11673062, 11703077, 11703078)+2 种基金the CAS “Light of West China” Program, the Yunnan Province Foundation (2019FB004, 202001AT070069)Yunnan Province Youth Top Talent Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2020-116)the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with NO. CMS-CSST-2021-A06 and CMS-CSST2021-A05。
文摘In order to study the physical properties of the γ-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy population,photometric and spectral observations of the γ-ray emitting NLS1 PMN J0948+0022 were made with the Lijiang2.4 m optical telescope of Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Photometric data in the B and R bands were collected for 50 nights from 2020 January to 2021 December.During the observation epoch,the variability amplitudes are 73.67% in the B band and 79.96% in the R band.Intra-day variability is found in two observation nights,and the duty cycle value is 29% with variability amplitude> 12.9% in the R band,which support the presence of the relativistic jets in the target.The redder-when-brighter(RWB) chromatic trend(or steeper-when-brighter trend) appears on intra-day and long timescales.The RWB trend is dominated by the radiation of accretion disk and jet,and resembles those in flat spectrum radio quasars.When PMN J0948+0022 is brighter than 17.5 in the R band,there is no color change trend.By analyzing the spectral data of PMN J0948+0022,we obtained the black hole mass of M.=1.61×10^(7) Mand accretion rate of M=93,and confirmed that PMN J0948+0022 is a super-Eddington accreting NLS1.The redshifts of reverberation mapped super-Eddington accreting active galactic nuclei can be expanded by PMN J0948+0022 up to above 0.5.Super-Eddington accreting NLS1 galaxies were chosen as a new type of cosmological candle in the literature.PMN J0948+0022 may be used as a target for the next step of reverberation mapping monitoring project of super-Eddington accreting massive black holes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘We investigate the spatially resolved specific star formation rate （SSFR） in the inner -40 pc for a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy, M51 （NGC 5194） by analyzing spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph （STIS）. We present 24 radial spectra measured along the STIS long slit in M51, extending - 1＂ from the nucleus （i.e., -41.5 pc to 39.4 pc）. By simple stellar population synthesis, the stellar contributions in these radial optical spectra are modeled. It is found that the mean flux fraction of young stellar populations （younger than 24.5 Myr） is about 9%. Excluding some regions with zero young flux fraction near the center （from -6 pc to 2 pc）, the mean mass fraction is about 0.09%. The young stellar populations are not required in the center inner -8 pc in M51, suggesting a possible SSFR suppression in the circumnuclear region （- 10 pc） from the feedback of active galactic nuclei （AGNs）. The radial distribution of SSFR in M51 is not symmetrical with respect to the long slit in STIS. This unsymmetrical SSFR distribution is possibly due to the unsymmetrical AGN feedback in M51, which is related to its jet.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant Nos. 11773036 and 11473036)+4 种基金supported by the NSFC Youth Foundation (11303008) and by the Astronomical Union Foundation (U1831126)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB845800), the NSFC (11533003)the Strategic Pioneer Program on Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA 15052600 and XDA 15016500)paritally supported by the Bagui Young Scholars Programthe Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2018GXNSF GA281007)
文摘How supermassive black holes(SMBHs) are spun-up is a key issue in modern astrophysics. As an extension to the study in Wang et al., here we address the issue by comparing the host galaxy properties of nearby(z < 0.05) radio-selected Seyfert 2 galaxies. With the two-dimensional bulge+disk decompositions for the SDSS r-band images, we identify a dichotomy in various host galaxy properties for radio-loud SMBHs. By assuming that radio emission from the jet reflects a high SMBH spin, which stems from the well-known Blandford-Znajek mechanism of jet production, high-mass SMBHs(i.e., MBH > 10^7.9 M⊙)have a preference for being spun-up in classical bulges, and low-mass SMBHs(i.e., MBH = 10^6-10^7 M⊙)in pseudo-bulges. This dichotomy suggests and confirms that high-mass and low-mass SMBHs are spun-up in different ways, i.e., a major "dry" merger and a secular evolution respectively.
基金provided by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10878010, 10221001 and 10633040)the National Basic Research Program of China (GrantNo. 2007CB815405)
文摘Warm absorption is a common phenomenon in Seyfert 1 s and quasars, but is rare in Seyfert 2s. We report the detection of warm absorbers with high energy resolution in the Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS 18325-5926 for the first time with Chandra HETGS spectra. An intrinsic absorbing line system with an outflow velocity - 400 km s^-1 was found, which is contributed by two warm absorbers with FWHM of 570 km s^-1 and 1360 km s^-1, respectively. The two absorbers were adjacent, and moving transversely across our line of sight. We constrained the distance between the center and the absorbers to be a small value, suggesting that the absorbers may originate from the highly ionized accretion disk wind ejected five years ago. The perspective of this type 2 Seyfert provides the best situation in which to investigate the vertical part of the funnel-like outflows. Another weak absorbing line system with zero redshift was also detected, which could be due to Galactic absorption with very high temperature or an intrinsic outflow with a very high velocity - 6000 km s^-1.
基金based on observations obtained with the XMM-Newton satellite,an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and the USA(NASA)made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Data base which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology and data obtained through the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center Online Service,provided by NASA/GSFCthe Department of Science and Technology of India for the grant(No.SR/S2/HEP-07/2012)that supported this work
文摘We analyze eight XMM-Newton observations of the bright Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 564（Ark 564）. These observations, separated bye^6 days, allow us to look for correlations between the simultaneous ultraviolet（UV） emission（from th Optical Monitor） with not only the X-ray flux but also with different X-ray spectral parameters. The X-ray spectra from all the observations are found to be adequately fitted by a double Comptonization model where the soft excess and the hard X-ray power law are represented by thermal Comptonization in a low temperature plasma and hot corona, respectively. Apart from the fluxes of each component, the hard X-ray power law index is found to be variable. These results suggest that the variability is associated with changes in the geometry of the inner region. The UV emission is found to be variable and well correlated with the high energy index while the correlations with the fluxes of each component are found to be weaker. Using viscous timescale arguments we rule out the possibility that the UV variation is due to the fluctuating accretion rate in the outer disk. If the UV variation is driven by X-ray reprocessing, then our results indicate that the strength of the X-ray reprocessing depends more on the geometry of the X-ray producing inner region rather than on the X-ray luminosity alone.
文摘Low-ionization nuclear emission regions （LINERs） are present in a large fraction of local galaxies, while their connection to the more luminous active galactic nuclei （AGN） remains elusive. We analyze the narrow band images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） in Hα＋[NII] and/or [OIII] band for 23 LINERs and low luminosity Seyfert galaxies in the sample of the Palomar Optical Spectroscopic Survey of nearby galaxies in an attempt to resolve the structure of Narrow Emission Line Regions （NLRs） of these objects. In all cases, NLRs are well resolved and their morphology differs from object to object. Clumps, linear structure, spiral arms or a ring are detected in a large fraction of the objects, while there is no significant difference between Seyfert galaxies and LINERs. We find that the NLR size and the narrow line luminosity are strongly correlated for both LINERs and low luminosity Seyfert galaxies, and that the size of Ha＋[NII] emission line region scales with Ha luminosity as RNLR ∝ LHα^0.44＋0.06, consistent with an extension of the NLR size-luminosity relation defined for luminous Seyfert galaxies and quasars, to two orders of magnitude lower in luminosity and to lower activity levels. Our results suggest that NLRs in LINERs are similar to those of Seyfert galaxies, and they are powered by the central active galactic nucleus.
文摘We present spectrophotometric results of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2273. Thepresence of high-order Balmer absorption lines (H8, H9, H10) and weak equivalent widths of CaII Kλ3933, CN λ4200, G-band λ4300 and MgIb λ5173 clearly indicate recent star-forming activity inthe nuclear region. Using a simple stellar population synthesis model, we find that for the bestfit, the contributions of a power-law featureless continuum, an intermediate-age (～ 10~8 yr) and anold (> 10~9 yr) stellar population to the total light at the reference normalization wavelength are10.0%, 33.4% and 56.6%, respectively. The existence of recent starburst activity is also consistentwith its high far-infrared luminosity (log L_(FIR.)/L☉ = 9.9), its infrared color indexes[α(25,60) = ― 1.81 and α(60,100) = ― 0.79, typical values for Seyfert galaxies withcircumnuclear starburst], and its q-value (2.23, ratio of infrared to radio flux, very similar tothat of normal spirals and starburst galaxies). Byrd et al. have suggested that NGC 2273 might haveinteracted with NGC 2273B in less than 10~9 yr ago, so the starburst activity in this galaxy couldhave been triggered by tidal interaction, as indicated in recent numerical simulations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘We compare the ionized gas velocity dispersion σgas with the stellar velocity dispersion σ＊ in star-forming galaxies, composite galaxies, Low Ionization Nuclear Emissionline Regions （LINERs） and Seyfert 2s, compiled from a cross-identification of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Fourth Data Release （SDSS DR4） and Point Source Catalogue Redshift Survey （PSCz）. We measure σgas from the FWHMs of emission lines （Hα, [NⅡ]λλ6548, 6583 and [SⅡ]λλ6716, 6731）. A significant correlation between the gas and stellar velocity dispersion exists, despite substantial scatter. The mean value of the gas to stellar velocity dispersion ratio is close to unity. This suggests that gas velocity dispersion can substitute for the stellar velocity dispersion as a tracer of the gravitational potential well for all the four types of galaxies, but the involved uncertainties are different from type to type. We also studied -↑σgas, as a function of the redshift and the axial ratio to test the effects of aperture and galaxy inclination, and found that both effects are weak. Finally we checked the trend of -↑σgas/σ＊ with the infrared luminosity and found no significant correlation.
基金This work is partially supported by the NSFC (No. 10173001) and by the Scientific Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education, China.
文摘The sizes of the Broad Line Region (BLR) of some Seyfert 1 galaxies and nearby quasars can be determined by the reverberation mapping method. Combining with the observed FWHM of Hbeta emission line and assuming that the motion of BLR clouds is virialized, the black hole masses of these objects have been estimated. However, this method strongly depends on the poorly-understood geometry and inclination of the BLR. On the other hand, a tight correlation between the black hole mass and the bulge velocity dispersion was recently found for both active and nearby inactive galaxies. This may provide another method, independent of the BLR geometry, for estimating the black hole mass. Using this method for estimating the black hole mass and combining with the measured BLR size and FWHM of Hbeta emission line, we derived the BLR inclination angles for 20 Seyfert 1 galaxies under the assumption that the BLR is disk-like. The derived inclination angles agree well with those derived previously by fitting the UV continuum and Hbeta emission line profiles. Adopting a relation between the FWHMs of [OIII]lambda5007 forbidden line and the stellar velocity dispersion, we also estimated the BLR inclinations for 50 narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). We found that the inclinations of broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s) axe systematically greater than those of NLS1s, which seldom exceed 30degrees. This may be an important factor that leads to the differences between NLS1s and BLS1s if the BLR of NLS1s is really disk-like.
基金the National Natural Science Foundationof China and a key program of Chinese Science and Technology ministry. This work has made use of NED, and data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachuse
文摘We have performed a statistical study of the properties of the broad band continuum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) by collecting ratio, infrared, optical and X-ray continuum data from various databases and compared the results with control samples of Broad Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s). We find that the fraction (similar to 6%) of Radio Loud (RL) NLS1s is significantly less than that of BLS1s (similar to 13%), which is caused by the lack of radio-very-loud sources in the former. The rarity of RL NLS1s, especially radio-very-loud ones, is consistent with the scenario of small black hole and high accretion rate for NLS1s. Six new radio loud NLS1s are found and five RL NLS1 candidates are presented. In comparison with the BLS1s, the NLS1s tend to have stronger far infrared emission, cooler infrared colors and redder B - K color, which suggests that NLS1s are hosted by dust-richer nuclei. The NLS1s also show steeper soft X-ray spectrum and large soft X-ray to optical flux ratio, while a significant fraction show flat soft X-ray spectra. At least two factors can account for this, absorption and spectral variability. We also perform a correlation analysis between various broad band data. It is found that most correlations identified for NLS1s are also valid for radio quiet BLS1s: (1) the optical colors are anti-correlated with X-ray spectral index; (2) higher optical, Xray and NIR luminosity objects show bluer optical colors and red H - K color; (3) higher luminosity objects show warmer IRAS color; (4) the radio loudness correlates with B - K and X-ray to optical flux ratio. Radio loud objects behave somewhat differently in a few correlations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10773010 and 10825312)support from the "Chuang Xin" Foundation operated by the Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China
文摘It has been suggested that the narrow cores of the Fe Ka emission lines in Active Galactic Nuclei （AGNs） are likely produced in the torus, the inner radius of which can be measured by observing the lag time between the V and K band flux variations. In this paper, we compare the virial products of the infrared time lags, and the narrow Fe Ka widths for 10 type 1 AGNs, with the black hole masses from other techniques. We found the narrow Fe Ka line width is in average 2.6＋0.9-0.4 times broader than expected, assuming an isotropic velocity distribution of the torus at the distance measured by the infrared lags. We propose the thick disk model of the torus may explain the observed larger line width. Another possibility is the contamination by emission from the broad line region or the outer accretion disk. Alternatively, the narrow iron line might originate from the inner most part of the obscuring torus within the sublimation radius, while the infrared emission may be from the outer cooler part. We note the correlations between the black hole masses based on this new technique and those based on other known techniques are statistically insignificant. We argue that this could be attributed to the small sample size and the very large uncertainties in the measurements of iron K line widths. The next generation of X-ray observatories could help verify the origin of the narrow iron Ka line and the reliability of this new technique.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10533050)
文摘We present results of multi-epoch XMM-Newton observations separated by several years of the narrow-line Seyfert 1(NLS1) galaxy,SDSS J160508.87+323921.4.The NLS1 showed X-ray flux variations on timescales of years as well as low amplitude variations on timescales as short as hours,while the X-ray spectral shape remained essentially unchanged.The spectrum shows a significant soft X-ray excess.The model of reflection from an ionized disc,that is dominant in the whole XMM-Newton bandpass,provides the best description of the observed spectra for all the observations,though alternatives such as Compton scattering(T-0.25 keV) cannot be ruled out in a statistical sense.For the disc reflection model,the observed variations may originate either from the change in the reflection fraction,or from the variability of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity.
