尺度效应是地球科学和定量遥感中的重要研究课题,目前的许多研究大多集中在估算尺度效应带来的误差,而对一些关键的植被结构参数是否存在尺度效应及其尺度转换方法尚存在诸多不同见解。本文针对真实和有效叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LA...尺度效应是地球科学和定量遥感中的重要研究课题,目前的许多研究大多集中在估算尺度效应带来的误差,而对一些关键的植被结构参数是否存在尺度效应及其尺度转换方法尚存在诸多不同见解。本文针对真实和有效叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI和Effective LAI,LAIe)以及聚集指数(Clumping Index,CI)3个植被关键结构参数,从基本概念和获取方法上分析参数的尺度效应及其尺度转换方法。从定义上看,LAI并不存在尺度效应,而LAIe和CI则存在尺度效应,其中CI的尺度效应由LAIe引入(CI=LAIe/LAI)。在野外实测中,LAI破坏测量法没有尺度效应,但由孔隙率模型获取3个参数的方法均具有尺度效应。异速生长方程和遥感反演方法的尺度效应取决于方法本身的线性或非线性特征。目前全球主要的LAI、LAIe和CI遥感产品都基于非线性模型获取,其反演过程具有尺度效应。像元尺度的LAI本身并不具有尺度效应,而像元尺度的LAIe和CI虽然具有尺度效应,但在实践中常常被忽略。因此,实际工作中应注意区分参数概念本身、野外测量、遥感反演方法以及遥感产品等所展示的不同尺度效应。展开更多
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples.Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for pre-cision medicine.Particularly,integrat...Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples.Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for pre-cision medicine.Particularly,integration of microbiome and metabolome has revealed the mechanism and functionality of microbiome in human health and disease.However,metabo-lomics data are very complicated.Preprocessing/pretreating and normalizing procedures on metabolomics data are usually required before statistical analysis.In this review article,we comprehensively review various methods that are used to preprocess and pretreat metabolo-mics data,including MS-based data and NMR-based data preprocessing,dealing with zero and/or missing values and detecting outliers,data normalization,data centering and scaling,data transformation.We discuss the advantages and limitations of each method.The choice for a suitable preprocessing method is determined by the biological hypothesis,the characteristics of the data set,and the selected statistical data analysis method.We then provide the perspective of their applications in the microbiome and metabolome research.展开更多
Validation is one of the most important processes used to evaluate whether remotely sensed products can accurately reflect land surface configuration. Leaf Area Index( LAI) is a key parameter that represents vegetatio...Validation is one of the most important processes used to evaluate whether remotely sensed products can accurately reflect land surface configuration. Leaf Area Index( LAI) is a key parameter that represents vegetation canopy structures and growth conditions. Accurate evaluation of LAI products is the basis for applying them to land surface models. In this study,validation methods of coarse resolution MODIS and GLASS LAI products for heterogeneous pixels are established on the basis of the scaling effect and the scaling transformation. Considering spatial heterogeneity and growth difference,we transformed LAI from field measurements into a 1 km resolution scale with the aid of middle resolution images. We used average LAI and apparent LAI separately to validate the algorithms and products of MODIS and GLASS LAI. Two study areas,Hebi City and the Yingke Oasis,were selected for validation. Both MODIS and GLASS LAI products underestimate the true LAI in crop area. However,this result cannot be completely attributed to their algorithms. Instead,the primary reason is the heterogeneity and nonuniformity of the coarse pixels.Underestimation is evident in the Yingke Oasis,where heterogeneity is significant. Given that GLASS LAI product is the fusion of multiple LAI products,the mean value of this product is closer to the real situation,but the dynamic range is narrower than that of MODIS LAI product.展开更多
The performance of the so-called superconvergent quantum perturbation theory （Wenhua Hal et al2000 Phys. Rev. A 61 052105） is investigated for the case of the ground-state energy of the helium-like ions. The scaling...The performance of the so-called superconvergent quantum perturbation theory （Wenhua Hal et al2000 Phys. Rev. A 61 052105） is investigated for the case of the ground-state energy of the helium-like ions. The scaling transformation τ → τ/Z applied to the Hamiltonian of a two-electron atomic ion with a nuclear charge Z （in atomic units）. Using the improved Rayleigh-SchrSdinger perturbation theory based on the integral equation to helium-like ions in the ground states and treating the electron correlations as perturbations, we have performed a third-order perturbation calculation and obtained the second-order corrected wavefunctions consisting of a few terms and third-order energy corrections. We find that third-order and higher-order energy corrections are improved with decreasing nuclear charge. This result means that the former is quadratically integrable and the latter is physically meaningful. The improved quantum perturbation theory fits the higher-order perturbation case. This work shows that it is a development on the quantum perturbation problem of helium-like systems.展开更多
文摘尺度效应是地球科学和定量遥感中的重要研究课题,目前的许多研究大多集中在估算尺度效应带来的误差,而对一些关键的植被结构参数是否存在尺度效应及其尺度转换方法尚存在诸多不同见解。本文针对真实和有效叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI和Effective LAI,LAIe)以及聚集指数(Clumping Index,CI)3个植被关键结构参数,从基本概念和获取方法上分析参数的尺度效应及其尺度转换方法。从定义上看,LAI并不存在尺度效应,而LAIe和CI则存在尺度效应,其中CI的尺度效应由LAIe引入(CI=LAIe/LAI)。在野外实测中,LAI破坏测量法没有尺度效应,但由孔隙率模型获取3个参数的方法均具有尺度效应。异速生长方程和遥感反演方法的尺度效应取决于方法本身的线性或非线性特征。目前全球主要的LAI、LAIe和CI遥感产品都基于非线性模型获取,其反演过程具有尺度效应。像元尺度的LAI本身并不具有尺度效应,而像元尺度的LAIe和CI虽然具有尺度效应,但在实践中常常被忽略。因此,实际工作中应注意区分参数概念本身、野外测量、遥感反演方法以及遥感产品等所展示的不同尺度效应。
基金supported by the Crohn's&Colitis Foundation Senior Research Award(No.902766 to J.S.)The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(No.R01DK105118-01 and R01DK114126 to J.S.)+1 种基金United States Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs(No.BC191198 to J.S.)VA Merit Award BX-19-00 to J.S.
文摘Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples.Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for pre-cision medicine.Particularly,integration of microbiome and metabolome has revealed the mechanism and functionality of microbiome in human health and disease.However,metabo-lomics data are very complicated.Preprocessing/pretreating and normalizing procedures on metabolomics data are usually required before statistical analysis.In this review article,we comprehensively review various methods that are used to preprocess and pretreat metabolo-mics data,including MS-based data and NMR-based data preprocessing,dealing with zero and/or missing values and detecting outliers,data normalization,data centering and scaling,data transformation.We discuss the advantages and limitations of each method.The choice for a suitable preprocessing method is determined by the biological hypothesis,the characteristics of the data set,and the selected statistical data analysis method.We then provide the perspective of their applications in the microbiome and metabolome research.
基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2009AA122103,2012AA12A304)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91025006,91325105,41271346)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB733402)
文摘Validation is one of the most important processes used to evaluate whether remotely sensed products can accurately reflect land surface configuration. Leaf Area Index( LAI) is a key parameter that represents vegetation canopy structures and growth conditions. Accurate evaluation of LAI products is the basis for applying them to land surface models. In this study,validation methods of coarse resolution MODIS and GLASS LAI products for heterogeneous pixels are established on the basis of the scaling effect and the scaling transformation. Considering spatial heterogeneity and growth difference,we transformed LAI from field measurements into a 1 km resolution scale with the aid of middle resolution images. We used average LAI and apparent LAI separately to validate the algorithms and products of MODIS and GLASS LAI. Two study areas,Hebi City and the Yingke Oasis,were selected for validation. Both MODIS and GLASS LAI products underestimate the true LAI in crop area. However,this result cannot be completely attributed to their algorithms. Instead,the primary reason is the heterogeneity and nonuniformity of the coarse pixels.Underestimation is evident in the Yingke Oasis,where heterogeneity is significant. Given that GLASS LAI product is the fusion of multiple LAI products,the mean value of this product is closer to the real situation,but the dynamic range is narrower than that of MODIS LAI product.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10575034)the Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics of China (Grant No T152504)the Foundation of the Education Committee of Hunan Province of China
文摘The performance of the so-called superconvergent quantum perturbation theory （Wenhua Hal et al2000 Phys. Rev. A 61 052105） is investigated for the case of the ground-state energy of the helium-like ions. The scaling transformation τ → τ/Z applied to the Hamiltonian of a two-electron atomic ion with a nuclear charge Z （in atomic units）. Using the improved Rayleigh-SchrSdinger perturbation theory based on the integral equation to helium-like ions in the ground states and treating the electron correlations as perturbations, we have performed a third-order perturbation calculation and obtained the second-order corrected wavefunctions consisting of a few terms and third-order energy corrections. We find that third-order and higher-order energy corrections are improved with decreasing nuclear charge. This result means that the former is quadratically integrable and the latter is physically meaningful. The improved quantum perturbation theory fits the higher-order perturbation case. This work shows that it is a development on the quantum perturbation problem of helium-like systems.
