为了解决安时计量法不能估计初始荷电状态(SOC0)、难于准确测量库仑效率和电池可用容量变化的问题,提出折算库仑效率的定义,建立开路电压法、K a lm an滤波法和安时计量法的组合方法估计电池SOC。具体算法中,根据温度和老化对电池可用...为了解决安时计量法不能估计初始荷电状态(SOC0)、难于准确测量库仑效率和电池可用容量变化的问题,提出折算库仑效率的定义,建立开路电压法、K a lm an滤波法和安时计量法的组合方法估计电池SOC。具体算法中,根据温度和老化对电池可用容量的影响试验建立电池容量的影响因素模型,基于单变量电池模型实现K a lm an滤波。使用11 085 s的镍氢电池组FUDS试验数据验证方法精度,经与放电试验真实值比较得到的误差为2.3%,优于安时计量法的19.7%,满足电动汽车对SOC估计误差8%的使用要求。展开更多
为高效利用储能资源满足电网一次调频需求,提出一种基于动态下垂系数与动态SOC基点(Dynamic Droop Coefficient and Dynamic Reference of SOC,DDC&DRSOC)的储能一次调频控制策略。提出以电网调频死区为分割边界将储能调频过程划分...为高效利用储能资源满足电网一次调频需求,提出一种基于动态下垂系数与动态SOC基点(Dynamic Droop Coefficient and Dynamic Reference of SOC,DDC&DRSOC)的储能一次调频控制策略。提出以电网调频死区为分割边界将储能调频过程划分为调频阶段与SOC恢复阶段:在调频阶段,以SOC和最大频率偏差为控制量自适应调整储能出力深度以防止储能SOC的饱和或殆尽;在SOC恢复阶段,首先提出适应负荷变化的动态SOC恢复基点调整方法,然后提出兼顾SOC恢复需求与电网承受能力的储能出力确定方法,最后设计双层模糊控制器实现动态SOC基点值和储能出力值的确定。提出3个评价指标评估一次调频效果与SOC维持效果。以某区域电网为例,在阶跃负荷扰动和连续负荷扰动下验证了所提策略的有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略SOC维持效果较对比策略提高9%,调频效果提高4%。展开更多
研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明:施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量...研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明:施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02-21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41-0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61-48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.展开更多
运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,通过对全国第二次土壤普查时期(1980年)、2000年、2011年研究区三期采样数据的比较,研究了东北主要黑土区海伦、双城、公主岭三个县(市)不同时期的土壤有机碳密度与储量,并分析了30年来研究区土壤有机碳...运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,通过对全国第二次土壤普查时期(1980年)、2000年、2011年研究区三期采样数据的比较,研究了东北主要黑土区海伦、双城、公主岭三个县(市)不同时期的土壤有机碳密度与储量,并分析了30年来研究区土壤有机碳密度与储量在时间与空间的变化情况。研究表明:海伦、双城和公主岭过去30年间土壤有机碳密度分别下降了0.68 kg m-2、0.18 kg m-2和1.05 kg m-2;储量分别下降了0.23×1010kg、0.05×1010kg和0.18×1010kg。海伦、双城前20年有机碳密度下降速率较快,后10年趋向平稳并略微增长,公主岭有机碳密度在研究期的30年内仍处于快速下降阶段。按照土类统计,1980年与2011年两个时期研究区的有机碳密度与储量,结果表明几乎所有土壤类型的有机碳密度与储量均出现下降,有机碳密度降幅最大的为棕壤(下降1.95 kg m-2),有机碳储量降幅最大为黑土(下降0.29×1010kg)。展开更多
全钒液流电池(VRB)是一种新型的电化学储能系统,因其具有功率大、寿命长、可靠性高、支持频繁大电流深度充放电等优势,正越来越广泛地被关注。荷电状态SOC(State of Charge)是衡量电池容量、评价电池性能的重要参数。如何快速准确的测...全钒液流电池(VRB)是一种新型的电化学储能系统,因其具有功率大、寿命长、可靠性高、支持频繁大电流深度充放电等优势,正越来越广泛地被关注。荷电状态SOC(State of Charge)是衡量电池容量、评价电池性能的重要参数。如何快速准确的测定电池的SOC对于电池监控运行有着重要意义。综述了现阶段国内外测定全钒液流电池SOC的几种常用方法,希望对未来钒电池的研究和发展有一定作用。展开更多
Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic t...Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li<sup> </sup>. Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO<sub>4</sub>, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.展开更多
Employing the Unit Soil Carbon Amount (USCA) approach, soil carbon storage was calcu- lated across the Northeast Plain of China based on the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey conducted in 2004-2006 (MRGS)....Employing the Unit Soil Carbon Amount (USCA) approach, soil carbon storage was calcu- lated across the Northeast Plain of China based on the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey conducted in 2004-2006 (MRGS). The results indicated that the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in topsoil (0-0.2 m), subsoil (0-1 m) and deep soil (0-1.8 m) was 768.1 Mt, 2978.4 Mt and 3729.2 Mt with densities of 3327.8 t/km^2, 12,904.7 t/km^2 and 16,157.5 t/km^2, respectively. These values were consistent with national averages, whereas the soil carbon densities showed a clear increasing trend from the southern area of the Northeast Plain (Liaoning), to the middle (Jilin) and the northern Plain (Heilongjiang) -- particularly in terms of topsoil carbon density, which increased from 2284.2, to 3436.7 and 3861.5 t/kin2, respectively. In comparison to carbon data obtained from the Second National Soil Survey in 1984--1986 (SNSS), the topsoil SOC storage values from the MRGS were found to have decreased by 320.59 Mt (29.4%), with an average annual decline of 16.0 Mt (1.73%) over the 20 years. In the southern, middle and northern areas of the plain, soil carbon densities decreased by 1060.6 t/km^2, 1646.4 t/kin2 and 1300.2 t/km^2, respectively, with an average value of 1389.0 t/km^2 for the whole plain. These findings indicate that the decrease in soil carbon density varied according to the different ecosystems and land-use types. Therefore, ratios of soil carbon density were calculated in order to study the carbon dynamic balance between ecosystems, and to further explore distribution characteristics, as well as the sequestration potential of SOC.展开更多
针对传统卡尔曼滤波法在钒电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估算中将电池内部模型参数作为恒定值,而导致误差增大的缺陷,该文使用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络在线更新卡尔曼滤波过程的参数值,以提高参数的精度。选用常见...针对传统卡尔曼滤波法在钒电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估算中将电池内部模型参数作为恒定值,而导致误差增大的缺陷,该文使用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络在线更新卡尔曼滤波过程的参数值,以提高参数的精度。选用常见的戴维南(Thevenin)等效电路模型,通过神经网络更新内部欧姆内阻R0和极化电阻Rp、电容Cp完成卡尔曼滤波过程的优化,使系统模型卡尔曼滤波估算中的每一步都得到更新,从而弥补了上述传统算法的缺陷。同时,该文还设计了电池测试试验,通过对数据的检验以及与双卡尔曼滤波的优化方式的结果进行对比,验证了神经网络优化的方法较双卡尔曼滤波优化能更好地体现出系统的动态特性,估算的结果具有更高的精度和更好的收敛性,证明了该方法非常适用于钒电池系统的实时SOC估计,具有理论与应用价值。展开更多
为避免微电网中分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)损坏,延长DESS的使用寿命,需要DESS之间的荷电状态(state-of-charge,SOC)保持平衡。但由于线路阻抗和初始SOC的不一致,DESS的SOC存在不平衡的现象。提出一...为避免微电网中分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)损坏,延长DESS的使用寿命,需要DESS之间的荷电状态(state-of-charge,SOC)保持平衡。但由于线路阻抗和初始SOC的不一致,DESS的SOC存在不平衡的现象。提出一种适于交流孤岛微电网的SOC平衡控制方案,通过引入虚拟阻抗来改善算法切换过程中暂态有功均分特性,利用加入SOC因子补偿的下垂控制实现各DESS单元的SOC控制,同时保证原下垂控制即插即用的特性。SOC平衡以后,通过将算法切换到传统的下垂控制的双模式控制实现频率的恢复,并在无功-电压(Q-E)下垂算法中加入SOC因子实现电压补偿,保证电压频率工作在限定的范围。不同工况下的仿真结果和实验结果验证该方案的有效性和可行性。展开更多
文摘为了解决安时计量法不能估计初始荷电状态(SOC0)、难于准确测量库仑效率和电池可用容量变化的问题,提出折算库仑效率的定义,建立开路电压法、K a lm an滤波法和安时计量法的组合方法估计电池SOC。具体算法中,根据温度和老化对电池可用容量的影响试验建立电池容量的影响因素模型,基于单变量电池模型实现K a lm an滤波。使用11 085 s的镍氢电池组FUDS试验数据验证方法精度,经与放电试验真实值比较得到的误差为2.3%,优于安时计量法的19.7%,满足电动汽车对SOC估计误差8%的使用要求。
文摘为高效利用储能资源满足电网一次调频需求,提出一种基于动态下垂系数与动态SOC基点(Dynamic Droop Coefficient and Dynamic Reference of SOC,DDC&DRSOC)的储能一次调频控制策略。提出以电网调频死区为分割边界将储能调频过程划分为调频阶段与SOC恢复阶段:在调频阶段,以SOC和最大频率偏差为控制量自适应调整储能出力深度以防止储能SOC的饱和或殆尽;在SOC恢复阶段,首先提出适应负荷变化的动态SOC恢复基点调整方法,然后提出兼顾SOC恢复需求与电网承受能力的储能出力确定方法,最后设计双层模糊控制器实现动态SOC基点值和储能出力值的确定。提出3个评价指标评估一次调频效果与SOC维持效果。以某区域电网为例,在阶跃负荷扰动和连续负荷扰动下验证了所提策略的有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略SOC维持效果较对比策略提高9%,调频效果提高4%。
文摘研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明:施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02-21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41-0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61-48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.
文摘运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,通过对全国第二次土壤普查时期(1980年)、2000年、2011年研究区三期采样数据的比较,研究了东北主要黑土区海伦、双城、公主岭三个县(市)不同时期的土壤有机碳密度与储量,并分析了30年来研究区土壤有机碳密度与储量在时间与空间的变化情况。研究表明:海伦、双城和公主岭过去30年间土壤有机碳密度分别下降了0.68 kg m-2、0.18 kg m-2和1.05 kg m-2;储量分别下降了0.23×1010kg、0.05×1010kg和0.18×1010kg。海伦、双城前20年有机碳密度下降速率较快,后10年趋向平稳并略微增长,公主岭有机碳密度在研究期的30年内仍处于快速下降阶段。按照土类统计,1980年与2011年两个时期研究区的有机碳密度与储量,结果表明几乎所有土壤类型的有机碳密度与储量均出现下降,有机碳密度降幅最大的为棕壤(下降1.95 kg m-2),有机碳储量降幅最大为黑土(下降0.29×1010kg)。
文摘全钒液流电池(VRB)是一种新型的电化学储能系统,因其具有功率大、寿命长、可靠性高、支持频繁大电流深度充放电等优势,正越来越广泛地被关注。荷电状态SOC(State of Charge)是衡量电池容量、评价电池性能的重要参数。如何快速准确的测定电池的SOC对于电池监控运行有着重要意义。综述了现阶段国内外测定全钒液流电池SOC的几种常用方法,希望对未来钒电池的研究和发展有一定作用。
文摘Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li<sup> </sup>. Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO<sub>4</sub>, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.
基金funded by the program"National Soil Current Situation Survey and Pollution Prevention"from the China Ministry of Finance
文摘Employing the Unit Soil Carbon Amount (USCA) approach, soil carbon storage was calcu- lated across the Northeast Plain of China based on the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey conducted in 2004-2006 (MRGS). The results indicated that the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in topsoil (0-0.2 m), subsoil (0-1 m) and deep soil (0-1.8 m) was 768.1 Mt, 2978.4 Mt and 3729.2 Mt with densities of 3327.8 t/km^2, 12,904.7 t/km^2 and 16,157.5 t/km^2, respectively. These values were consistent with national averages, whereas the soil carbon densities showed a clear increasing trend from the southern area of the Northeast Plain (Liaoning), to the middle (Jilin) and the northern Plain (Heilongjiang) -- particularly in terms of topsoil carbon density, which increased from 2284.2, to 3436.7 and 3861.5 t/kin2, respectively. In comparison to carbon data obtained from the Second National Soil Survey in 1984--1986 (SNSS), the topsoil SOC storage values from the MRGS were found to have decreased by 320.59 Mt (29.4%), with an average annual decline of 16.0 Mt (1.73%) over the 20 years. In the southern, middle and northern areas of the plain, soil carbon densities decreased by 1060.6 t/km^2, 1646.4 t/kin2 and 1300.2 t/km^2, respectively, with an average value of 1389.0 t/km^2 for the whole plain. These findings indicate that the decrease in soil carbon density varied according to the different ecosystems and land-use types. Therefore, ratios of soil carbon density were calculated in order to study the carbon dynamic balance between ecosystems, and to further explore distribution characteristics, as well as the sequestration potential of SOC.
文摘针对传统卡尔曼滤波法在钒电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估算中将电池内部模型参数作为恒定值,而导致误差增大的缺陷,该文使用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络在线更新卡尔曼滤波过程的参数值,以提高参数的精度。选用常见的戴维南(Thevenin)等效电路模型,通过神经网络更新内部欧姆内阻R0和极化电阻Rp、电容Cp完成卡尔曼滤波过程的优化,使系统模型卡尔曼滤波估算中的每一步都得到更新,从而弥补了上述传统算法的缺陷。同时,该文还设计了电池测试试验,通过对数据的检验以及与双卡尔曼滤波的优化方式的结果进行对比,验证了神经网络优化的方法较双卡尔曼滤波优化能更好地体现出系统的动态特性,估算的结果具有更高的精度和更好的收敛性,证明了该方法非常适用于钒电池系统的实时SOC估计,具有理论与应用价值。
文摘传统虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)的动态响应过程存在超调量与调节时间相矛盾的情况,且虚拟同步发电机控制参数选取时往往将储能侧视为理想电源,导致系统参数与储能系统的特性不相匹配。针对这种情况,结合模糊理论提出一种考虑储能系统约束的虚拟同步发电机参数协调模糊自适应控制方法,分析不同阻尼状态下虚拟同步发电机系统的动态响应,将储能系统的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)和运行功率约束转化为转动惯量约束范围,通过模糊控制器自适应控制惯量变化,并根据合适的阻尼比协调调节虚拟阻尼,使得系统动态响应过程中系统阻尼比合理变化,从而改善传统虚拟同步发电机系统超调量与调节时间相矛盾的情况,使系统参数与储能系统特性相匹配。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性与有效性。
文摘为避免微电网中分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)损坏,延长DESS的使用寿命,需要DESS之间的荷电状态(state-of-charge,SOC)保持平衡。但由于线路阻抗和初始SOC的不一致,DESS的SOC存在不平衡的现象。提出一种适于交流孤岛微电网的SOC平衡控制方案,通过引入虚拟阻抗来改善算法切换过程中暂态有功均分特性,利用加入SOC因子补偿的下垂控制实现各DESS单元的SOC控制,同时保证原下垂控制即插即用的特性。SOC平衡以后,通过将算法切换到传统的下垂控制的双模式控制实现频率的恢复,并在无功-电压(Q-E)下垂算法中加入SOC因子实现电压补偿,保证电压频率工作在限定的范围。不同工况下的仿真结果和实验结果验证该方案的有效性和可行性。