Spirulina platensis exposed to various selenium （Se） concentrations （0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 150, 175, 200, 250 mg/L） accumulated high amounts of Se in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Under low Se concentrations （...Spirulina platensis exposed to various selenium （Se） concentrations （0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 150, 175, 200, 250 mg/L） accumulated high amounts of Se in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Under low Se concentrations （〈150 mg/L）, Se induced increases in biomass concentration, content of photosynthetic pigments, and activities of glutathione peroxidase （GPX）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and Gua-dep peroxidases （POD）, which indicates that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in protecting cells from Se stress. Higher Se concentrations （≥175 mg/L） led to higher Se accumulation and increases in activities of GPX, SOD, CAT and POD, but also induced lipid peroxidation （LPO） coupled with potassium leakage and decreases in biomass concentration and contents of photosynthetic pigment. The results indicate that increases in activities of the antioxidant enzymes were not sufficient to protect cell membranes against Se stress. Time-dependent variations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoid and the LPO level were also investigated under representative Se concentrations of 40 and 200mg/L. Opposite variation trends between SOD-CAT activities, and GPX-POD-APX activities were observed during the growth cycles. The results showed that the prevention of damage to cell membranes of S. platensis cells could be achieved by cooperative effects of SOD-CAT and GPX-POD-APX enzymes. This study concludes that S. platensis possessed tolerance to Se and could protect itself from phytotoxicity induced by Se by altering various metabolic processes.展开更多
PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissim...PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissimilar polypeptides, α and β subunits, in a molar ratio of 1:1. The subunits possess linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups covalently linked to the primary structure via cysteine thioether linkages. In blue-green and red algae, phycobiliproteins occur in a supramolecular structure, the phycobilisome, located on the surface of thylakoid to展开更多
Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate t...Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate the possibility of using cheap aquaculture water for Spirulina production, to test if solutions made by plant ash (PAS) could be used for Spirulina production, to determine if brackish water (BW) and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mixture made from local components could be used to produce Spirulina. All experiments were performed via growth and dry weight measurements, including determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium (ZM) as a reference for each experiment, and all experiments were performed for 21 days to determine the best media type that lasts longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8 and 30 ms/cm, while temperature was at 30°C and 35°C, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16 h light and 8 h dark. Spirulina can grow in (FW). It can also grow in FW diluted with BW. Also a 3% PAS can be used as a source to cultivate Spirulina at a very low price compared to ZM. The chemical fertilizer formula was one of the best types among all treatments with a good price. A mixture of these local resources could be a very good cheap alternative source. The main result that was obtained from all experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters at a lower price.展开更多
Arsenic-contaminated water is a serious hazard for human health. Plankton plays a critical role in the fate and toxicity of arsenic in water by accumulation and biotransformation.Spirulina platensis（S. platensis）, a...Arsenic-contaminated water is a serious hazard for human health. Plankton plays a critical role in the fate and toxicity of arsenic in water by accumulation and biotransformation.Spirulina platensis（S. platensis）, a typical plankton, is often used as a supplement or feed for pharmacy and aquiculture, and may introduce arsenic into the food chain, resulting in a risk to human health. However, there are few studies about how S. platensis biotransforms arsenic. In this study, we investigated arsenic biotransformation by S. platensis. When exposed to arsenite（As（Ⅲ））, S. platensis accumulated arsenic up to 4.1 mg/kg dry weight.After exposure to As（Ⅲ）, arsenate（As（Ⅴ）） was the predominant species making up 64% to86% of the total arsenic. Monomethylarsenate（MMA（Ⅴ）） and dimethylarsenate（DMA（Ⅴ））were also detected. An arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase from S. platensis（Sp Ars M） was identified and characterized. Sp Ars M showed low identity with other reported Ars M enzymes. The Escherichia coli AW3110 bearing Spars M gene resulted in As（Ⅲ） methylation and conferring resistance to As（Ⅲ）. The in vitro assay showed that Sp Ars M exhibited As（Ⅲ） methylation activity. DMA（Ⅴ） and a small amount of MMA（Ⅴ） were detected in the reaction system within 0.5 hr. A truncated Sp Ars M derivative lacking the last 34 residues still had the ability to methylate As（Ⅲ）. The three single mutants of Sp Ars M（C59S, C186 S, and C238S） abolished the capability of As（Ⅲ） methylation, suggesting the three cysteine residues are involved in catalysis. We propose that Sp Ars M is responsible for As methylation and detoxification of As（Ⅲ） and may contribute to As biogeochemistry.展开更多
Alternative protein sources, such as insects or algae meals are in special focus of animal nutrition in order to replace soybean meal (SBM). As part of the multidisciplinary project “sustainability transitions” this...Alternative protein sources, such as insects or algae meals are in special focus of animal nutrition in order to replace soybean meal (SBM). As part of the multidisciplinary project “sustainability transitions” this study evaluated effects of replacing SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens or meal from the micro algae Spirulina platensis in broiler diets. The aim of the current study was to investigate the chickens’ growth performance and the intestinal morphology as well as the health status. 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) for the growth study with five diets and feed supply on free choice level. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. The experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study, both on a basic level of amino acid (AA) supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) (diet HM and SM) and an extended level of AA fortification (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val added) (diet HM+ and SM+). Response of chickens was evaluated by zoo-technical parameters, which were under weekly control (e.g. growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality). After finishing the growth study birds from control and the experimental diets at the basic level of AA supplementation were slaughtered after 12 hour fastening and utilized for gut morphometric analysis and histological evaluation of the health status. Diets at a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depression of growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein conversion ratio, respectively. In addition, the acceptance of the Spirulina diet was lower (p ≤ 0.001) as compared to the Hermetia based diet. However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved all parameters significantly. Diets without extended AA supply altered some morphological parameters of the intestinal wall, but the nutritional significance of this observation needs to be verified 展开更多
AIM: To compare the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis (PSP) and extract from amnion membrane CAME) on alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization (CorNV). METHODS: PSP and AME w...AIM: To compare the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis (PSP) and extract from amnion membrane CAME) on alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization (CorNV). METHODS: PSP and AME were Extracted from dry powder of Spirulina platensis and human aminion membrane respectively. Murine CorNV was induced by applying 1N sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) solution directly on the mice corneas. PSP and AME extracts were administered topically on the corneas 4 times daily for 7 days. The therapy effects of PSP and AME extracts were evaluated daily using slit-lamp. At the end of the therapy, corneas were harvested for H&E staining, masson trichrome staining, immunohistochemical study, and semi-quantification reverse transcriptive PCR (RT-PCR) was utilized for measurement of inflammation-related molecules. RESULTS: Topical application of PSP extract had significant therapeutic effects on CorNV that could be shown in various assays of the corneas. Compared with AME Extract, PSP extract treatment was more effective in suppressing CorNV in berms of vessel length and levels of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) proteins or the angiogenesis related genes like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). PSP also inhibited inflammation more markedly by more effectively inhibiting mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells infiltration into the corneal stroma and reducing levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 (MIP3a). In addition, corneas of PSP group had a more regular and compact architecture of collagen with thinner corneal thickness than in the AME group. ' CONCLUSION: Polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis inhibited alkali burn-induced inflammation and CorNV more effectively than AME Extract at the studied doses, thus may be used for the therapy of corneal diseases involving neovascularization and inflammation.展开更多
CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic...CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.展开更多
The objective of this study was to measure protein quality parameters (PPV, NPU and NPUstd) of chicken diets with complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by Spirulina meal (SM) or partly defatted Hermetia meal (HM...The objective of this study was to measure protein quality parameters (PPV, NPU and NPUstd) of chicken diets with complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by Spirulina meal (SM) or partly defatted Hermetia meal (HM). N balance experiments were based on the quantitative excreta collection method, divided into starter period (10 - 20 d) and grower period (25 - 35 d). The study utilized 70 all male meat type chicken (Ross 308). Data assessment applied the exponential N utilization model of the “Goettingen approach”. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. In four experimental diets SBM was completely substituted by SM or HM, but fortified with feed amino acids (AA) both on a basic level of supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and on an extended level (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val, Ile, His added). At a basic level of AA supplementation, complete replacement of SBM by SM or HM in chicken diets depressed dietary protein quality significantly (p 0.05). However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved protein quality parameters of the diets with both of the alternative proteins significantly (p < 0.05), but still generally not on par with the control diet. The observed responses were accentuated when the well-known effect of N intake on protein utilization was eliminated through the standardization of N intake by application of the “Goettingen approach”.展开更多
Ethidium bromide(EtBr)is one of the contaminants recorded in aquatic environments whose effects have been investigated;however,there is still limited knowledge about its remediation.This study examined the potential p...Ethidium bromide(EtBr)is one of the contaminants recorded in aquatic environments whose effects have been investigated;however,there is still limited knowledge about its remediation.This study examined the potential protective effects of Spirulina platensis(SP)against the effects of EtBr toxicity in the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fry.Fry were divided to five groups,viz.,a control and four treatment groups of low-dose EtBr(10μg/L),low-dose EtBr with SP(10μg/L EtBr+200 mg/L SP),high-dose EtBr(100μg/L),and high-dose EtBr with SP(100μg/L EtBr+200 mg/L SP);the exposure period was 2 weeks.Low and high doses of EtBr induced alterations in some hematological,biochemical,and histopathological parameters.Necrotic hepatocytes,degenerated area,vacuolated hepatocytes,pyknotic nuclei,constricted and dilated blood sinusoids,and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed.Lipid peroxidation concentration was not significantly different in groups exposed to low doses of EtBr and EtBr with SP,but it was increased in groups exposed to high doses of EtBr and EtBr with SP,compared with the control group.After feeding with SP,most histological and histochemical parameters restored to normal values.Therefore,SP may possess the ability to preserve the structural integrity of the hepatic and renal membranes.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Guang-dong Province.
文摘Spirulina platensis exposed to various selenium （Se） concentrations （0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 150, 175, 200, 250 mg/L） accumulated high amounts of Se in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Under low Se concentrations （〈150 mg/L）, Se induced increases in biomass concentration, content of photosynthetic pigments, and activities of glutathione peroxidase （GPX）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and Gua-dep peroxidases （POD）, which indicates that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in protecting cells from Se stress. Higher Se concentrations （≥175 mg/L） led to higher Se accumulation and increases in activities of GPX, SOD, CAT and POD, but also induced lipid peroxidation （LPO） coupled with potassium leakage and decreases in biomass concentration and contents of photosynthetic pigment. The results indicate that increases in activities of the antioxidant enzymes were not sufficient to protect cell membranes against Se stress. Time-dependent variations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoid and the LPO level were also investigated under representative Se concentrations of 40 and 200mg/L. Opposite variation trends between SOD-CAT activities, and GPX-POD-APX activities were observed during the growth cycles. The results showed that the prevention of damage to cell membranes of S. platensis cells could be achieved by cooperative effects of SOD-CAT and GPX-POD-APX enzymes. This study concludes that S. platensis possessed tolerance to Se and could protect itself from phytotoxicity induced by Se by altering various metabolic processes.
文摘PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. which include phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, phycoerythroeyanin and allophycocyanin, are intensively coloured, highly fluorescent, water soluble chromoproteins. They are composed of at least two dissimilar polypeptides, α and β subunits, in a molar ratio of 1:1. The subunits possess linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups covalently linked to the primary structure via cysteine thioether linkages. In blue-green and red algae, phycobiliproteins occur in a supramolecular structure, the phycobilisome, located on the surface of thylakoid to
文摘Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate the possibility of using cheap aquaculture water for Spirulina production, to test if solutions made by plant ash (PAS) could be used for Spirulina production, to determine if brackish water (BW) and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mixture made from local components could be used to produce Spirulina. All experiments were performed via growth and dry weight measurements, including determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium (ZM) as a reference for each experiment, and all experiments were performed for 21 days to determine the best media type that lasts longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8 and 30 ms/cm, while temperature was at 30°C and 35°C, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16 h light and 8 h dark. Spirulina can grow in (FW). It can also grow in FW diluted with BW. Also a 3% PAS can be used as a source to cultivate Spirulina at a very low price compared to ZM. The chemical fertilizer formula was one of the best types among all treatments with a good price. A mixture of these local resources could be a very good cheap alternative source. The main result that was obtained from all experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters at a lower price.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No. 2014J01141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31270161)the Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Center for Germplasm Resources and Cultivation of Crop (No. Fujian 2011 Program, [2015]75)
文摘Arsenic-contaminated water is a serious hazard for human health. Plankton plays a critical role in the fate and toxicity of arsenic in water by accumulation and biotransformation.Spirulina platensis（S. platensis）, a typical plankton, is often used as a supplement or feed for pharmacy and aquiculture, and may introduce arsenic into the food chain, resulting in a risk to human health. However, there are few studies about how S. platensis biotransforms arsenic. In this study, we investigated arsenic biotransformation by S. platensis. When exposed to arsenite（As（Ⅲ））, S. platensis accumulated arsenic up to 4.1 mg/kg dry weight.After exposure to As（Ⅲ）, arsenate（As（Ⅴ）） was the predominant species making up 64% to86% of the total arsenic. Monomethylarsenate（MMA（Ⅴ）） and dimethylarsenate（DMA（Ⅴ））were also detected. An arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase from S. platensis（Sp Ars M） was identified and characterized. Sp Ars M showed low identity with other reported Ars M enzymes. The Escherichia coli AW3110 bearing Spars M gene resulted in As（Ⅲ） methylation and conferring resistance to As（Ⅲ）. The in vitro assay showed that Sp Ars M exhibited As（Ⅲ） methylation activity. DMA（Ⅴ） and a small amount of MMA（Ⅴ） were detected in the reaction system within 0.5 hr. A truncated Sp Ars M derivative lacking the last 34 residues still had the ability to methylate As（Ⅲ）. The three single mutants of Sp Ars M（C59S, C186 S, and C238S） abolished the capability of As（Ⅲ） methylation, suggesting the three cysteine residues are involved in catalysis. We propose that Sp Ars M is responsible for As methylation and detoxification of As（Ⅲ） and may contribute to As biogeochemistry.
文摘Alternative protein sources, such as insects or algae meals are in special focus of animal nutrition in order to replace soybean meal (SBM). As part of the multidisciplinary project “sustainability transitions” this study evaluated effects of replacing SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens or meal from the micro algae Spirulina platensis in broiler diets. The aim of the current study was to investigate the chickens’ growth performance and the intestinal morphology as well as the health status. 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) for the growth study with five diets and feed supply on free choice level. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. The experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study, both on a basic level of amino acid (AA) supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) (diet HM and SM) and an extended level of AA fortification (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val added) (diet HM+ and SM+). Response of chickens was evaluated by zoo-technical parameters, which were under weekly control (e.g. growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality). After finishing the growth study birds from control and the experimental diets at the basic level of AA supplementation were slaughtered after 12 hour fastening and utilized for gut morphometric analysis and histological evaluation of the health status. Diets at a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depression of growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein conversion ratio, respectively. In addition, the acceptance of the Spirulina diet was lower (p ≤ 0.001) as compared to the Hermetia based diet. However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved all parameters significantly. Diets without extended AA supply altered some morphological parameters of the intestinal wall, but the nutritional significance of this observation needs to be verified
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China for Distinguished Young Scholars under Grant(No.JQ200908)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation,China(No.Q2008C02)Yiqiang Wang is partially supported by Shandong Taishan Scholar Program(QDU-EYE)
文摘AIM: To compare the therapeutic effects of polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis (PSP) and extract from amnion membrane CAME) on alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization (CorNV). METHODS: PSP and AME were Extracted from dry powder of Spirulina platensis and human aminion membrane respectively. Murine CorNV was induced by applying 1N sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) solution directly on the mice corneas. PSP and AME extracts were administered topically on the corneas 4 times daily for 7 days. The therapy effects of PSP and AME extracts were evaluated daily using slit-lamp. At the end of the therapy, corneas were harvested for H&E staining, masson trichrome staining, immunohistochemical study, and semi-quantification reverse transcriptive PCR (RT-PCR) was utilized for measurement of inflammation-related molecules. RESULTS: Topical application of PSP extract had significant therapeutic effects on CorNV that could be shown in various assays of the corneas. Compared with AME Extract, PSP extract treatment was more effective in suppressing CorNV in berms of vessel length and levels of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) proteins or the angiogenesis related genes like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). PSP also inhibited inflammation more markedly by more effectively inhibiting mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells infiltration into the corneal stroma and reducing levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 (MIP3a). In addition, corneas of PSP group had a more regular and compact architecture of collagen with thinner corneal thickness than in the AME group. ' CONCLUSION: Polysaccharide extract from Spirulina platensis inhibited alkali burn-induced inflammation and CorNV more effectively than AME Extract at the studied doses, thus may be used for the therapy of corneal diseases involving neovascularization and inflammation.
基金This research was supported in part by The President of The Chinese Academy of Sciences Foundation
文摘CCC plasmid was isolated from an economically important blue-green alga- Spirulina platensis (1.7×106 dalton from the S6 strain and 1.2×106 dalton from the F, strain) using a rapid method based on ultrasonic disruption of algal cells and alkaline removal of chromosomal DNA. The difference in the molecular weight of the OOC DNAs from the two strains differing in form suggests that plasmid may be related with the differentiation of algal form. This modified method, which does not use any lysozyme, is a quick and effective method of plasmid isolation, especially for filamentous blue-green algae.
文摘The objective of this study was to measure protein quality parameters (PPV, NPU and NPUstd) of chicken diets with complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by Spirulina meal (SM) or partly defatted Hermetia meal (HM). N balance experiments were based on the quantitative excreta collection method, divided into starter period (10 - 20 d) and grower period (25 - 35 d). The study utilized 70 all male meat type chicken (Ross 308). Data assessment applied the exponential N utilization model of the “Goettingen approach”. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. In four experimental diets SBM was completely substituted by SM or HM, but fortified with feed amino acids (AA) both on a basic level of supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and on an extended level (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val, Ile, His added). At a basic level of AA supplementation, complete replacement of SBM by SM or HM in chicken diets depressed dietary protein quality significantly (p 0.05). However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved protein quality parameters of the diets with both of the alternative proteins significantly (p < 0.05), but still generally not on par with the control diet. The observed responses were accentuated when the well-known effect of N intake on protein utilization was eliminated through the standardization of N intake by application of the “Goettingen approach”.
文摘Ethidium bromide(EtBr)is one of the contaminants recorded in aquatic environments whose effects have been investigated;however,there is still limited knowledge about its remediation.This study examined the potential protective effects of Spirulina platensis(SP)against the effects of EtBr toxicity in the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fry.Fry were divided to five groups,viz.,a control and four treatment groups of low-dose EtBr(10μg/L),low-dose EtBr with SP(10μg/L EtBr+200 mg/L SP),high-dose EtBr(100μg/L),and high-dose EtBr with SP(100μg/L EtBr+200 mg/L SP);the exposure period was 2 weeks.Low and high doses of EtBr induced alterations in some hematological,biochemical,and histopathological parameters.Necrotic hepatocytes,degenerated area,vacuolated hepatocytes,pyknotic nuclei,constricted and dilated blood sinusoids,and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed.Lipid peroxidation concentration was not significantly different in groups exposed to low doses of EtBr and EtBr with SP,but it was increased in groups exposed to high doses of EtBr and EtBr with SP,compared with the control group.After feeding with SP,most histological and histochemical parameters restored to normal values.Therefore,SP may possess the ability to preserve the structural integrity of the hepatic and renal membranes.
