A new mammalian photoreceptor was recently discovered to reside in the ganglion cell layer of the inner retina.These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGCs) express a photopigment,melanopsin,that c...A new mammalian photoreceptor was recently discovered to reside in the ganglion cell layer of the inner retina.These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGCs) express a photopigment,melanopsin,that confers upon them the ability to respond to light in the absence of all rod and cone photoreceptor input.Although relatively few in number,ipRGCs extend their dendrites across large expanses of the retina making them ideally suited to function as irradiance detectors to assess changes in ambient light levels.Phototransduction in ipRGCs appears to be mediated by transient receptor potential channels more closely resembling the phototransduction cascade of invertebrate rather than vertebrate photoreceptors.ipRGCs convey irradiance information centrally via the optic nerve to influence several functions.ipRGCs are the primary retinal input to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN),a circadian oscillator and biological clock,and this input entrains the SCN to the day/night cycle.ipRGCs contribute irradiance signals that regulate pupil size and they also provide signals that interface with the autonomic nervous system to regulate rhythmic gene activity in major organs of the body.ipRGCs also provide excitatory drive to dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retina,providing a novel basis for the restructuring of retinal circuits by light.Here we review the ground-breaking discoveries,current progress and directions for future investigation.展开更多
Acute focal cerebral ischemic stroke(IS)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Acupuncture is an emerging alternative therapy that has been beneficial to acute brain ischemia.However,the underlying pr...Acute focal cerebral ischemic stroke(IS)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Acupuncture is an emerging alternative therapy that has been beneficial to acute brain ischemia.However,the underlying protective mechanism of its neuroprotective effect remains unclear.Human original circadian rhythm will be lost after IS,which seriously affects the quality of life and functional recovery of stroke patients.We hypothesize that acupuncture treats IS by regulating the balance of Clock and Bmal1.This study aims to explore the effect of acupuncture at acupoints GV20 and BL23 on neuroprotection and anti-apoptosis in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rats and expression of apoptosis and circadian rhythm related proteins.Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal group(Normal),sham model group(Sham MCAO),MCAO model group(MCAO),sham electroacupuncture group(Sham EA)and electroacupuncture group(EA).The MCAO model was prepared by electrocoagulation.The first acupuncture treatment was performed within 2 h after surgery,and then acupuncture therapy was performed on 1st day,2nd day and 3rd day respectively.After their neurological examination at 72 h of ischemia,the rats from each group were sacrificed.Triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining was used to evaluate the brain infarct size.Ultrastructural observation on cerebral ischemic cortex and serum inflammatory cytokines were evaluated.TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis of brain tissue.The expression levels of proteins Bax,bcl-2,caspase-3,Clock and Bmal1 in the cerebral ischemic region were detected by immunofluorescence staining.Here,we presented evidence that EA at GV20 and BL23 could significantly improve the neurological deficit score and infarct size,and alleviate the cell apoptosis of brain tissue.Moreover,acupuncture treatment upregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reversed the upregulation of caspase-3 following 72-h cerebral ischemia.In addition,the expression levels of circadian proteins Cl展开更多
Circadian rhythms orchestrate biochemical and physi-ological processes in living organisms to respond the day/night cycle. In mammals, nearly all cells hold self- sustained circadian clocks meanwhile couple the intrin...Circadian rhythms orchestrate biochemical and physi-ological processes in living organisms to respond the day/night cycle. In mammals, nearly all cells hold self- sustained circadian clocks meanwhile couple the intrinsic rhythms to systemic changes in a hierarchical manner. The suprachiasmatic nucleus （SCN） of the hypothalamus functions as the master pacemaker to initiate daily synchronization according to the photope-riod, in turn determines the phase of peripheral cellular clocks through a variety of signaling relays, including endocrine rhythms and metabolic cycles. With aging, circadian desynchrony occurs at the expense of peripheral metabolic pathologies and central neurode- generative disorders with sleep symptoms, and genetic ablation of circadian genes in model organisms resem- bled the aging-related features. Notably, a number of studies have linked longevity nutrient sensing pathways in modulating circadian clocks. Therapeutic strategies that bridge the nutrient sensing pathways and circadian clock might be rational designs to defy aging.展开更多
目的探讨中医时间学在高血压护理中的应用,依据中医理论探讨药物的服用时间。方法收集住院高血压患者104例,随机分为观察组和对照组各52例。观察组采用中医时间护理,对照组采用一般护理方法,观察2组血压改善情况。结果 2组治疗后24 h SB...目的探讨中医时间学在高血压护理中的应用,依据中医理论探讨药物的服用时间。方法收集住院高血压患者104例,随机分为观察组和对照组各52例。观察组采用中医时间护理,对照组采用一般护理方法,观察2组血压改善情况。结果 2组治疗后24 h SBp峰值、24 h DBp峰值、夜间SBp、夜间DBp均明显下降(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血压各项指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对高血压患者实施中医时间护理干预,可有效提高降压效果,改善高血压患者的生活质量。展开更多
The etiology of digestive pathologies such as irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) and cancer is not yet fully understood. In recent years, several studies have evidenced circadian variation...The etiology of digestive pathologies such as irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) and cancer is not yet fully understood. In recent years, several studies have evidenced circadian variations in mechanisms involved in digestive health. In situations of disturbed circadian rhythms(chronodisruption) where the central clock and the peripheral clocks receive incoherent signals, the synchronicity is lost producing implications for health. This lack of coordination could alter the tissue function and cause long term damage to the organs. Life habits such as sleep, physical exercise, social interaction, and feeding times are determinants for stability and integrity of circadian rhythms. In recent years, experimental and clinical studies have consistently evidenced that the alteration of circadian rhythms is associated with the development of digestive pathologies mainly linked to dismotility or changes in microbiota composition. Likewise, it seems reasonable to deep into the importance of chronodisruption as a factor that may participate in the development of pathologies such as IBS, IBD and digestive cancers. Moreover, life habits respecting circadian rhythms should be promoted for the prevention of these diseases. Further studies will allow us a better understanding of the mechanisms acting at molecular level, and the development of new therapeutic targets.展开更多
AIM:To analyze pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian rhythms, and to correlate hormonal alterations with clinical performance, hepatic disease severity and diagnostic tests used for the detection of hepatic enceph...AIM:To analyze pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian rhythms, and to correlate hormonal alterations with clinical performance, hepatic disease severity and diagnostic tests used for the detection of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. METHODS:Twenty-six patients with cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Thirteen patients hospitalized for systemic diseases not affecting the liver were included as controls. Liver disease severity was assessed by the Child-Pugh score. All patients underwent detailed neurological assessment, electroencephalogram (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of pituitary hormone, cortisol and melatonin, and complete blood chemistry evaluation. RESULTS: Pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns were altered in cirrhosis patients without clinical encephalopathy. Circadian hormone alterations were different in cirrhosis patients compared with controls. Although cortisol secretion was not altered in any patient with cirrhosis, the basal cortisol levels were lowand correlated with EEG and brain MRI abnormalities. Melatonin was the only hormone associated with the severity of liver insufficiency. CONCLUSION: Abnormal pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns are present in cirrhosis before the development of hepatic encephalopathy. These abnormalities may be early indicators of impending hepatic encephalopathy. Factors affecting the human biologic clock at the early stages of liver insufficiency require further study.展开更多
De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. T...De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. The regenerative ability is highly dependent on the developmental status of the leaf. An immature leaf has a higher regenerative ability, while a mature leaf is difficult to regenerate. Using RNASeq analysis, we showed that the expression levels of many genes, including those in the auxin network,changed during leaf maturation. Particularly, the expression levels of many YUCCA(YUC) genes in the auxin biosynthesis pathway are responsive to leaf maturation. Overexpression of YUC1 in the yuc-1 D dominant mutant rescued the rooting defects caused by leaf maturation. In addition, YUC4 expression levels were also affected by circadian rhythms. The regenerative ability was reduced in both immature and mature mutant leaf explants from the new wuschel-related homeobox 11-3(wox11-3) and wox12-3 mutant alleles created by the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Overall, the transcriptome and genetic data, together with the auxin concentration analysis, indicate that the ability to upregulate auxin levels upon detachment may be reduced during leaf maturation. Thus, multiple developmental and environmental signals may converge to control auxin accumulation, which affects the efficiency of the WOX11/12-mediated DNRR from leaf explants.展开更多
The spleen is critical for immunity.It is the largest immune organ and immune center in the peripheral system.While the relationship between behavior and immunity has been demonstrated in physiology and diseases,the r...The spleen is critical for immunity.It is the largest immune organ and immune center in the peripheral system.While the relationship between behavior and immunity has been demonstrated in physiology and diseases,the role of the spleen in behavior is not clear.To investigate the effects of the spleen on behaviors,we performed a refined splenectomy procedure on C57BL/6J mice and performed an open field test,circadian rhythm test,elevated plus maze,sucrose preference test,and Barnes maze test.Splenectomy did not induce changes in general locomotion,circadian rhythms,learning and memory,or depression/anxiety-related behaviors.To further investigate the effects of spleen on stress susceptibility,we established mouse models of depression through chronic unpredictable mild stress.The behavioral performances of mice subjected to splenectomy showed no differences from control animals.These findings suggest that splenectomy does not cause changes in baseline behavioral performance in mice.展开更多
Research and Results: Schizophrenia begins with nasal obstruction, disrupting supraschalemic nucleus output and lateralized ultradian body rhythms. If one nostril is blocked, vaso-choking occurs in the ipsilateral bra...Research and Results: Schizophrenia begins with nasal obstruction, disrupting supraschalemic nucleus output and lateralized ultradian body rhythms. If one nostril is blocked, vaso-choking occurs in the ipsilateral brain hemisphere cortex, which has vesicles connected to the nose. This disturbs the ultradian balance of the body and brain hemispheres causing abnormal behavior and bizarre thinking. The brain has a bidirectional connection and communication with the body via the nervous system. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), and vagus nerve are linked. ANS lateralization can switch from parasympathetic to sympathetic due to vagus nerve changes. Schizophrenia is characterized by Basic Rest Activity Cycle (BRAC) energy balance disruption. Let’s examine how a disruption in the lateralization of the nasal cycle can lead to pathology in the mind. Purpose and Method: A literary search is conducted in comparison with authors’ introspective insights to summarize schizophrenia’s genesis after curing this disease to fill the knowledge gap between a few relevant theories to build a percept of the disease through this (mini) narrative review. Conclusion: Nasal cycle and vagus nerve toning can play roles in mental health.展开更多
Objective To better understand the pathological causes of bone loss in a space environment, including microgravity, ionizing radiation, and ultradian rhythms.Methods Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided in...Objective To better understand the pathological causes of bone loss in a space environment, including microgravity, ionizing radiation, and ultradian rhythms.Methods Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a baseline group, a control group, a hindlimb suspension group, a radiation group, a ultradian rhythms group and a combined-three-factor group. After four weeks of hindlimb suspension followed by X-ray exposure and/or ultradian rhythms, biomechanical properties, bone mineral density, histological analysis, microstructure parameters, and bone turnover markers were detected to evaluate bone loss in hindlimbs of rats.Results Simulated microgravity or combined-three factors treatment led to a significant decrease in the biomechanical properties of bones, reduction in bone mineral density, and deterioration of trabecular parameters. Ionizing radiation exposure also showed adverse impact while ultradian rhythms had no significant effect on these outcomes. Decrease in the concentration of the turnover markers bone alkaline phosphatase （bALP）, osteocalcin （OCN）, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b （TRAP-Sb） in serum was in line with the changes in trabecular parameters.Conclusion Simulated microgravity is the main contributor of bone loss. Radiation also results in deleterious effects but ultradian rhythms has no significant effect. Combined-three factors treatment do not exacerbate bone loss when compared to simulated microgravity treatment alone.展开更多
The circadian clock coordinates rhythms in numerous physiological processes to maintain organismal homeostasis. Since the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) is widely accepted as the circadian pacemaker, it is critical to u...The circadian clock coordinates rhythms in numerous physiological processes to maintain organismal homeostasis. Since the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) is widely accepted as the circadian pacemaker, it is critical to understand the neural mechanisms by which rhythmic information is transferred from the SCN to peripheral clocks. Here, we present the first comprehensive map of SCN efferent connections and suggest a molecular logic underlying these projections. The SCN projects broadly to most major regions of the brain, rather than solely to the hypothalamus and thalamus. The efferent projections from different subtypes of SCN neurons vary in distance and intensity, and blocking synaptic transmission of these circuits affects circadian rhythms in locomotion and feeding to different extents. We also developed a barcoding system to integrate retrograde tracing with in-situ sequencing, allowing us to link circuit anatomy and spatial patterns of gene expression. Analyses using this system revealed that brain regions functioning downstream of the SCN receive input from multiple neuropeptidergic cell types within the SCN, and that individual SCN neurons generally project to a single downstream brain region.This map of SCN efferent connections provides a critical foundation for future investigations into the neural circuits underlying SCNmediated rhythms in physiology. Further, our new barcoded tracing method provides a tool for revealing the molecular logic of neuronal circuits within heterogeneous brain regions.展开更多
manifestation of circadian rhythms.The modern use of electric lights alters environmental lighting,leading to light exposure at inappropriate times to disturb circadian homeostasis for both human and wildlife.The ligh...manifestation of circadian rhythms.The modern use of electric lights alters environmental lighting,leading to light exposure at inappropriate times to disturb circadian homeostasis for both human and wildlife.The light“pollution”and voluntary activities such as night shift work and transmeridian travelling have adverse consequences such as mood and metabolic disorders in humans.On the other hand,insufficient light exposure decreases neurotransmission from the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe,leading to seasonal and nonseasonal affective disorders,while properly timed bright light is beneficial to mood and cognition.Given the critical and complex roles of light in mammalian physiology and behavior,it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms.In this review,we discuss the neural mechanisms through which light regulates and dysregulates circadian rhythms in mammals.展开更多
Autophagy is a widespread biological process that controls cellular growth,survival,development,and death.Circadian rhythm is a recurring reaction of living organisms and behaviors to variations in surrounding brightn...Autophagy is a widespread biological process that controls cellular growth,survival,development,and death.Circadian rhythm is a recurring reaction of living organisms and behaviors to variations in surrounding brightness and obscurity.Most of the fundamental physiological processes in mammals,such as the sleep-wake pattern and the rhythm of nutrition and energy metabolism,are governed by circadian rhythms.Research has indicated that autophagy exhibits a specific circadian pattern in both normal and abnormal conditions.Autophagy can modulate circadian rhythms by breaking down proteins that regulate the circadian clock.The potential regulatory connection between the two has been a popular subject of clinical and fundamental research.Understanding the interaction between circadian rhythm and autophagy could potentially lead to the development of novel approaches for disease treatment in the future.The present analysis presented a summary of the molecular processes implicated in the interplay between autophagy and circadian rhythm,as well as the pathological importance of the disrupted regulatory association between these two phenomena.展开更多
While eye sensitivity in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus has long been known to be under the control of an endogenous circadian clock, only recently has horseshoe crab locomotion been shown to be contro...While eye sensitivity in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus has long been known to be under the control of an endogenous circadian clock, only recently has horseshoe crab locomotion been shown to be controlled by a separate clock system. In the laboratory, this system drives clear activity rhythms throughout much of the year, not just during the mating season when horseshoe crabs express clear tidal rhythms in the field. Water temperature is a key factor influencing the expression of these rhythms： at 17~C tidal rhythms are expressed by most animals, while at I l^C expression of circatidal rhythms is rarely seen, and at 4~C rhythms are suppressed. Neither long （16：8 Light：Dark） nor short （8：16） photoperiods modify this behavior at any of these temperatures. Synchronization of these circatidal rhythms can be most readily effeeted by water pressure cycles both in situ and in the lab, while temperature and current cycles play lesser, but possibly contributory, roles. Interestingly, Light：Dark cycles appear to have synchronizing as well as ＂masking＂ effects in some individuals. Evidence that each of two daily bouts of activity are independent suggests that the Limulus circatidal rhythm of locomotion is driven by two （circalunidian） clocks, each with a period of 24.8h. While the anatomical locations of either the circadian clock, that drives fluctuations in visual sensitivity, or the circatidal clock, that controls tidal rhythms of locomotion, are currently unknown, preliminary molecular analyses have shown that a 71 kD protein that reacts with antibodies directed against the Drosophila PERIOD （PER） protein is found in both the pro- tocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion展开更多
AIM:To synthesize the current body of research regarding the diurnal variations in intraocular pressure(IOP)and corneal biomechanical and morphological parameters,highlighting their significance in various eye conditi...AIM:To synthesize the current body of research regarding the diurnal variations in intraocular pressure(IOP)and corneal biomechanical and morphological parameters,highlighting their significance in various eye conditions.METHODS:A comprehensive review of studies on the diurnal variations of IOP and corneal parameters was conducted.Tonometry findings from various studies were assessed,including the Goldmann applanation tonometry(GAT)and non-contact tonometers.Data on the variations in central corneal thickness(CCT),corneal curvature,and corneal biomechanics measured by the Ocular Response Analyzer system across different population groups was extracted and analyzed.RESULTS:In both healthy subjects and those with Fuchs dystrophy,IOP and CCT demonstrate marked diurnal declines.GAT remains the gold standard for tonometry,with the highest reliability.However,its measurements are influenced by CCT.Keratoconus patients and those with pseudoexfoliation showed significant diurnal variations in IOP.The biomechanical parameters,especially corneal hysteresis(CH)and the corneal resistance factor(CRF),largely remain stable throughout the day for most of eye conditions,with some exceptions.Notably,the corneal morphology diurnal variation,particularly curvature,yielded mixed conclusions across studies.CONCLUSION:Circadian rhythms significantly influence various corneal parameters,most notably IOP and CCT.Further studies should emphasize standardized approaches larger sample sizes,and delve deeper into less-explored areas,such as the effects of orthokeratology lenses on diurnal biomechanical shifts.展开更多
Circadian rhythms refer to the endogenous rhythms that are generated to synchronize physiology and behavior with 24-h environmental cues. These rhythms are regulated by both external cues and molecular clock mechanism...Circadian rhythms refer to the endogenous rhythms that are generated to synchronize physiology and behavior with 24-h environmental cues. These rhythms are regulated by both external cues and molecular clock mechanisms in almost all cells. Disruption of circadian rhythms, which is called circadian disruption, afects many biological processes within the body and results in diferent long-term diseases, including cancer. Circadian regulatory pathways result in rhythmic epigenetic modiications and the formation of circadian epigenomes. Aberrant epigenetic modiications, such as hypermethylation, due to circadian disruption may be involved in the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Several studies have indicated an epigenetic basis for the carcinogenic efects of circadian disruption. In this review, I irst discuss some of the circadian genes and regulatory proteins. Then, I summarize the current evidence related to the epigenetic modiications that result in circadian disruption. In addition, I explain the carcinogenic efects of circadian disruption and highlight its potential role in diferent human cancers using an epigenetic viewpoint. Finally, the importance of chronotherapy in cancer treatment is highlighted.展开更多
Carbonate strata of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian area near Tianjin are ~3300 m thick and were deposited over some 100 million years(from ~1310±20 Ma to ~1207±10 Ma).Metre-scale cycles...Carbonate strata of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian area near Tianjin are ~3300 m thick and were deposited over some 100 million years(from ~1310±20 Ma to ~1207±10 Ma).Metre-scale cycles(parasequences) dominate the succession.They are generally of the peritidal carbonate type,and mostly show an approximately symmetrical lithofacies succession with thick stromatolite biostromes and small thromboliteoncolite bioherms constituting the central part and tidal-flat dolomites forming the upper and lower parts.Lagoonal-supratidal dolomitic shales with palaeosol caps make up the topmost layers.The boundaries of the Wumishan cycles are typically exposure surfaces,and there is abundant evidence for fresh-water diagenesis.Widespread 1:4 stacking patterns indicate that the individual Wumishan cycles are sixthorder parasequences,with 4 parasequences constituting one fifth-order parasequence set.Locally,5-8 beds or couplets,can be discerned in some of the cycles.The regular vertical stacking pattern of beds within the sixth-order parasequences,forming the fifth-order parasequence sets,are interpreted as the result of environmental fluctuations controlled by Milankovitch rhythms,namely the superimposition of precession,and short and long-eccentricity.The widespread 1:4 stacking pattern in the cyclic succession,as well as the local 1:5-8 stacking patterns of the beds within the cycles,suggest that the Milankovitch rhythms had similar ratios in the Mesoproterozoic as in the Phanerozoic.Based on the cycle stacking patterns,26 thirdorder sequences can be distinguished and these group into 6 second-order,transgressiveregressive megasequences(or sequence sets),all reflecting a composite,hierarchical succession of relative sea-level changes.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke R01 NS035615the National Eye Institute R01 EY017809
文摘A new mammalian photoreceptor was recently discovered to reside in the ganglion cell layer of the inner retina.These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGCs) express a photopigment,melanopsin,that confers upon them the ability to respond to light in the absence of all rod and cone photoreceptor input.Although relatively few in number,ipRGCs extend their dendrites across large expanses of the retina making them ideally suited to function as irradiance detectors to assess changes in ambient light levels.Phototransduction in ipRGCs appears to be mediated by transient receptor potential channels more closely resembling the phototransduction cascade of invertebrate rather than vertebrate photoreceptors.ipRGCs convey irradiance information centrally via the optic nerve to influence several functions.ipRGCs are the primary retinal input to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN),a circadian oscillator and biological clock,and this input entrains the SCN to the day/night cycle.ipRGCs contribute irradiance signals that regulate pupil size and they also provide signals that interface with the autonomic nervous system to regulate rhythmic gene activity in major organs of the body.ipRGCs also provide excitatory drive to dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retina,providing a novel basis for the restructuring of retinal circuits by light.Here we review the ground-breaking discoveries,current progress and directions for future investigation.
基金This study was supported by the Foundation of Hubei Provincal Department of Education of China(No.B2018098).
文摘Acute focal cerebral ischemic stroke(IS)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Acupuncture is an emerging alternative therapy that has been beneficial to acute brain ischemia.However,the underlying protective mechanism of its neuroprotective effect remains unclear.Human original circadian rhythm will be lost after IS,which seriously affects the quality of life and functional recovery of stroke patients.We hypothesize that acupuncture treats IS by regulating the balance of Clock and Bmal1.This study aims to explore the effect of acupuncture at acupoints GV20 and BL23 on neuroprotection and anti-apoptosis in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rats and expression of apoptosis and circadian rhythm related proteins.Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal group(Normal),sham model group(Sham MCAO),MCAO model group(MCAO),sham electroacupuncture group(Sham EA)and electroacupuncture group(EA).The MCAO model was prepared by electrocoagulation.The first acupuncture treatment was performed within 2 h after surgery,and then acupuncture therapy was performed on 1st day,2nd day and 3rd day respectively.After their neurological examination at 72 h of ischemia,the rats from each group were sacrificed.Triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining was used to evaluate the brain infarct size.Ultrastructural observation on cerebral ischemic cortex and serum inflammatory cytokines were evaluated.TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis of brain tissue.The expression levels of proteins Bax,bcl-2,caspase-3,Clock and Bmal1 in the cerebral ischemic region were detected by immunofluorescence staining.Here,we presented evidence that EA at GV20 and BL23 could significantly improve the neurological deficit score and infarct size,and alleviate the cell apoptosis of brain tissue.Moreover,acupuncture treatment upregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reversed the upregulation of caspase-3 following 72-h cerebral ischemia.In addition,the expression levels of circadian proteins Cl
文摘Circadian rhythms orchestrate biochemical and physi-ological processes in living organisms to respond the day/night cycle. In mammals, nearly all cells hold self- sustained circadian clocks meanwhile couple the intrinsic rhythms to systemic changes in a hierarchical manner. The suprachiasmatic nucleus （SCN） of the hypothalamus functions as the master pacemaker to initiate daily synchronization according to the photope-riod, in turn determines the phase of peripheral cellular clocks through a variety of signaling relays, including endocrine rhythms and metabolic cycles. With aging, circadian desynchrony occurs at the expense of peripheral metabolic pathologies and central neurode- generative disorders with sleep symptoms, and genetic ablation of circadian genes in model organisms resem- bled the aging-related features. Notably, a number of studies have linked longevity nutrient sensing pathways in modulating circadian clocks. Therapeutic strategies that bridge the nutrient sensing pathways and circadian clock might be rational designs to defy aging.
文摘目的探讨中医时间学在高血压护理中的应用,依据中医理论探讨药物的服用时间。方法收集住院高血压患者104例,随机分为观察组和对照组各52例。观察组采用中医时间护理,对照组采用一般护理方法,观察2组血压改善情况。结果 2组治疗后24 h SBp峰值、24 h DBp峰值、夜间SBp、夜间DBp均明显下降(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血压各项指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对高血压患者实施中医时间护理干预,可有效提高降压效果,改善高血压患者的生活质量。
文摘The etiology of digestive pathologies such as irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) and cancer is not yet fully understood. In recent years, several studies have evidenced circadian variations in mechanisms involved in digestive health. In situations of disturbed circadian rhythms(chronodisruption) where the central clock and the peripheral clocks receive incoherent signals, the synchronicity is lost producing implications for health. This lack of coordination could alter the tissue function and cause long term damage to the organs. Life habits such as sleep, physical exercise, social interaction, and feeding times are determinants for stability and integrity of circadian rhythms. In recent years, experimental and clinical studies have consistently evidenced that the alteration of circadian rhythms is associated with the development of digestive pathologies mainly linked to dismotility or changes in microbiota composition. Likewise, it seems reasonable to deep into the importance of chronodisruption as a factor that may participate in the development of pathologies such as IBS, IBD and digestive cancers. Moreover, life habits respecting circadian rhythms should be promoted for the prevention of these diseases. Further studies will allow us a better understanding of the mechanisms acting at molecular level, and the development of new therapeutic targets.
文摘AIM:To analyze pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian rhythms, and to correlate hormonal alterations with clinical performance, hepatic disease severity and diagnostic tests used for the detection of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. METHODS:Twenty-six patients with cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Thirteen patients hospitalized for systemic diseases not affecting the liver were included as controls. Liver disease severity was assessed by the Child-Pugh score. All patients underwent detailed neurological assessment, electroencephalogram (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of pituitary hormone, cortisol and melatonin, and complete blood chemistry evaluation. RESULTS: Pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns were altered in cirrhosis patients without clinical encephalopathy. Circadian hormone alterations were different in cirrhosis patients compared with controls. Although cortisol secretion was not altered in any patient with cirrhosis, the basal cortisol levels were lowand correlated with EEG and brain MRI abnormalities. Melatonin was the only hormone associated with the severity of liver insufficiency. CONCLUSION: Abnormal pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns are present in cirrhosis before the development of hepatic encephalopathy. These abnormalities may be early indicators of impending hepatic encephalopathy. Factors affecting the human biologic clock at the early stages of liver insufficiency require further study.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31630007, 31770399 and 21375066)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB27030103)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of CAS (QYZDB-SSWSMC010)the National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics
文摘De novo root regeneration(DNRR) has wide applications in agriculture such as those related to cutting technology. Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants can regenerate adventitious roots without added hormones. The regenerative ability is highly dependent on the developmental status of the leaf. An immature leaf has a higher regenerative ability, while a mature leaf is difficult to regenerate. Using RNASeq analysis, we showed that the expression levels of many genes, including those in the auxin network,changed during leaf maturation. Particularly, the expression levels of many YUCCA(YUC) genes in the auxin biosynthesis pathway are responsive to leaf maturation. Overexpression of YUC1 in the yuc-1 D dominant mutant rescued the rooting defects caused by leaf maturation. In addition, YUC4 expression levels were also affected by circadian rhythms. The regenerative ability was reduced in both immature and mature mutant leaf explants from the new wuschel-related homeobox 11-3(wox11-3) and wox12-3 mutant alleles created by the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Overall, the transcriptome and genetic data, together with the auxin concentration analysis, indicate that the ability to upregulate auxin levels upon detachment may be reduced during leaf maturation. Thus, multiple developmental and environmental signals may converge to control auxin accumulation, which affects the efficiency of the WOX11/12-mediated DNRR from leaf explants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81772438,81974357the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program,No.202206010197(all to YL)。
文摘The spleen is critical for immunity.It is the largest immune organ and immune center in the peripheral system.While the relationship between behavior and immunity has been demonstrated in physiology and diseases,the role of the spleen in behavior is not clear.To investigate the effects of the spleen on behaviors,we performed a refined splenectomy procedure on C57BL/6J mice and performed an open field test,circadian rhythm test,elevated plus maze,sucrose preference test,and Barnes maze test.Splenectomy did not induce changes in general locomotion,circadian rhythms,learning and memory,or depression/anxiety-related behaviors.To further investigate the effects of spleen on stress susceptibility,we established mouse models of depression through chronic unpredictable mild stress.The behavioral performances of mice subjected to splenectomy showed no differences from control animals.These findings suggest that splenectomy does not cause changes in baseline behavioral performance in mice.
文摘Research and Results: Schizophrenia begins with nasal obstruction, disrupting supraschalemic nucleus output and lateralized ultradian body rhythms. If one nostril is blocked, vaso-choking occurs in the ipsilateral brain hemisphere cortex, which has vesicles connected to the nose. This disturbs the ultradian balance of the body and brain hemispheres causing abnormal behavior and bizarre thinking. The brain has a bidirectional connection and communication with the body via the nervous system. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), and vagus nerve are linked. ANS lateralization can switch from parasympathetic to sympathetic due to vagus nerve changes. Schizophrenia is characterized by Basic Rest Activity Cycle (BRAC) energy balance disruption. Let’s examine how a disruption in the lateralization of the nasal cycle can lead to pathology in the mind. Purpose and Method: A literary search is conducted in comparison with authors’ introspective insights to summarize schizophrenia’s genesis after curing this disease to fill the knowledge gap between a few relevant theories to build a percept of the disease through this (mini) narrative review. Conclusion: Nasal cycle and vagus nerve toning can play roles in mental health.
基金supported by the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China[No.2015DFR30940]the Science and Technology Research Project of Gansu Province[No.145RTSA012 and No.17JR5RA307]
文摘Objective To better understand the pathological causes of bone loss in a space environment, including microgravity, ionizing radiation, and ultradian rhythms.Methods Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a baseline group, a control group, a hindlimb suspension group, a radiation group, a ultradian rhythms group and a combined-three-factor group. After four weeks of hindlimb suspension followed by X-ray exposure and/or ultradian rhythms, biomechanical properties, bone mineral density, histological analysis, microstructure parameters, and bone turnover markers were detected to evaluate bone loss in hindlimbs of rats.Results Simulated microgravity or combined-three factors treatment led to a significant decrease in the biomechanical properties of bones, reduction in bone mineral density, and deterioration of trabecular parameters. Ionizing radiation exposure also showed adverse impact while ultradian rhythms had no significant effect on these outcomes. Decrease in the concentration of the turnover markers bone alkaline phosphatase （bALP）, osteocalcin （OCN）, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b （TRAP-Sb） in serum was in line with the changes in trabecular parameters.Conclusion Simulated microgravity is the main contributor of bone loss. Radiation also results in deleterious effects but ultradian rhythms has no significant effect. Combined-three factors treatment do not exacerbate bone loss when compared to simulated microgravity treatment alone.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171157,31971090)Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2021ZD0203400)Kuanren Talents’Project of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University。
文摘The circadian clock coordinates rhythms in numerous physiological processes to maintain organismal homeostasis. Since the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) is widely accepted as the circadian pacemaker, it is critical to understand the neural mechanisms by which rhythmic information is transferred from the SCN to peripheral clocks. Here, we present the first comprehensive map of SCN efferent connections and suggest a molecular logic underlying these projections. The SCN projects broadly to most major regions of the brain, rather than solely to the hypothalamus and thalamus. The efferent projections from different subtypes of SCN neurons vary in distance and intensity, and blocking synaptic transmission of these circuits affects circadian rhythms in locomotion and feeding to different extents. We also developed a barcoding system to integrate retrograde tracing with in-situ sequencing, allowing us to link circuit anatomy and spatial patterns of gene expression. Analyses using this system revealed that brain regions functioning downstream of the SCN receive input from multiple neuropeptidergic cell types within the SCN, and that individual SCN neurons generally project to a single downstream brain region.This map of SCN efferent connections provides a critical foundation for future investigations into the neural circuits underlying SCNmediated rhythms in physiology. Further, our new barcoded tracing method provides a tool for revealing the molecular logic of neuronal circuits within heterogeneous brain regions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC31971091).
文摘manifestation of circadian rhythms.The modern use of electric lights alters environmental lighting,leading to light exposure at inappropriate times to disturb circadian homeostasis for both human and wildlife.The light“pollution”and voluntary activities such as night shift work and transmeridian travelling have adverse consequences such as mood and metabolic disorders in humans.On the other hand,insufficient light exposure decreases neurotransmission from the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe,leading to seasonal and nonseasonal affective disorders,while properly timed bright light is beneficial to mood and cognition.Given the critical and complex roles of light in mammalian physiology and behavior,it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms.In this review,we discuss the neural mechanisms through which light regulates and dysregulates circadian rhythms in mammals.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Code No.82100954/81800924)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(Code No.2023QN08026)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Code No.2022KW-12)The Basic and Natural Science Research Program of Shaanxi Province(Code No.2022JQ-915)Key Research and Development Program of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ202001ZY0059G)New Technology and New Business Project of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University(Code No.LX2021-416).
文摘Autophagy is a widespread biological process that controls cellular growth,survival,development,and death.Circadian rhythm is a recurring reaction of living organisms and behaviors to variations in surrounding brightness and obscurity.Most of the fundamental physiological processes in mammals,such as the sleep-wake pattern and the rhythm of nutrition and energy metabolism,are governed by circadian rhythms.Research has indicated that autophagy exhibits a specific circadian pattern in both normal and abnormal conditions.Autophagy can modulate circadian rhythms by breaking down proteins that regulate the circadian clock.The potential regulatory connection between the two has been a popular subject of clinical and fundamental research.Understanding the interaction between circadian rhythm and autophagy could potentially lead to the development of novel approaches for disease treatment in the future.The present analysis presented a summary of the molecular processes implicated in the interplay between autophagy and circadian rhythm,as well as the pathological importance of the disrupted regulatory association between these two phenomena.
文摘While eye sensitivity in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus has long been known to be under the control of an endogenous circadian clock, only recently has horseshoe crab locomotion been shown to be controlled by a separate clock system. In the laboratory, this system drives clear activity rhythms throughout much of the year, not just during the mating season when horseshoe crabs express clear tidal rhythms in the field. Water temperature is a key factor influencing the expression of these rhythms： at 17~C tidal rhythms are expressed by most animals, while at I l^C expression of circatidal rhythms is rarely seen, and at 4~C rhythms are suppressed. Neither long （16：8 Light：Dark） nor short （8：16） photoperiods modify this behavior at any of these temperatures. Synchronization of these circatidal rhythms can be most readily effeeted by water pressure cycles both in situ and in the lab, while temperature and current cycles play lesser, but possibly contributory, roles. Interestingly, Light：Dark cycles appear to have synchronizing as well as ＂masking＂ effects in some individuals. Evidence that each of two daily bouts of activity are independent suggests that the Limulus circatidal rhythm of locomotion is driven by two （circalunidian） clocks, each with a period of 24.8h. While the anatomical locations of either the circadian clock, that drives fluctuations in visual sensitivity, or the circatidal clock, that controls tidal rhythms of locomotion, are currently unknown, preliminary molecular analyses have shown that a 71 kD protein that reacts with antibodies directed against the Drosophila PERIOD （PER） protein is found in both the pro- tocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion
基金supported by the Conselleria de Innovación,Universidades,Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana within the Program ACIF(Subvenciones para la contratación de personal investigador predoctoral),reference number CIACIF/2022/073,cofinanced by European Social Fund.
文摘AIM:To synthesize the current body of research regarding the diurnal variations in intraocular pressure(IOP)and corneal biomechanical and morphological parameters,highlighting their significance in various eye conditions.METHODS:A comprehensive review of studies on the diurnal variations of IOP and corneal parameters was conducted.Tonometry findings from various studies were assessed,including the Goldmann applanation tonometry(GAT)and non-contact tonometers.Data on the variations in central corneal thickness(CCT),corneal curvature,and corneal biomechanics measured by the Ocular Response Analyzer system across different population groups was extracted and analyzed.RESULTS:In both healthy subjects and those with Fuchs dystrophy,IOP and CCT demonstrate marked diurnal declines.GAT remains the gold standard for tonometry,with the highest reliability.However,its measurements are influenced by CCT.Keratoconus patients and those with pseudoexfoliation showed significant diurnal variations in IOP.The biomechanical parameters,especially corneal hysteresis(CH)and the corneal resistance factor(CRF),largely remain stable throughout the day for most of eye conditions,with some exceptions.Notably,the corneal morphology diurnal variation,particularly curvature,yielded mixed conclusions across studies.CONCLUSION:Circadian rhythms significantly influence various corneal parameters,most notably IOP and CCT.Further studies should emphasize standardized approaches larger sample sizes,and delve deeper into less-explored areas,such as the effects of orthokeratology lenses on diurnal biomechanical shifts.
文摘Circadian rhythms refer to the endogenous rhythms that are generated to synchronize physiology and behavior with 24-h environmental cues. These rhythms are regulated by both external cues and molecular clock mechanisms in almost all cells. Disruption of circadian rhythms, which is called circadian disruption, afects many biological processes within the body and results in diferent long-term diseases, including cancer. Circadian regulatory pathways result in rhythmic epigenetic modiications and the formation of circadian epigenomes. Aberrant epigenetic modiications, such as hypermethylation, due to circadian disruption may be involved in the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Several studies have indicated an epigenetic basis for the carcinogenic efects of circadian disruption. In this review, I irst discuss some of the circadian genes and regulatory proteins. Then, I summarize the current evidence related to the epigenetic modiications that result in circadian disruption. In addition, I explain the carcinogenic efects of circadian disruption and highlight its potential role in diferent human cancers using an epigenetic viewpoint. Finally, the importance of chronotherapy in cancer treatment is highlighted.
基金The funding for this research into the Middle and Upper Proterozoic strata of North China was provided by the Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant 49802012,40472065)
文摘Carbonate strata of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian area near Tianjin are ~3300 m thick and were deposited over some 100 million years(from ~1310±20 Ma to ~1207±10 Ma).Metre-scale cycles(parasequences) dominate the succession.They are generally of the peritidal carbonate type,and mostly show an approximately symmetrical lithofacies succession with thick stromatolite biostromes and small thromboliteoncolite bioherms constituting the central part and tidal-flat dolomites forming the upper and lower parts.Lagoonal-supratidal dolomitic shales with palaeosol caps make up the topmost layers.The boundaries of the Wumishan cycles are typically exposure surfaces,and there is abundant evidence for fresh-water diagenesis.Widespread 1:4 stacking patterns indicate that the individual Wumishan cycles are sixthorder parasequences,with 4 parasequences constituting one fifth-order parasequence set.Locally,5-8 beds or couplets,can be discerned in some of the cycles.The regular vertical stacking pattern of beds within the sixth-order parasequences,forming the fifth-order parasequence sets,are interpreted as the result of environmental fluctuations controlled by Milankovitch rhythms,namely the superimposition of precession,and short and long-eccentricity.The widespread 1:4 stacking pattern in the cyclic succession,as well as the local 1:5-8 stacking patterns of the beds within the cycles,suggest that the Milankovitch rhythms had similar ratios in the Mesoproterozoic as in the Phanerozoic.Based on the cycle stacking patterns,26 thirdorder sequences can be distinguished and these group into 6 second-order,transgressiveregressive megasequences(or sequence sets),all reflecting a composite,hierarchical succession of relative sea-level changes.
