Chinese medicine （CM） is the most typical conventional therapy compared with any other traditional or alternative medicine systems. The active components of CMs are either primary or secondary metabolites generated ...Chinese medicine （CM） is the most typical conventional therapy compared with any other traditional or alternative medicine systems. The active components of CMs are either primary or secondary metabolites generated by metabolic and biosynthetic enzymes in plants, protecting the plants from environmental stress. The characteristics of these metabolites are diverse, complicated and unique. In this paper, current approaches for quality assessment were extensively reviewed, a new concept of quality marker （Q-marker） was then proposed for CM quality assessment. Additionally, definition of the Q-marker, as well as the relevant methods, were discussed, on the basis of the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites and source of biological active components. Study design of Q-marker is complex system for quality assessment and production process control of CM products with transitivity and traceability. Therefore, the system with characteristics of transmission and traceability is expected to be established for regulation of quality. Upon the concept which the transitivity and traceability in the quality assessment and production process control covered the entire process, such as raw materials, decoction slices, processing, extraction and production can be further enhanced. The transitivity and traceability will inevitably require close attention to ＂who, what, where, when, and why＂ details at each stage of Q-markers of CM production form raw materials to patent product. The establishing quality standards are enablers of many and various transitivity and traceability solutions, not a solution in them. It means that the transitivity and traceability system is readily link between products and across borders in quality. According to the thinking mode and methods of investigation on quality assessment of CM product, we focus on the entire process, in terms of safety and effectiveness and quality control. The standard preparation of CM or CM decoction is not only the basis for study of Q-marker, but also the展开更多
AIM:To assess expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2(MMP2)and MMP9 in gastric cancer,superficial gastritis and normal mucosa,and to measure metalloproteinase activity.METHODS:MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression was deter...AIM:To assess expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2(MMP2)and MMP9 in gastric cancer,superficial gastritis and normal mucosa,and to measure metalloproteinase activity.METHODS:MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Normalization was carried out using three different factors.Proteins were analyzed by quantitative gelatin zymography(qGZ).RESULTS:18S ribosomal RNA(18SRNA)was very highly expressed,while hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase-1(HPRT-1)was moderately expressed.MMP2 was highly expressed,while MMP9 was not detected or lowly expressed in normal tissues,moderately or highly expressed in gastritis and highly expressed in cancer.Relative expression of 18SRNA and HPRT-1 showed no significant differences.Significant differences in MMP2 and MMP9 were found between cancer and normal tissue,but not between gastritis and normal tissue.Absolute quantification of MMP9 echoed this pattern,but differential expression of MMP2 proved conflictive.Analysis by qGZ indicated significant differences between cancer and normal tissue in MMP-2,total MMP-9,250 and 110 kDa bands.CONCLUSION:MMP9 expression is enhanced in gastric cancer compared to normal mucosa;interpretation of differential expression of MMP2 is difficult to establish.展开更多
Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using ...Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole- genome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 （OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37） is respon- sible for the Early heading7-2 （EH7-2）/Heading date2 （Hd2） QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ＇Milyang23 （M23）＇ and early-heading rice ＇H143＇. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT （CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1） domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day condi- tions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53~ N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and GhdT/ Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions.展开更多
205 surface pollen samples from different communities in Northern China were analyzed to understand the quantitative relationship between pollen and its original vegetation. Pollen analysis and vegetation investigatio...205 surface pollen samples from different communities in Northern China were analyzed to understand the quantitative relationship between pollen and its original vegetation. Pollen analysis and vegetation investigation show that the pollen assemblages differ a lot in different vegetation regions. Arboreal pollen account for more than 30% in temperate broad-deciduous forests region. In temperate steppe regions, herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, where Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are domi- nant pollen types with Artemisia percentages more than 30%. In temperate desert, Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages are more than Artemisia, where ferns are rare. Cyperaceae pollen percentages are more than 20% in sub-alpine or cold meadows. The relations between pollen percentages and vegeta- tion cover indicate that most arboreal pollen shows a close relationship with parent plant covers, most shrubby pollen types have more or less correlations, but most herbs do not show clear correlations. For arboreal pollen types, Picea pollen shows the closest correlation with spruce trees coverage, then is Quercus and Carpinus. Betula, Larix and Juglans have also high correlation coefficients with their plants coverage, but Betula pollen is of overrepresented pollen type and more than 40% in birch forest, while Larix and Juglans pollen is underrepresented and pollen percentages are more than 10% in Larix or Juglans pure forests. Pinus is of overrepresented pollen type, and pollen percentages have some relations with plants cover. Pine forest might present when Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30%. The relations between Ulmus and Populus pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not close, where they are mixed with other arbors, they cannot be recorded easily, but if their pollen percentages are more than 1%, Ulmus or Populus trees should exist. For shrubby pollen types, the correlation be- tween Vitex pollen percentages and vegetation cover is the highest, then is Corylus, Tamariaceae and Nitraria, and their pollen percent展开更多
基金National Natural Science Fundantion of China(No.81430096)
文摘Chinese medicine （CM） is the most typical conventional therapy compared with any other traditional or alternative medicine systems. The active components of CMs are either primary or secondary metabolites generated by metabolic and biosynthetic enzymes in plants, protecting the plants from environmental stress. The characteristics of these metabolites are diverse, complicated and unique. In this paper, current approaches for quality assessment were extensively reviewed, a new concept of quality marker （Q-marker） was then proposed for CM quality assessment. Additionally, definition of the Q-marker, as well as the relevant methods, were discussed, on the basis of the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites and source of biological active components. Study design of Q-marker is complex system for quality assessment and production process control of CM products with transitivity and traceability. Therefore, the system with characteristics of transmission and traceability is expected to be established for regulation of quality. Upon the concept which the transitivity and traceability in the quality assessment and production process control covered the entire process, such as raw materials, decoction slices, processing, extraction and production can be further enhanced. The transitivity and traceability will inevitably require close attention to ＂who, what, where, when, and why＂ details at each stage of Q-markers of CM production form raw materials to patent product. The establishing quality standards are enablers of many and various transitivity and traceability solutions, not a solution in them. It means that the transitivity and traceability system is readily link between products and across borders in quality. According to the thinking mode and methods of investigation on quality assessment of CM product, we focus on the entire process, in terms of safety and effectiveness and quality control. The standard preparation of CM or CM decoction is not only the basis for study of Q-marker, but also the
基金Supported by The National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT:85675 and 79628)Institute of Public Health(POA: 2008-2010)Research Office of Veracruzana University and Public Education Secretariat(SEP-PROMEP-UV:PTC-319)
文摘AIM:To assess expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2(MMP2)and MMP9 in gastric cancer,superficial gastritis and normal mucosa,and to measure metalloproteinase activity.METHODS:MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Normalization was carried out using three different factors.Proteins were analyzed by quantitative gelatin zymography(qGZ).RESULTS:18S ribosomal RNA(18SRNA)was very highly expressed,while hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase-1(HPRT-1)was moderately expressed.MMP2 was highly expressed,while MMP9 was not detected or lowly expressed in normal tissues,moderately or highly expressed in gastritis and highly expressed in cancer.Relative expression of 18SRNA and HPRT-1 showed no significant differences.Significant differences in MMP2 and MMP9 were found between cancer and normal tissue,but not between gastritis and normal tissue.Absolute quantification of MMP9 echoed this pattern,but differential expression of MMP2 proved conflictive.Analysis by qGZ indicated significant differences between cancer and normal tissue in MMP-2,total MMP-9,250 and 110 kDa bands.CONCLUSION:MMP9 expression is enhanced in gastric cancer compared to normal mucosa;interpretation of differential expression of MMP2 is difficult to establish.
文摘Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole- genome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 （OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37） is respon- sible for the Early heading7-2 （EH7-2）/Heading date2 （Hd2） QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ＇Milyang23 （M23）＇ and early-heading rice ＇H143＇. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT （CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1） domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day condi- tions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53~ N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and GhdT/ Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions.
基金Supported by the Special Foundation for Preliminary Research of Key Research Project Science and Technology Ministry of China (Grant No.2003CCA01800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40571166)+1 种基金the Key Na-tional Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 40331011) the Special Foundation for Doctorate Authorized Units of Ministry of Education (Grant No. 49920205)
文摘205 surface pollen samples from different communities in Northern China were analyzed to understand the quantitative relationship between pollen and its original vegetation. Pollen analysis and vegetation investigation show that the pollen assemblages differ a lot in different vegetation regions. Arboreal pollen account for more than 30% in temperate broad-deciduous forests region. In temperate steppe regions, herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, where Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are domi- nant pollen types with Artemisia percentages more than 30%. In temperate desert, Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages are more than Artemisia, where ferns are rare. Cyperaceae pollen percentages are more than 20% in sub-alpine or cold meadows. The relations between pollen percentages and vegeta- tion cover indicate that most arboreal pollen shows a close relationship with parent plant covers, most shrubby pollen types have more or less correlations, but most herbs do not show clear correlations. For arboreal pollen types, Picea pollen shows the closest correlation with spruce trees coverage, then is Quercus and Carpinus. Betula, Larix and Juglans have also high correlation coefficients with their plants coverage, but Betula pollen is of overrepresented pollen type and more than 40% in birch forest, while Larix and Juglans pollen is underrepresented and pollen percentages are more than 10% in Larix or Juglans pure forests. Pinus is of overrepresented pollen type, and pollen percentages have some relations with plants cover. Pine forest might present when Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30%. The relations between Ulmus and Populus pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not close, where they are mixed with other arbors, they cannot be recorded easily, but if their pollen percentages are more than 1%, Ulmus or Populus trees should exist. For shrubby pollen types, the correlation be- tween Vitex pollen percentages and vegetation cover is the highest, then is Corylus, Tamariaceae and Nitraria, and their pollen percent
