Wireless sensor networks are a favorite target of Byzantine malicious attackers because of their limited energy, low calculation capability, and dynamic topology, and other important characteristics. The Byzantine Gen...Wireless sensor networks are a favorite target of Byzantine malicious attackers because of their limited energy, low calculation capability, and dynamic topology, and other important characteristics. The Byzantine Generals Problem is one of the classical problems in the area of fault tolerance, and has wide application, especially in distributed databases and systems. There is a lot of research in agreement and replication techniques that tolerate Byzantine faults. However, most of this work is not suited to large-scale wireless sensor networks, due to its high computational complexity. By introducing Fast ECDSA(Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm), which can resist timing and energy attacks, and reduce the proportion of verifying signature algorithm to generating signature algorithm to 1.2 times, we propose a new Byzantine fault-tolerant routing algorithm for large-scale wireless sensor networks with double-level hierarchical architecture. In different levels, the algorithm runs different BFT protocols.Theory and simulation results have proved that this algorithm has high security and the number of communication rounds between clusters is reduced by 1/3, which balances the network load. At the same time, the application of Fast ECDSA improves the security level of the network without burdening it.展开更多
The particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is an established nature-inspired population-based meta-heuristic that replicates the synchronizing movements of birds and sh.PSO is essentially an unconstrained algorithm...The particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is an established nature-inspired population-based meta-heuristic that replicates the synchronizing movements of birds and sh.PSO is essentially an unconstrained algorithm and requires constraint handling techniques(CHTs)to solve constrained optimization problems(COPs).For this purpose,we integrate two CHTs,the superiority of feasibility(SF)and the violation constraint-handling(VCH),with a PSO.These CHTs distinguish feasible solutions from infeasible ones.Moreover,in SF,the selection of infeasible solutions is based on their degree of constraint violations,whereas in VCH,the number of constraint violations by an infeasible solution is of more importance.Therefore,a PSO is adapted for constrained optimization,yielding two constrained variants,denoted SF-PSO and VCH-PSO.Both SF-PSO and VCH-PSO are evaluated with respect to ve engineering problems:the Himmelblau’s nonlinear optimization,the welded beam design,the spring design,the pressure vessel design,and the three-bar truss design.The simulation results show that both algorithms are consistent in terms of their solutions to these problems,including their different available versions.Comparison of the SF-PSO and the VCHPSO with other existing algorithms on the tested problems shows that the proposed algorithms have lower computational cost in terms of the number of function evaluations used.We also report our disagreement with some unjust comparisons made by other researchers regarding the tested problems and their different variants.展开更多
利用热扩散式边材液流探针和Watch dog 小气候观测仪对延庆县上辛庄水土保持站山杨(Populusdavidiana)边材液流速率及其与环境因子的关系进行了观测研究。结果表明,山杨树干边材液流曲线呈宽峰状,表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化规律,...利用热扩散式边材液流探针和Watch dog 小气候观测仪对延庆县上辛庄水土保持站山杨(Populusdavidiana)边材液流速率及其与环境因子的关系进行了观测研究。结果表明,山杨树干边材液流曲线呈宽峰状,表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化规律,日出后7:00-8:00时液流开始上升,并于13:00-16:00 时达到峰值,然后迅速下降,19:00时速度变慢,至次日日出之前液流微弱,时断时续;7 月份进入雨季,液流速率提高,8 月份由于持续干旱,有所下降,进入9月份,地形雨增加,含水量湿度提高,液流速率又重新上升,10 月份山杨生长变慢,液流速率明显下降。同时,分析了液流速率的波动规律与主要气象因素波动的相关性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61332019, 61572304, 61272056, and 60970006)the Innovation Grant of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 14ZZ089)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks (No. SKLSFO2014-06)
文摘Wireless sensor networks are a favorite target of Byzantine malicious attackers because of their limited energy, low calculation capability, and dynamic topology, and other important characteristics. The Byzantine Generals Problem is one of the classical problems in the area of fault tolerance, and has wide application, especially in distributed databases and systems. There is a lot of research in agreement and replication techniques that tolerate Byzantine faults. However, most of this work is not suited to large-scale wireless sensor networks, due to its high computational complexity. By introducing Fast ECDSA(Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm), which can resist timing and energy attacks, and reduce the proportion of verifying signature algorithm to generating signature algorithm to 1.2 times, we propose a new Byzantine fault-tolerant routing algorithm for large-scale wireless sensor networks with double-level hierarchical architecture. In different levels, the algorithm runs different BFT protocols.Theory and simulation results have proved that this algorithm has high security and the number of communication rounds between clusters is reduced by 1/3, which balances the network load. At the same time, the application of Fast ECDSA improves the security level of the network without burdening it.
基金The authors thank the Higher Education Commission,Pakistan,for supporting this research under the project NRPU-8925(M.A.J.and H.U.K.),https://www.hec.gowpk/。
文摘The particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is an established nature-inspired population-based meta-heuristic that replicates the synchronizing movements of birds and sh.PSO is essentially an unconstrained algorithm and requires constraint handling techniques(CHTs)to solve constrained optimization problems(COPs).For this purpose,we integrate two CHTs,the superiority of feasibility(SF)and the violation constraint-handling(VCH),with a PSO.These CHTs distinguish feasible solutions from infeasible ones.Moreover,in SF,the selection of infeasible solutions is based on their degree of constraint violations,whereas in VCH,the number of constraint violations by an infeasible solution is of more importance.Therefore,a PSO is adapted for constrained optimization,yielding two constrained variants,denoted SF-PSO and VCH-PSO.Both SF-PSO and VCH-PSO are evaluated with respect to ve engineering problems:the Himmelblau’s nonlinear optimization,the welded beam design,the spring design,the pressure vessel design,and the three-bar truss design.The simulation results show that both algorithms are consistent in terms of their solutions to these problems,including their different available versions.Comparison of the SF-PSO and the VCHPSO with other existing algorithms on the tested problems shows that the proposed algorithms have lower computational cost in terms of the number of function evaluations used.We also report our disagreement with some unjust comparisons made by other researchers regarding the tested problems and their different variants.
