Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors...Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.展开更多
The use of enteral feeding as part of the management of acute pancreatitis dates back almost two decades.This review describes the indications for and limitations of enteral feeding for the treatment of acute pancreat...The use of enteral feeding as part of the management of acute pancreatitis dates back almost two decades.This review describes the indications for and limitations of enteral feeding for the treatment of acute pancreatitis using up-to-date evidence-based data.A systematic review was carried out to analyse current data on the use of enteral nutrition in the management of acute pancreatitis.Relevant literature was analysed from the viewpoints of enteral vs parenteral feeding,early vs delayed enteral nutrition,nasogastric vs nasojejunal feeding,and early oral diet and immunonutrition,particularly glutamine and probiotic supplementation.Finally,current applicable guidelines and the effects of these guidelines on clinical practice are discussed.The latest meta-analyses suggest that enteral nutrition significantly reduces the mortality rate of severe acute pancreatitis compared to parenteral feeding.To maintain gut barrier function and prevent early bacterial translocation,enteral feeding should be commenced within the first 24 h of hospital admission.Also,the safety of nasogastric feeding,which eases the administration of enteral nutrients in the clinical setting,is likely equal to nasojejunal feeding.Furthermore,an earlylow-fat oral diet is potentially beneficial in patients with mild pancreatitis.Despite the initial encouraging results,the current evidence does not support the use of immunoenhanced nutrients or probiotics in patients with acute pancreatitis.展开更多
Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic ...Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.展开更多
Emerging data have shown a close association between compositional changes in gut microbiota and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The change in gut microbiota may alter nutritional absorption...Emerging data have shown a close association between compositional changes in gut microbiota and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The change in gut microbiota may alter nutritional absorption and storage.In addition,gut microbiota are a source of Toll-like receptor(TLR)ligands,and their compositional change can also increase the amount of TLR ligands delivered to the liver.TLR ligands can stimulate liver cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines.Therefore,the gut-liver axis has attracted much interest,particularly regarding the pathogenesis of NAFLD.The abundance of the major gut microbiota,including Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,has been considered a potential underlying mechanism of obesity and NAFLD,but the role of these microbiota in NAFLD remains unknown.Several reports have demonstrated that certain gut microbiota are associated with the development of obesity and NAFLD.For instance,a decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila causes a thinner intestinal mucus layer and promotes gut permeability,which allows the leakage of bacterial components.Interventions to increase Akkermansia muciniphila improve the metabolic parameters in obesity and NAFLD.In children,the levels of Escherichia were significantly increased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)compared with those in obese control.Escherichia can produce ethanol,which promotes gut permeability.Thus,normalization of gut microbiota using probiotics or prebiotics is a promising treatment option for NAFLD.In addition,TLR signaling in the liver is activated,and its downstream molecules,such as proinflammatory cytokines,are increased in NAFLD.To data,TLR2,TLR4,TLR5,and TLR9 have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD.Therefore,gut microbiota and TLRs are targets for NAFLD treatment.展开更多
In the last decade the impressive expansion of our knowledge of the vast microbial community that resides in the human intestine, the gut microbiota, has provided support to the concept that a disturbed intestinal eco...In the last decade the impressive expansion of our knowledge of the vast microbial community that resides in the human intestine, the gut microbiota, has provided support to the concept that a disturbed intestinal ecology might promote development and maintenance of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). As a correlate, manipulation of gut microbiota represents a new strategy for the treatment of this multifactorial disease. A number of attempts have been made to modulate the gut bacterial composition, following the idea that expansion of bacterial species considered as beneficial(Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) associated with the reduction of those considered harmful(Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas) should attenuate IBS symptoms. In this conceptual framework, probiotics appear an attractive option in terms of both efficacy and safety, while prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics still need confirmation. Fecal transplant is an old treatment translated from the cure of intestinal infective pathologies that has recently gained a new life as therapeutic option for those patients with a disturbed gut ecosystem, but data on IBS are scanty and randomized, placebo-controlled studies are required.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81670504 and No.81472287the New Xiangya Talent Project of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,No.20150308
文摘Ulcerative colitis(UC) is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It is believed that genetic factors, host immune system disorders, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. however, studies on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of UC have been inconclusive. Studies have shown that probiotics improve intestinal mucosa barrier function and immune system function and promote secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) can reduce bowel permeability and thus the severity of disease by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. FMT can also restore immune dysbiosis by inhibiting Th1 differentiation, activity of T cells, leukocyte adhesion, and production of inflammatory factors. Probiotics and FMT are being increasingly used to treat UC, but their use is controversial because of uncertain efficacy. Here, we briefly review the role of intestinal microbiota in thepathogenesis and treatment of UC.
文摘The use of enteral feeding as part of the management of acute pancreatitis dates back almost two decades.This review describes the indications for and limitations of enteral feeding for the treatment of acute pancreatitis using up-to-date evidence-based data.A systematic review was carried out to analyse current data on the use of enteral nutrition in the management of acute pancreatitis.Relevant literature was analysed from the viewpoints of enteral vs parenteral feeding,early vs delayed enteral nutrition,nasogastric vs nasojejunal feeding,and early oral diet and immunonutrition,particularly glutamine and probiotic supplementation.Finally,current applicable guidelines and the effects of these guidelines on clinical practice are discussed.The latest meta-analyses suggest that enteral nutrition significantly reduces the mortality rate of severe acute pancreatitis compared to parenteral feeding.To maintain gut barrier function and prevent early bacterial translocation,enteral feeding should be commenced within the first 24 h of hospital admission.Also,the safety of nasogastric feeding,which eases the administration of enteral nutrients in the clinical setting,is likely equal to nasojejunal feeding.Furthermore,an earlylow-fat oral diet is potentially beneficial in patients with mild pancreatitis.Despite the initial encouraging results,the current evidence does not support the use of immunoenhanced nutrients or probiotics in patients with acute pancreatitis.
文摘Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.
基金Supported by JSPS[Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)](to Miura K)
文摘Emerging data have shown a close association between compositional changes in gut microbiota and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The change in gut microbiota may alter nutritional absorption and storage.In addition,gut microbiota are a source of Toll-like receptor(TLR)ligands,and their compositional change can also increase the amount of TLR ligands delivered to the liver.TLR ligands can stimulate liver cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines.Therefore,the gut-liver axis has attracted much interest,particularly regarding the pathogenesis of NAFLD.The abundance of the major gut microbiota,including Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,has been considered a potential underlying mechanism of obesity and NAFLD,but the role of these microbiota in NAFLD remains unknown.Several reports have demonstrated that certain gut microbiota are associated with the development of obesity and NAFLD.For instance,a decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila causes a thinner intestinal mucus layer and promotes gut permeability,which allows the leakage of bacterial components.Interventions to increase Akkermansia muciniphila improve the metabolic parameters in obesity and NAFLD.In children,the levels of Escherichia were significantly increased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)compared with those in obese control.Escherichia can produce ethanol,which promotes gut permeability.Thus,normalization of gut microbiota using probiotics or prebiotics is a promising treatment option for NAFLD.In addition,TLR signaling in the liver is activated,and its downstream molecules,such as proinflammatory cytokines,are increased in NAFLD.To data,TLR2,TLR4,TLR5,and TLR9 have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD.Therefore,gut microbiota and TLRs are targets for NAFLD treatment.
文摘In the last decade the impressive expansion of our knowledge of the vast microbial community that resides in the human intestine, the gut microbiota, has provided support to the concept that a disturbed intestinal ecology might promote development and maintenance of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). As a correlate, manipulation of gut microbiota represents a new strategy for the treatment of this multifactorial disease. A number of attempts have been made to modulate the gut bacterial composition, following the idea that expansion of bacterial species considered as beneficial(Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) associated with the reduction of those considered harmful(Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas) should attenuate IBS symptoms. In this conceptual framework, probiotics appear an attractive option in terms of both efficacy and safety, while prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics still need confirmation. Fecal transplant is an old treatment translated from the cure of intestinal infective pathologies that has recently gained a new life as therapeutic option for those patients with a disturbed gut ecosystem, but data on IBS are scanty and randomized, placebo-controlled studies are required.
