目的:为了了解国内专利后原研药及其仿制药的总体情况,为仿制药质量一致性评价及相关政策研究提供依据。方法:通过对上海医院购药信息系统(Shanghai Purchasing Drug Information System,HPDIS)中2002—2011年的数据整理和分析,对专利...目的:为了了解国内专利后原研药及其仿制药的总体情况,为仿制药质量一致性评价及相关政策研究提供依据。方法:通过对上海医院购药信息系统(Shanghai Purchasing Drug Information System,HPDIS)中2002—2011年的数据整理和分析,对专利后原研药及其仿制药的数量、剂型分布和比价进行研究。结果:目前市场上专利后原研药或仿制药的通用名有300个。在仿制药中片剂和胶囊剂占了约50%,注射剂占了约33%,其他剂型则较少。总体上,相同年份、相同通用名、相同剂型的仿制药的价格是其专利后原研药价格的60%左右,但也有一些差价悬殊和价格倒挂的品种。结论:仿制药质量一致性评价会对药品质量、制药行业、药品定价和药品费用等产生较大的影响,有关各方应该尽早预判并作相应准备。展开更多
China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and ...China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and high domestic stock have accompanied historically high domestic output, a situation dubbed the "triple high" phenomenon in current policy discussion. This paper explores the role of widening domestic-world market price gaps in determining the triple high phenomenon.Unlike earlier studies that relied on production capacities, this paper argues that domestic production and demand (hence imports) are functions of domestic and world market prices and proposes an analytical framework to explicitly capture such price gaps under restricted trade linkages in general equilibrium. Following this approach, a set of price scenarios for the 2011-2020 period are constructed and simulated in a computable general equilibrium model. Results from the core scenarios, in which recent domestic and world market price trends are assumed to continue, suggest that further widening price gaps would substantially increase grain imports and reduce domestic output (by 60 million tons) and self-sufficiency ratios from base levels. In the alternative scenarios with larger (smaller) price gaps, we find higher (lower) imports and larger (smaller) decreases in domestic output and self-sufficiency ratios. Such results provide important policy implications as China's agricultural policy undergoes significant adjustment.展开更多
The Growth Value Model(GVM)proposed theoretical closed form formulas consist-ing of Return on Equity(ROE)and the Price-to-Book value ratio(P/B)for fair stock prices and expected rates of return.Although regression ana...The Growth Value Model(GVM)proposed theoretical closed form formulas consist-ing of Return on Equity(ROE)and the Price-to-Book value ratio(P/B)for fair stock prices and expected rates of return.Although regression analysis can be employed to verify these theoretical closed form formulas,they cannot be explored by classical quintile or decile sorting approaches with intuition due to the essence of multi-factors and dynamical processes.This article uses visualization techniques to help intuitively explore GVM.The discerning findings and contributions of this paper is that we put forward the concept of the smart frontier,which can be regarded as the reasonable lower limit of P/B at a specific ROE by exploring fair P/B with ROE-P/B 2D dynamical process visualization.The coefficients in the formula can be determined by the quantile regression analysis with market data.The moving paths of the ROE and P/B in the cur-rent quarter and the subsequent quarters show that the portfolios at the lower right of the curve approaches this curve and stagnates here after the portfolios are formed.Furthermore,exploring expected rates of return with ROE-P/B-Return 3D dynamical process visualization,the results show that the data outside of the lower right edge of the“smart frontier”has positive quarterly return rates not only in the t+1 quarter but also in the t+2 quarter.The farther away the data in the t quarter is from the“smart frontier”,the larger the return rates in the t+1 and t+2 quarter.展开更多
文摘目的:为了了解国内专利后原研药及其仿制药的总体情况,为仿制药质量一致性评价及相关政策研究提供依据。方法:通过对上海医院购药信息系统(Shanghai Purchasing Drug Information System,HPDIS)中2002—2011年的数据整理和分析,对专利后原研药及其仿制药的数量、剂型分布和比价进行研究。结果:目前市场上专利后原研药或仿制药的通用名有300个。在仿制药中片剂和胶囊剂占了约50%,注射剂占了约33%,其他剂型则较少。总体上,相同年份、相同通用名、相同剂型的仿制药的价格是其专利后原研药价格的60%左右,但也有一些差价悬殊和价格倒挂的品种。结论:仿制药质量一致性评价会对药品质量、制药行业、药品定价和药品费用等产生较大的影响,有关各方应该尽早预判并作相应准备。
基金Zhu and Li acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71803085 and No.71673142)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2017M621766)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.KJQN201949)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and high domestic stock have accompanied historically high domestic output, a situation dubbed the "triple high" phenomenon in current policy discussion. This paper explores the role of widening domestic-world market price gaps in determining the triple high phenomenon.Unlike earlier studies that relied on production capacities, this paper argues that domestic production and demand (hence imports) are functions of domestic and world market prices and proposes an analytical framework to explicitly capture such price gaps under restricted trade linkages in general equilibrium. Following this approach, a set of price scenarios for the 2011-2020 period are constructed and simulated in a computable general equilibrium model. Results from the core scenarios, in which recent domestic and world market price trends are assumed to continue, suggest that further widening price gaps would substantially increase grain imports and reduce domestic output (by 60 million tons) and self-sufficiency ratios from base levels. In the alternative scenarios with larger (smaller) price gaps, we find higher (lower) imports and larger (smaller) decreases in domestic output and self-sufficiency ratios. Such results provide important policy implications as China's agricultural policy undergoes significant adjustment.
文摘The Growth Value Model(GVM)proposed theoretical closed form formulas consist-ing of Return on Equity(ROE)and the Price-to-Book value ratio(P/B)for fair stock prices and expected rates of return.Although regression analysis can be employed to verify these theoretical closed form formulas,they cannot be explored by classical quintile or decile sorting approaches with intuition due to the essence of multi-factors and dynamical processes.This article uses visualization techniques to help intuitively explore GVM.The discerning findings and contributions of this paper is that we put forward the concept of the smart frontier,which can be regarded as the reasonable lower limit of P/B at a specific ROE by exploring fair P/B with ROE-P/B 2D dynamical process visualization.The coefficients in the formula can be determined by the quantile regression analysis with market data.The moving paths of the ROE and P/B in the cur-rent quarter and the subsequent quarters show that the portfolios at the lower right of the curve approaches this curve and stagnates here after the portfolios are formed.Furthermore,exploring expected rates of return with ROE-P/B-Return 3D dynamical process visualization,the results show that the data outside of the lower right edge of the“smart frontier”has positive quarterly return rates not only in the t+1 quarter but also in the t+2 quarter.The farther away the data in the t quarter is from the“smart frontier”,the larger the return rates in the t+1 and t+2 quarter.
