采用高空和地面观测资料,对山东1999—2013年24次有相态逆转降雪过程的影响系统、出现时间、逆转前后的温度变化及各类系统逆转的天气形势特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)低槽冷锋、江淮气旋、黄河气旋和暖切变线可在山东产生降水相态...采用高空和地面观测资料,对山东1999—2013年24次有相态逆转降雪过程的影响系统、出现时间、逆转前后的温度变化及各类系统逆转的天气形势特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)低槽冷锋、江淮气旋、黄河气旋和暖切变线可在山东产生降水相态逆转,而回流形势降雪不会产生逆转。2)山东降水相态逆转发生在11月—次年4月,以12月和1月居多,12月频率最高;有明显的日变化,14时前后最容易发生逆转,而23时—次日05时最少。3)雪转雨时最显著的特征为地面2 m气温升高,升温幅度多在1~2℃;850 h Pa以下至地面的温度至少有1~2个层次升温。4)地面2 m气温对逆转的指示性最好,降雪时在0℃左右,略高于通常降雪阈值,最低为-1℃;其次为1 000 h Pa,降雪时接近于0℃。5)对流层低层暖平流升温或温度日变化升温导致雪转雨,温度平流弱时温度日变化起主要作用。各类天气系统的逆转范围、时段等有明显差异。因此,对于降雪阈值附近的相态预报,需综合考虑低层温度平流和日变化两个因素,重点关注地面2 m气温能否升温,午后为关键时段。展开更多
To investigate the diurnal variation of summer precipitation in the Qilian Mountains in the northeast Tibetan Plateau, the hourly precipitation amount for this region during the summers of 2008-2014 are analyzed using...To investigate the diurnal variation of summer precipitation in the Qilian Mountains in the northeast Tibetan Plateau, the hourly precipitation amount for this region during the summers of 2008-2014 are analyzed using an hourly merged precipitation product at 0.1°×0.1 ° resolution. The main results are as follows. （1） The spatial distribution and temporal variation of mean hourly precipitation amount and frequency are generally similar and hourly precipitations in the eastern and middle portions are larger and more frequent than that in the western portion. The high value area of precipitation intensity is obviously different from that of precipitation amount and frequency. （2） The spatial distribution of daytime precipitation is generally similar to that of nighttime precipitation, and the daytime precipitation is heavier than the nighttime precipitation. （3） The change rate of precipitation has a maximum at 20：00 Beijing time, and a minimum at 12：00. The hourly precipitation amount significantly correlated with frequency, especially for the middle and eastern portions.展开更多
Diurnal variations in amount, frequency and intensity of warm-season hourly precipitation(HP) at seven levels, which are defined as HP 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mm, are revealed based on no less than 30 years of h...Diurnal variations in amount, frequency and intensity of warm-season hourly precipitation(HP) at seven levels, which are defined as HP 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mm, are revealed based on no less than 30 years of hourly rain-gauge observations at national stations over central and eastern China(CEC). This study investigates the variations, relationships, differences and similarities of total, stratiform, convective and extreme HP over the entire CEC and various subregions. Results indicate that the variations in the amount and frequency of HP at the seven levels over the entire CEC all display a bimodal feature. For various regions, the variations of total HP mostly feature two peaks, while convective HP mainly occurs in the late afternoon and determines the diurnal variation of total HP intensity. On the basis of the primary peak time periods of HP frequency at all levels over different subregions, the variations can be classified into three main categories: late-afternoon primary peak, nocturnal primary peak, and time-shifting primary peak. However, the variations over some coastal regions like the Liaodong Peninsula, the Shandong Peninsula, and the coastal regions of Guangdong, distinctly differ from those over their corresponding larger regions. Overall, the normalized diurnal variation amplitude of amount and frequency increases with the increasing HP intensity; convective precipitation can be represented by HP 10 mm; and the intensity of HP 50 mm is slightly larger during the nighttime than during the daytime over the entire CEC. In northern China, diurnal variation in HP 5 mm can represent well that in convective precipitation.展开更多
文摘采用高空和地面观测资料,对山东1999—2013年24次有相态逆转降雪过程的影响系统、出现时间、逆转前后的温度变化及各类系统逆转的天气形势特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)低槽冷锋、江淮气旋、黄河气旋和暖切变线可在山东产生降水相态逆转,而回流形势降雪不会产生逆转。2)山东降水相态逆转发生在11月—次年4月,以12月和1月居多,12月频率最高;有明显的日变化,14时前后最容易发生逆转,而23时—次日05时最少。3)雪转雨时最显著的特征为地面2 m气温升高,升温幅度多在1~2℃;850 h Pa以下至地面的温度至少有1~2个层次升温。4)地面2 m气温对逆转的指示性最好,降雪时在0℃左右,略高于通常降雪阈值,最低为-1℃;其次为1 000 h Pa,降雪时接近于0℃。5)对流层低层暖平流升温或温度日变化升温导致雪转雨,温度平流弱时温度日变化起主要作用。各类天气系统的逆转范围、时段等有明显差异。因此,对于降雪阈值附近的相态预报,需综合考虑低层温度平流和日变化两个因素,重点关注地面2 m气温能否升温,午后为关键时段。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41461003 National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program）, No.2013CBA01801
文摘To investigate the diurnal variation of summer precipitation in the Qilian Mountains in the northeast Tibetan Plateau, the hourly precipitation amount for this region during the summers of 2008-2014 are analyzed using an hourly merged precipitation product at 0.1°×0.1 ° resolution. The main results are as follows. （1） The spatial distribution and temporal variation of mean hourly precipitation amount and frequency are generally similar and hourly precipitations in the eastern and middle portions are larger and more frequent than that in the western portion. The high value area of precipitation intensity is obviously different from that of precipitation amount and frequency. （2） The spatial distribution of daytime precipitation is generally similar to that of nighttime precipitation, and the daytime precipitation is heavier than the nighttime precipitation. （3） The change rate of precipitation has a maximum at 20：00 Beijing time, and a minimum at 12：00. The hourly precipitation amount significantly correlated with frequency, especially for the middle and eastern portions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.91637211 and 41375051)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2017YFC1502003)
文摘Diurnal variations in amount, frequency and intensity of warm-season hourly precipitation(HP) at seven levels, which are defined as HP 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mm, are revealed based on no less than 30 years of hourly rain-gauge observations at national stations over central and eastern China(CEC). This study investigates the variations, relationships, differences and similarities of total, stratiform, convective and extreme HP over the entire CEC and various subregions. Results indicate that the variations in the amount and frequency of HP at the seven levels over the entire CEC all display a bimodal feature. For various regions, the variations of total HP mostly feature two peaks, while convective HP mainly occurs in the late afternoon and determines the diurnal variation of total HP intensity. On the basis of the primary peak time periods of HP frequency at all levels over different subregions, the variations can be classified into three main categories: late-afternoon primary peak, nocturnal primary peak, and time-shifting primary peak. However, the variations over some coastal regions like the Liaodong Peninsula, the Shandong Peninsula, and the coastal regions of Guangdong, distinctly differ from those over their corresponding larger regions. Overall, the normalized diurnal variation amplitude of amount and frequency increases with the increasing HP intensity; convective precipitation can be represented by HP 10 mm; and the intensity of HP 50 mm is slightly larger during the nighttime than during the daytime over the entire CEC. In northern China, diurnal variation in HP 5 mm can represent well that in convective precipitation.
