Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections.However, a selective pressure gave rise to bacteria resistant to antibiotics.This leaves scientists worried about the danger to human and animal health.Some strategie...Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections.However, a selective pressure gave rise to bacteria resistant to antibiotics.This leaves scientists worried about the danger to human and animal health.Some strategies can be borrowed to reduce the use of antibiotics in chicken farms.Much research has been carried out to look for natural agents with similar beneficial effects of growth promoters.The aim of these alternatives is to maintain a low mortality rate, a good level of animal yield while preserving environment and consumer health.Among these, the most popular are probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes,organic acids, immunostimulants, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phytogenic feed additives, phytoncides,nanoparticles and essential oils.展开更多
Gut microbiota exerts a significant role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, as confirmed by studies conducted both on humans and animal models. Gut microbial composition and functions are strongly influenc...Gut microbiota exerts a significant role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, as confirmed by studies conducted both on humans and animal models. Gut microbial composition and functions are strongly influenced by diet. This complex intestinal “superorganism” seems to affect host metabolic balance modulating energy absorption, gut motility, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as hepatic fatty storage. An impairment of the fine balance between gut microbes and host’s immune system could culminate in the intestinal translocation of bacterial fragments and the development of “metabolic endotoxemia”, leading to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Diet induced weight-loss and bariatric surgery promote significant changes of gut microbial composition, that seem to affect the success, or the inefficacy, of treatment strategies. Manipulation of gut microbiota through the administration of prebiotics or probiotics could reduce intestinal low grade inflammation and improve gut barrier integrity, thus, ameliorating metabolic balance and promoting weight loss. However, further evidence is needed to better understand their clinical impact and therapeutic use.展开更多
It has been presumed that aberrant immune response to intestinal microorganisms in genetically predisposed individuals may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and there is a good d...It has been presumed that aberrant immune response to intestinal microorganisms in genetically predisposed individuals may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and there is a good deal of evidence supporting this hypothesis. Commensal enteric bacteria probably play a central role in pathogenesis, providing continuous antigenic stimulation that causes chronic intestinal injury. A strong biologic rationale supports the use of probiotics and prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Many probiotic strains exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through their effects on different immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion depression, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is very strong evidence supporting the use of multispecies probiotic VSL#3 for the prevention or recurrence of postoperative pouchitis in patients. For treatment of active ulcerative colitis, as well as for maintenance therapy, the clinical evidence of efficacy is strongest for VSL#3 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Moreover, some prebiotics, such as germinated barley foodstuff, Psyllium or oligofructose-enriched inulin, might provide some benefit in patients with active ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis in remission. The results of clinical trials in the treatment of active Crohn’s disease or the maintenance of its remission with probiotics and prebiotics are disappointing and do not support their use in this disease. The only exception is weak evidence of advantageous use of Saccharomyces boulardii concomitantly with medical therapy in maintenance treatment.展开更多
Alterations of intestinal microflora may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. There is emerging interest on the role of selective modulation of microflora in...Alterations of intestinal microflora may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. There is emerging interest on the role of selective modulation of microflora in inducing benefits in inflammatory intestinal disorders, by as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT). To summarize recent evidences on microflora modulation in main intestinal inflammatory disorders, Pub Med was searched using terms microbiota, intestinal flora, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal transplantation. More than three hundred articles published up to 2015 were selected and reviewed. Randomized placebo-controlled trials and meta-analysis were firstly included, mainly for probiotics. A meta-analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity of these studies. Most of relevant data derived from studies on probiotics, reporting some efficacy in ulcerative colitis and in pouchitis, while disappointing results are available for Crohn's disease. Probiotic supplementation may significantly reduce rates of rotavirus diarrhea. Efficacy of probiotics in NSAID enteropathy and irritable bowel syndrome is still controversial. Finally, FMT has been recently recognized as an efficacious treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Modulation of intestinal flora represents a very interesting therapeutic target, although it still deserves some doubts and limitations. Future studies should be encouraged to provide new understanding about its therapeutical role.展开更多
[目的]探讨肠道微生物与中药相互关系及作用机制。[方法]通过pubmed、知网等平台分别以"microbiome""microbiota""Traditional Chinese Medicine"英文关键词和以"中药""疾病"和"...[目的]探讨肠道微生物与中药相互关系及作用机制。[方法]通过pubmed、知网等平台分别以"microbiome""microbiota""Traditional Chinese Medicine"英文关键词和以"中药""疾病"和"肠道微生物"等为中文关键词进行文献检索,搜集整理国内外有关中药和肠道菌群的研究报道,对肠道菌群和中药的关系进行归类总结。[结果]将搜集到的文献根据作用对象进行归类,中药及其活性成分与肠道菌群之间的关系为互作关系,目前的研究主要聚焦在中药和菌群结构之间关系。一方面,中药可以通过选择性地抑制或者促进不同种类肠道微生物生长来实现对菌群结构和代谢功能的调节,从而促进人体的健康。另一方面,肠道微生物对中药有效成分进行生物转化,调节生物利用度和活性,在一些情况下也存在减弱药效或者增强毒副作用的可能。[结论]中药及中药活性成分与菌群的互作关系研究已经取得一些阶段性的成果,展示了肠道菌群在发现中药新用途及指导个性化用药等中药开发活动中的价值,而互作的机制仍有待通过联系到具体的菌株或者酶、群落功能分析,代谢状态分析等研究方法进一步深入。展开更多
Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides(AXOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans(AX) that can be fermented by the gut microbiota, thus potentially displaying prebiotic properties. This study examined the effect...Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides(AXOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans(AX) that can be fermented by the gut microbiota, thus potentially displaying prebiotic properties. This study examined the effects of AX and AXOS on net energy(NE) and nutrient utilization in broilers. Ross 308 broilers(n = 90, 30 birds per treatment) were fed wheat-soybean diets supplemented with pure AX, AXOS produced by exposing the AX to xylanase in vitro(AXOS), or AX with xylanase(AX + E) from d 10 to 21.Performance parameters were measured from d 10 to 21. On d 15, 10 birds per treatment were allocated to closed-circuit net energy chambers to assess the impact of AX and AXOS on dietary energy utilization,through assessment of both metabolisable energy(ME) and NE. Ileal and caecal digesta samples were collected on d 21 to determine the effect of AX and AXOS on ileal and total tract dry matter digestibility,ileal digestible energy, digesta pH, short chain fatty acids(SCFA) and microbiota concentration. Feed conversion ratio was numerically the lowest in birds fed the diet supplemented with AXOS, which is 1.26 compared to 1.37 and 1.30 for AX and AX + E, respectively. Ileal dry matter digestibility was higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX(P = 0.047). Ileal digestible energy and total tract dry matter digestibility were higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX or AX + E(P = 0.004 and P = 0.001,respectively). Birds fed AXOS had higher ME intake(P = 0.049) and nitrogen retention(P = 0.001) and a strong trend of higher NE(P = 0.056), NE intake(P = 0.057) and retained energy(P = 0.054) compared to those fed AX. Ileal total SCFA, lactic and formic acid concentrations were higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX(P = 0.011, P = 0.012 and P = 0.023, respectively). Birds fed AXOS or AX + E had higher caecal total SCFA, acetic, butyric and isovaleric acid concentrations compared to those fed AX(P = 0.001,P = 0.004, P = 0.016 and P = 0.008, respectively), and caecal propionic acid concentration was higher in birds fed AX + E展开更多
文摘Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections.However, a selective pressure gave rise to bacteria resistant to antibiotics.This leaves scientists worried about the danger to human and animal health.Some strategies can be borrowed to reduce the use of antibiotics in chicken farms.Much research has been carried out to look for natural agents with similar beneficial effects of growth promoters.The aim of these alternatives is to maintain a low mortality rate, a good level of animal yield while preserving environment and consumer health.Among these, the most popular are probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes,organic acids, immunostimulants, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phytogenic feed additives, phytoncides,nanoparticles and essential oils.
文摘Gut microbiota exerts a significant role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, as confirmed by studies conducted both on humans and animal models. Gut microbial composition and functions are strongly influenced by diet. This complex intestinal “superorganism” seems to affect host metabolic balance modulating energy absorption, gut motility, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as hepatic fatty storage. An impairment of the fine balance between gut microbes and host’s immune system could culminate in the intestinal translocation of bacterial fragments and the development of “metabolic endotoxemia”, leading to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Diet induced weight-loss and bariatric surgery promote significant changes of gut microbial composition, that seem to affect the success, or the inefficacy, of treatment strategies. Manipulation of gut microbiota through the administration of prebiotics or probiotics could reduce intestinal low grade inflammation and improve gut barrier integrity, thus, ameliorating metabolic balance and promoting weight loss. However, further evidence is needed to better understand their clinical impact and therapeutic use.
文摘It has been presumed that aberrant immune response to intestinal microorganisms in genetically predisposed individuals may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and there is a good deal of evidence supporting this hypothesis. Commensal enteric bacteria probably play a central role in pathogenesis, providing continuous antigenic stimulation that causes chronic intestinal injury. A strong biologic rationale supports the use of probiotics and prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Many probiotic strains exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through their effects on different immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion depression, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is very strong evidence supporting the use of multispecies probiotic VSL#3 for the prevention or recurrence of postoperative pouchitis in patients. For treatment of active ulcerative colitis, as well as for maintenance therapy, the clinical evidence of efficacy is strongest for VSL#3 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Moreover, some prebiotics, such as germinated barley foodstuff, Psyllium or oligofructose-enriched inulin, might provide some benefit in patients with active ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis in remission. The results of clinical trials in the treatment of active Crohn’s disease or the maintenance of its remission with probiotics and prebiotics are disappointing and do not support their use in this disease. The only exception is weak evidence of advantageous use of Saccharomyces boulardii concomitantly with medical therapy in maintenance treatment.
文摘Alterations of intestinal microflora may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. There is emerging interest on the role of selective modulation of microflora in inducing benefits in inflammatory intestinal disorders, by as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT). To summarize recent evidences on microflora modulation in main intestinal inflammatory disorders, Pub Med was searched using terms microbiota, intestinal flora, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal transplantation. More than three hundred articles published up to 2015 were selected and reviewed. Randomized placebo-controlled trials and meta-analysis were firstly included, mainly for probiotics. A meta-analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity of these studies. Most of relevant data derived from studies on probiotics, reporting some efficacy in ulcerative colitis and in pouchitis, while disappointing results are available for Crohn's disease. Probiotic supplementation may significantly reduce rates of rotavirus diarrhea. Efficacy of probiotics in NSAID enteropathy and irritable bowel syndrome is still controversial. Finally, FMT has been recently recognized as an efficacious treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Modulation of intestinal flora represents a very interesting therapeutic target, although it still deserves some doubts and limitations. Future studies should be encouraged to provide new understanding about its therapeutical role.
文摘[目的]探讨肠道微生物与中药相互关系及作用机制。[方法]通过pubmed、知网等平台分别以"microbiome""microbiota""Traditional Chinese Medicine"英文关键词和以"中药""疾病"和"肠道微生物"等为中文关键词进行文献检索,搜集整理国内外有关中药和肠道菌群的研究报道,对肠道菌群和中药的关系进行归类总结。[结果]将搜集到的文献根据作用对象进行归类,中药及其活性成分与肠道菌群之间的关系为互作关系,目前的研究主要聚焦在中药和菌群结构之间关系。一方面,中药可以通过选择性地抑制或者促进不同种类肠道微生物生长来实现对菌群结构和代谢功能的调节,从而促进人体的健康。另一方面,肠道微生物对中药有效成分进行生物转化,调节生物利用度和活性,在一些情况下也存在减弱药效或者增强毒副作用的可能。[结论]中药及中药活性成分与菌群的互作关系研究已经取得一些阶段性的成果,展示了肠道菌群在发现中药新用途及指导个性化用药等中药开发活动中的价值,而互作的机制仍有待通过联系到具体的菌株或者酶、群落功能分析,代谢状态分析等研究方法进一步深入。
基金Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Science(No. 2005KJ079)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.05300945)
文摘Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides(AXOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans(AX) that can be fermented by the gut microbiota, thus potentially displaying prebiotic properties. This study examined the effects of AX and AXOS on net energy(NE) and nutrient utilization in broilers. Ross 308 broilers(n = 90, 30 birds per treatment) were fed wheat-soybean diets supplemented with pure AX, AXOS produced by exposing the AX to xylanase in vitro(AXOS), or AX with xylanase(AX + E) from d 10 to 21.Performance parameters were measured from d 10 to 21. On d 15, 10 birds per treatment were allocated to closed-circuit net energy chambers to assess the impact of AX and AXOS on dietary energy utilization,through assessment of both metabolisable energy(ME) and NE. Ileal and caecal digesta samples were collected on d 21 to determine the effect of AX and AXOS on ileal and total tract dry matter digestibility,ileal digestible energy, digesta pH, short chain fatty acids(SCFA) and microbiota concentration. Feed conversion ratio was numerically the lowest in birds fed the diet supplemented with AXOS, which is 1.26 compared to 1.37 and 1.30 for AX and AX + E, respectively. Ileal dry matter digestibility was higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX(P = 0.047). Ileal digestible energy and total tract dry matter digestibility were higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX or AX + E(P = 0.004 and P = 0.001,respectively). Birds fed AXOS had higher ME intake(P = 0.049) and nitrogen retention(P = 0.001) and a strong trend of higher NE(P = 0.056), NE intake(P = 0.057) and retained energy(P = 0.054) compared to those fed AX. Ileal total SCFA, lactic and formic acid concentrations were higher in birds fed AXOS than those fed AX(P = 0.011, P = 0.012 and P = 0.023, respectively). Birds fed AXOS or AX + E had higher caecal total SCFA, acetic, butyric and isovaleric acid concentrations compared to those fed AX(P = 0.001,P = 0.004, P = 0.016 and P = 0.008, respectively), and caecal propionic acid concentration was higher in birds fed AX + E
