Resident and inflammatory macrophages are essential effectors of the innate immune system. These cells provide innate immune defenses and regulate tissue and organ homeostasis. In addition to their roles in diseases s...Resident and inflammatory macrophages are essential effectors of the innate immune system. These cells provide innate immune defenses and regulate tissue and organ homeostasis. In addition to their roles in diseases such as cancer, obesity and osteoarthritis, they play vital roles in tissue repair and disease rehabilitation. Macrophages and other inflammatory cells are recruited to tissue injury sites where they promote changes in the microenvironment. Among the inflammatory cell types, only macrophages have both pro-inflammatory (Ml) and anti-inflammatory (M2) actions, and M2 macrophages have four subtypes. The co-action of Ml and M2 subtypes can create a favorable microenvironment, releasing cytokines for damaged tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the activation of macrophages and their roles in severe peripheral nerve injury. We also describe the therapeutic potential of macrophages in nerve tissue engineering treatment and highlight approaches for enhancing M2 cell-mediated nerve repair and regeneration.展开更多
Collagen organization plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and determining tissue function.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PSOCT)is a promising noninvasive three-dimensional ...Collagen organization plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and determining tissue function.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PSOCT)is a promising noninvasive three-dimensional imaging tool for mapping collagen organization in vivo.While PSOCT systems with multiple polarization inputs have demonstrated the ability to visualize depth-resolved collagen organization,systems,which use a single input polarization state have not yet demonstrated sufficient reconstruction quality.Herein we describe a PSOCT based polarization state transmission model that reveals the depth-dependent polarization state evolution of light backscattered within a birefringent sample.Based on this model,we propose a polarization state tracing method that relies on a discrete differential geometric analysis of the evolution of the polarization state in depth along the Poincare sphere for depth-resolved birefringent imaging using only one single input polarization state.We demonstrate the ability of this method to visualize depth-resolved myocardial architecture in both healthy and infarcted rodent hearts(ex vivo)and collagen structures responsible for skin tension lines at various anatomical locations on the face of a healthy human volunteer(in vivo).展开更多
Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomogra...Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)was used to measure phase retardation per unit depth(PR/UD,proportional to the birefringence)of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL).Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to measure macular vessel density analyzed using fractal analysis.In addition,a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules.Twenty-two patients with moderate myopia(MM,refraction>3 and<6 diopters),seventeen patients with high myopia(HM,≥6 D)and 29 healthy control subjects(HC,≤3.00 D)were recruited.One eye of each patient was imaged.Results:Although the average PR/UD of the RNFL in the HM group did not reach a significant level,the birefringence of the inferior quadrant was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the HM group compared to the HC group.Significant thinning of the average RNFL and focal thinning of RFNL in temporal,superior and inferior quadrants in the HM group were found,compared to the HC group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences of retinal blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules among groups(P>0.05).The macular vessel density in both superficial and deep vascular plexuses was significantly lower in the HM group than in the other two groups(P<0.05)as well as in the MM group than in the HC group(P<0.05).The average PR/UD and PR/UD in the inferior quadrant were not related to refraction,axial length,blood flow velocities and macular vessel densities(r ranged from−0.09 to 0.19,P>0.05).Conclusions:The impairment of the retinal nerve fiber birefringence in the HM group may be one of the independent features in high myopic eyes,which appeared not to relate to macular microvascular density and blood flow velocity.展开更多
This paper uses the density functional theory （DFT）（B3p86） of Gaussian03 to optimize the structure of Fe2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state for Fe2 molecule is a 9-multiple state, which shows spin p...This paper uses the density functional theory （DFT）（B3p86） of Gaussian03 to optimize the structure of Fe2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state for Fe2 molecule is a 9-multiple state, which shows spin polarization effect of Fe2 molecule of transition metal elements for the first time. Meanwhile, we have not found any spin pollution because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mingle with wavefunctions with higher energy states. So, that the ground state for Fe2 molecule is a 9-multiple state is indicative of the spin polarization effect of Fe2 molecule of transition metal elements. That is, there exist 8 parallel spin electrons. The non-conjugated electron is greatest in number. These electrons occupy different spacious tracks, so that the energy of the Fe2 molecule is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin of the Fe2 molecule is laFger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of electron d delocalization. In addition, the Murrell Sorbie potential functions with the parameters for the ground state and other states of Fe2 molecule are derived. Dissociation energy De for the ground state of Fe2 molecule is 2.8586ev, equilibrium bond length Re is 0.2124nm, vibration frequency we is 336.38 cm^-1. Its force constants f2, f3, and f4 are 1.8615aJ.nm^-2, -8.6704aJ.nm^-3, 29.1676aj.nm^-4 respectively. The other spectroscopic data for the ground state of Fe2 molecule weXe, Be, αe are 1.5461 cm^-1, 0.1339cm^-1, 7.3428× 10^-4 cm^-1 respectively.展开更多
The density functional theory method （DFT） （b3p86） of Gaussian 03 has been used to optimize the structure of the Mn2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state of the Mn2 molecule is an 11-multiple state, in...The density functional theory method （DFT） （b3p86） of Gaussian 03 has been used to optimize the structure of the Mn2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state of the Mn2 molecule is an 11-multiple state, indicating a spin polarization effect in the Mn2 molecule, a transition metal element molecule. Meanwhile, we have not found any spin pollution because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mingle with wavefunctions of higher-energy states. So the ground state for Mn2 molecule being of an 11-multiple state is the indicative of spin polarization effect of the Mn2 molecule among those in the transition metal elements： that is, there are 10 parallel spin electrons in a Mn2 molecule. The number of non-conjugated electrons is the greatest. These electrons occupy different spacious orbitals so that the energy of the Mn2 molecule is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin in the Mn2 molecule is larger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of electron d delocalization. In addition, the Murrell-Sorbie potential functions with the parameters for the ground state and other states of the Mn2 molecule are derived. The dissociation energy De for the ground state of the Mn2 molecule is 1.4477 eV, equilibrium bond length Re is 0.2506 nm, vibration frequency ωe is 211.51 cm^-1. Its force constants f2, f3, and f4 are 0.7240 aJ·nm-2, -3.35574 aJ·nm^-3, 11.4813 aJ·nm^-4 respectively. The other spectroscopic data for the ground state of the Mn2 molecule ωeχe, Be, αe are 1.5301 cm^-1, 0.0978 cm^-1, 7.7825×10^-4 cm^-1 respectively.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31771052(to YW)the National Key Research&Development Program of China,No.2017YFA0104701,2017YFA0104702 and 2016YFC1101601+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),No.2014CB542201(to JP)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,No.7172202(to YW)the PLA Youth Training Project for Medical Science,No.16QNP144(to YW)
文摘Resident and inflammatory macrophages are essential effectors of the innate immune system. These cells provide innate immune defenses and regulate tissue and organ homeostasis. In addition to their roles in diseases such as cancer, obesity and osteoarthritis, they play vital roles in tissue repair and disease rehabilitation. Macrophages and other inflammatory cells are recruited to tissue injury sites where they promote changes in the microenvironment. Among the inflammatory cell types, only macrophages have both pro-inflammatory (Ml) and anti-inflammatory (M2) actions, and M2 macrophages have four subtypes. The co-action of Ml and M2 subtypes can create a favorable microenvironment, releasing cytokines for damaged tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the activation of macrophages and their roles in severe peripheral nerve injury. We also describe the therapeutic potential of macrophages in nerve tissue engineering treatment and highlight approaches for enhancing M2 cell-mediated nerve repair and regeneration.
基金Research supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health(R01EY028753,R01HL141570,R01AR077560)Washington Research Foundation,an unrestricted grant from the Research to Prevent Blindness,Inc.,New York,NY.M.Kirby was supported by an NSF graduate fellowship(No.DGE-1256082)The funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research.
文摘Collagen organization plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and determining tissue function.Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PSOCT)is a promising noninvasive three-dimensional imaging tool for mapping collagen organization in vivo.While PSOCT systems with multiple polarization inputs have demonstrated the ability to visualize depth-resolved collagen organization,systems,which use a single input polarization state have not yet demonstrated sufficient reconstruction quality.Herein we describe a PSOCT based polarization state transmission model that reveals the depth-dependent polarization state evolution of light backscattered within a birefringent sample.Based on this model,we propose a polarization state tracing method that relies on a discrete differential geometric analysis of the evolution of the polarization state in depth along the Poincare sphere for depth-resolved birefringent imaging using only one single input polarization state.We demonstrate the ability of this method to visualize depth-resolved myocardial architecture in both healthy and infarcted rodent hearts(ex vivo)and collagen structures responsible for skin tension lines at various anatomical locations on the face of a healthy human volunteer(in vivo).
基金Supported by NIH Center Grant P30 EY014801grant from Research to Prevent Blindness(RPB)。
文摘Background:The aim was to determine retinal nerve fiber layer function and its relations to retinal microvasculature and microcirculation in patients with myopia.Method:Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography(PS-OCT)was used to measure phase retardation per unit depth(PR/UD,proportional to the birefringence)of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL).Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to measure macular vessel density analyzed using fractal analysis.In addition,a retinal function imager(RFI)was used to measure macular blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules.Twenty-two patients with moderate myopia(MM,refraction>3 and<6 diopters),seventeen patients with high myopia(HM,≥6 D)and 29 healthy control subjects(HC,≤3.00 D)were recruited.One eye of each patient was imaged.Results:Although the average PR/UD of the RNFL in the HM group did not reach a significant level,the birefringence of the inferior quadrant was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the HM group compared to the HC group.Significant thinning of the average RNFL and focal thinning of RFNL in temporal,superior and inferior quadrants in the HM group were found,compared to the HC group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences of retinal blood flow velocities in arterioles and venules among groups(P>0.05).The macular vessel density in both superficial and deep vascular plexuses was significantly lower in the HM group than in the other two groups(P<0.05)as well as in the MM group than in the HC group(P<0.05).The average PR/UD and PR/UD in the inferior quadrant were not related to refraction,axial length,blood flow velocities and macular vessel densities(r ranged from−0.09 to 0.19,P>0.05).Conclusions:The impairment of the retinal nerve fiber birefringence in the HM group may be one of the independent features in high myopic eyes,which appeared not to relate to macular microvascular density and blood flow velocity.
文摘This paper uses the density functional theory （DFT）（B3p86） of Gaussian03 to optimize the structure of Fe2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state for Fe2 molecule is a 9-multiple state, which shows spin polarization effect of Fe2 molecule of transition metal elements for the first time. Meanwhile, we have not found any spin pollution because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mingle with wavefunctions with higher energy states. So, that the ground state for Fe2 molecule is a 9-multiple state is indicative of the spin polarization effect of Fe2 molecule of transition metal elements. That is, there exist 8 parallel spin electrons. The non-conjugated electron is greatest in number. These electrons occupy different spacious tracks, so that the energy of the Fe2 molecule is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin of the Fe2 molecule is laFger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of electron d delocalization. In addition, the Murrell Sorbie potential functions with the parameters for the ground state and other states of Fe2 molecule are derived. Dissociation energy De for the ground state of Fe2 molecule is 2.8586ev, equilibrium bond length Re is 0.2124nm, vibration frequency we is 336.38 cm^-1. Its force constants f2, f3, and f4 are 1.8615aJ.nm^-2, -8.6704aJ.nm^-3, 29.1676aj.nm^-4 respectively. The other spectroscopic data for the ground state of Fe2 molecule weXe, Be, αe are 1.5461 cm^-1, 0.1339cm^-1, 7.3428× 10^-4 cm^-1 respectively.
文摘The density functional theory method （DFT） （b3p86） of Gaussian 03 has been used to optimize the structure of the Mn2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state of the Mn2 molecule is an 11-multiple state, indicating a spin polarization effect in the Mn2 molecule, a transition metal element molecule. Meanwhile, we have not found any spin pollution because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mingle with wavefunctions of higher-energy states. So the ground state for Mn2 molecule being of an 11-multiple state is the indicative of spin polarization effect of the Mn2 molecule among those in the transition metal elements： that is, there are 10 parallel spin electrons in a Mn2 molecule. The number of non-conjugated electrons is the greatest. These electrons occupy different spacious orbitals so that the energy of the Mn2 molecule is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin in the Mn2 molecule is larger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of electron d delocalization. In addition, the Murrell-Sorbie potential functions with the parameters for the ground state and other states of the Mn2 molecule are derived. The dissociation energy De for the ground state of the Mn2 molecule is 1.4477 eV, equilibrium bond length Re is 0.2506 nm, vibration frequency ωe is 211.51 cm^-1. Its force constants f2, f3, and f4 are 0.7240 aJ·nm-2, -3.35574 aJ·nm^-3, 11.4813 aJ·nm^-4 respectively. The other spectroscopic data for the ground state of the Mn2 molecule ωeχe, Be, αe are 1.5301 cm^-1, 0.0978 cm^-1, 7.7825×10^-4 cm^-1 respectively.
