Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of phytochemicals having benzo-pyrone nucleus, and more than 4,000 different flavonoids have been described and categorized into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, ...Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of phytochemicals having benzo-pyrone nucleus, and more than 4,000 different flavonoids have been described and categorized into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beverages such as coffee, tea, and red wine, as well as in medical herbs. Flavonoids are responsible for the different colors of plant parts and are important constituents of the human diet. Flavanoids have different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer activity. Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits（grapefruit and oranges） and vegetables. Pharmacologically, it has anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiatherogenic activities. Naringenin is used for the treatments of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and showed lipid-lowering and insulin-like properties. In the present review, detailed pharmacological and analytical aspects of naringenin have been presented, which revealed the impressive pharmacological profile and the possible usefulness in the treatment of different types of diseases in the future. The information provided in this communication will act as an important source for development of effective medicines for the treatment of various disorders.展开更多
Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) is the root of Angelica sinensis which is a fragrant and perennial herb native to China, Japan, and Korea. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is useful for replenishing and...Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) is the root of Angelica sinensis which is a fragrant and perennial herb native to China, Japan, and Korea. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is useful for replenishing and invigorating blood, relieving pain, and moistening the intestines, resulting in its application for the treatment of menstrual disorders, and as an emollient and laxative for chronic constipation of the aged and debilitated. An in-depth review of the literature brings to light a great number of chemical constituents that have been isolated from ASR as well as both preclinical (in vivo and in vitro) and clinical studies, which over the years, have sought to investigate the medicinal relevance of some of these phytoconstituents and/or extract(s) prepared from ASR. The purpose of this review is therefore to present some major pharmacological and pharmacokinetic research findings on some selected phytoconstituents of ASR with emphasis on the current trends in terms of research techniques or design. This review would also provide a wealth of information for users/practitioners of TCM regarding the use of ASR or its products for maximum efficiency and minimal toxicity or side effects.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge numlier of population in the world.It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,resulting from defects in insulin...Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge numlier of population in the world.It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action.It is predicated that the number of diabetes person in the world could reach upto 366 million by the year 2030.Even though the cases of diabetes are increasing day by day,except insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs no other way of treatment has been successfully developed so far.Thus,the objective of the present review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological aspects of diabetes mellitus along with the remedies available for this metabolic disorder.The review also contains brief idea about diabetes mellitus and the experimental screening model with their relevant mechanism and significance mainly used nowadays.Alloxan and streptozotocin are mainly used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of a particular drug.This review contain list of medicinal plants which have been tested for their antidiabetic activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rat model.From the available data in the literature,it was found that plant having antidiabetic activity is mainly due to the presence of the secondary metabolite.Thus,the information provided in this review will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than insidin and oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes niellitus,which will minimize the complication associated with the diabetes and related disorder.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly este...Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore,they have become a growing part of modern,high-tech medicine.In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants(65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties,available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used,mode of reduction in blood glucose(insulinomimetic or insulin secretagugues activity) and active phyloconsliluents having insulin mimetics activity.From the review it was suggested that,plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae,Lamiaceae,Liliaceae,Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae,Moraceae,Rosaceae and Araliaceae.The most active plants are Allium sativum. Gymnema sylvestre,Citrullus colocynthis,Trigonella foenum greacum,Momordica charantia and Ficuts bengalensis.The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside,epigallocatechin gallate,beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine,cinchonain Ib,leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside,leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamuoside,glycyrrhetinic acid,dehydrotrametenolic acid,strictinin,isostrictinin,pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents.Thus,from the review majorly,the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols,flavonoida, terpenoids,coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels.The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.展开更多
Plants have been used as a source for food material and natural remedies for the treatment of vast range of diseases. Nature provides us remedies for the treatment of various types of disorders ranging from simpte ait...Plants have been used as a source for food material and natural remedies for the treatment of vast range of diseases. Nature provides us remedies for the treatment of various types of disorders ranging from simpte aitments to complicated diseases. Plants are known to possess different pharmacological activities due to the presence of various phytoconstituents, Flavonoids are one of the main active phytoconstituents found in fruits, vegetables, wines, tea and cocoa. Flavonoids exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, oestrogenic, cytotoxic antitumoural, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic and antiviral activity. Diosmetin （3＇, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4＇-methoxyflavone）, the aglycone part of the flavonoid glycosides diosmin occurs naturally in citrus fruit. Although it is found in herbal medicines and plays an important role in the treatment of various ailments, only limited scientific researches have been conducted. The aim of this review is to collect all available scientific literature published on diosmetin and combine it into this paper. This review contains an overview of pharmacological activities, isolation techniques and analytical techniques for diosmetin. Thus, valuable information provided in the present review will help researchers in developing alternative methods for the treatment of diseases from diosmetin.展开更多
Euphorbia hirta L. is an annual medicinal herb throughout many tropical continents used to cure various diseases. Several studies have isolated many bioactive compounds from E. hirta. This study aimed at providing a c...Euphorbia hirta L. is an annual medicinal herb throughout many tropical continents used to cure various diseases. Several studies have isolated many bioactive compounds from E. hirta. This study aimed at providing a collection of bioactive constituents in E. hirta. This review summarizes the extraction solvent, the structures and the properties of 38 bioactive phytochemicals isolated from E. hirta. It could help to understand the relationship existing between phytochemicals and their activities.展开更多
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. (Ebenaceae) is a multi-use plant, including for therapeutic purposes. It is used in alternative medicine in Burkina Faso to treat conjunctivitis, menorrhagia, dysentery, and d...Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. (Ebenaceae) is a multi-use plant, including for therapeutic purposes. It is used in alternative medicine in Burkina Faso to treat conjunctivitis, menorrhagia, dysentery, and diarrhea. The aim of our study was to evaluate the chemical profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, safety of use and spasmolytic effects of the aqueous decoction of Diospyros mespiliformis leaves. Phytochemical screening by HPTLC and assay of compounds of interest were carried out. Four methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 was assessed. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was tested on female mice (NMRI). Following these tests, the extract contained bioactive compounds of interest such as flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, and saponosides. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aqueous decoctate were 70.59 ± 3.20 mg EAT/g and 31.57 ± 0.78 mg EQ/g respectively. The extract was less active than Trolox with inhibitory concentrations of 50% (IC<sub>50</sub>) for the ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and LPO tests of 7.53 ± 0.08 μg/mL, 29.47 ± 0.06 μg/mL, 1128.83 ± 4.82 mol EAA/g, and 32.30 ± 1.60 μg/mL respectively. The extract has an anti-inflammatory effect with inhibition of phospholipase A2 compared to betamethasone. In addition, the aqueous extract produced an antispasmodic effect with Emax of 70% and 80% respectively during contractions induced by BaCl<sub>2</sub> and ACh. Finally, this study provided basic scientific data and could justify the use of D. mespiliformis leaves in the treatment of diarrhea.展开更多
Lannea microcrapa Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) is a fruit and medicinal plant widely used in Burkina Faso. This plant is traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of the present study was t...Lannea microcrapa Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) is a fruit and medicinal plant widely used in Burkina Faso. This plant is traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vasorelaxant effects of the hydroethanolic extract from Lannea microcarpa trunk barks (HE_ELM) on the aorta isolated from NMRI mice. Phytochemical screening by HPTLC, assay of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, assessment of antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and LPO), and myography of HE_ELM (1 - 2000 μg/mL) on mice thoracic aortas in the presence and absence of endothelium were carried out. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independant vasodilation were assessed by cumulative addition of Ach (1 nM - 10 μM) on aortic rings precontracted with the thromboxane analogue A2 agonist, 9,11-dideoxy9α,11α-methanoepoxy PGF2α (U46619). L-NAME was used to verify the involvement of NO production in the relaxation mechanism of the extract. Acute oral toxicity of HE_ELM was also evaluated. A phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols and triterpenes, saponosides, and high levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. These compounds are thought to be responsible for the extract’s antioxidant and vasorelaxant properties. HE_ELM demonstrated significant antioxidant potential and induced aortic relaxation. Indeed, pharmacological parameters gave EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 596.45 ± 95.82 μg/mL to 749.48 ± 133.40 μg/mL and Emax values from 85.51% ± 9.59% to 96.81% ± 8.60% for the three conditions of vasodilation of the extract (p > 0.05). A complete antagonism of the contractile effect of U46619 was noted with 1 mg/mL HE_ELM. These results suggest that HE_ELM induces aortic relaxation through a concentration-dependent, endothelium-independent mechanism, possibly involving intracellular calcium mobilization of vascular cells. Acute oral toxicity tests of HE_ELM (2000 mg/kg) showed no mortality or adverse effects, suggesting the extract’s safety and po展开更多
Background: Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae) has been claimed to treat various conditions, including complicated childbirth. The principal objective of this research was to provide scientific evidence on the...Background: Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae) has been claimed to treat various conditions, including complicated childbirth. The principal objective of this research was to provide scientific evidence on the contractile effect of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of the whole plant from A. hierochuntica during labor. Method: Qualitative and quantitative methods helped identify and quantify the phytoconstituents in both extracts. The antioxidant activity was studied using four standard methods (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and LPO). Results: The inhibitory power of the extracts on pro-inflammatory enzymes such as 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> was determined. The contractile effects of the extracts were evaluated using isolated pregnant mice uteri. Steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, and reduced compounds were identified in both extracts. The hydroethanolic extract exhibited higher content of hydrolyzable tannins (15.07 ± 0.24 mg tannic acid equivalent/g) than the aqueous decoction (11.8 ± 0.69 mg TAE/g). The extracts demonstrated the ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals, reduce ferric ions, and inhibit especially lipid peroxidation. No significant difference was noted in the phospholipase inhibition between the extracts and betamethasone. The hydroethanolic extract displayed the most significant anti-lipoxygenase activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 55.82 ± 1.15 μg/mL. The lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of extracts was estimated to be superior to 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw). The ability of the samples to produce one cm amplitude of contraction at 50% effective concentrations (EC<sub>50</sub>) was 5.33 × 10<sup>−8</sup> ± 0.32 mg/mL for oxytocin, 1.51 ± 0.08 mg/mL for aqueous extract and 3.57 ± 0.61 mg/mL for hydroethanolic extract. Conclusion: These findings could provide evidence for using Anastatica hierochuntica to facilitate childbirth.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the phytochemical screening and the effects of the aqueous extracts of the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs.Methods: The biochemical parameters we...Objective:To investigate the phytochemical screening and the effects of the aqueous extracts of the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs.Methods: The biochemical parameters were assayed using Randox Diagnostic kits,Phenolphthalein method and colorimetric method.The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures.Results:Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids,tannins, carbohydrate,alkaloids,terpenoids,steroids,volatile oils,saponins and cardiac glycosides.The aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds(SO - 400 mg/kg) caused a statistically significant(P【 0.05 ANOVA) decrease in the levels of total cholesterol,urea,uric acid,total protein,prostatic, alkaline,and acid phosphatases.The highest reduction effect was obtained with uric acid at 400 mg/kg of Irvingia gabonensis extract while the least effect was observed in total cholesterol. These effects were dose- and time- dependent.Conclusions:This shows that the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis have hepatoprotective,nephroprotective and cardio protective properties.The study therefore,supports the claims on the use of the seeds of this plant by traditional medicine practitioners as a hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agent Although further studies need to be done to isolate,identify and characterize the active principles in the seeds of this plant.展开更多
Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires rem...Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires remarkable attention in further research for the development of numerous active formulations for treatment of health troubles.The plant needs special consideration for development and research of unidentified compound and characterization of novel active molecules that overcome multiple pathological abnormalities.The genus Manilkara contains 135 plants around the world.This overview discusses all the virtues of most important and commonly used plant Manilkara zapota(L.)P.Royen(M.zapota),also known as Sapodilla.M.zapota has various traditional beneficial effects in treatment of various diseases and disorders dating back to prehistoric times and used in ancient traditional system of herbal medicine.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica(M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice.Methods: The me...Objective: To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica(M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice.Methods: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel was used to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was followed to determine the cytotoxic potential of plant extract. In the case of hypoglycemic activity, oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and standard glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg was done, followed by determining the percentage of reduction of plasma glucose from the initial level.Results: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel showed the presence of flavonoid,saponin, steroid, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC_(50) of the extract and standard vincristine sulfate was found to be 2.04 and0.41 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 and 150 min, the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed prominent plasma glucose reduction of 13.95%, 22.48% and 14.16%,26.18% respectively compared to standard glibenclamide showing 14.90% and 20.67% plasma glucose reduction.Conclusions: This current research affirms prominent cytotoxic and moderate hypoglycemic potential of M. indica peel. Further bioactivity guided isolation of phytoconstituents and investigation on higher animals can lead to development of new drug molecules.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five Indian medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica L.(A. indica), Aerva lanata(L.) Juss. ex Schult.(A. lanata), Clerodendrum inerme(L.) Gaertn., Pergularia daemia...Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five Indian medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica L.(A. indica), Aerva lanata(L.) Juss. ex Schult.(A. lanata), Clerodendrum inerme(L.) Gaertn., Pergularia daemia(Forsk.) Chiov. and Solanum surattense Burm. f. against opportunistic bacterial pathogens isolated from HIV infected patients for the potential phytoconstituents in plant extracts.Methods: The opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli(E. coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens from Gramnegative group and Staphylococcus aureus from Gram-positive group were isolated from HIV infected patients. The antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants was carried out by disc diffusion method. The potential phytoconstituents of medicinal plant extracts were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis.Results: Among the five medicinal plants tested, A. indica and A. lanata showed the significant antibacterial activity. A. indica showed potential activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. A. lanata significantly exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 19 phytoconstituents were identified in the ethanolic extract of A. indica and A. lanata by GC–MS analysis respectively.Conclusions: The results of the present investigation revealed that A. indica and A. lanata, possessed significant antibacterial activity when compared with the other plant extracts tested. The presence of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose by GC–MS analysis in both A. indica and A. lanata extracts has not been reported elsewhere in the literature and the findings in this study could be the first one to report.展开更多
OBJECTIVE：To compare and elucidate the antioxidant effi cacy of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Indigofera tinctoria Linn.（Fabaceae family）.METHODS：Various in-vitro antioxidant assays and free radical-sca...OBJECTIVE：To compare and elucidate the antioxidant effi cacy of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Indigofera tinctoria Linn.（Fabaceae family）.METHODS：Various in-vitro antioxidant assays and free radical-scavenging assays were done.Quantitative measurements of various phytoconstituents,reductive abilities and chelating potential were carried out along with standard compounds.Half inhibitory concentration（IC50）values for ethanol and hydroethanol extracts were analyzed and compared with respective standards.RESULTS：Hydroethanolic extracts showed considerably more potent antioxidant activity in comparison to ethanol extracts.Hydroethanolic extracts had lower IC50values than ethanol extracts in the case of DPPH,metal chelation and hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity（829,659 and 26.7μg/m L）but had slightly higher values than ethanol in case of SO2-and NO2-scavenging activity（P〈0.001 vs standard）.Quantitative measurements also showed that the abundance of phenolic and fl avonoid bioactive phytoconstituents were signifi cantly（P〈0.001）greater in hydroethanol extracts（212.920 and 149.770 mg GAE and rutin/g of plant extract respectively）than in ethanol extracts（211.691 and 132.603 mg GAE and rutin/g of plant extract respectively）.K arl Pearson’s co rrelation analysis（r2）between various antioxidant parameters and bioactive components also associated the antioxidant potential of I.tinctoria with various phytoconstituents,especially phenolics,fl avonoids,saponins and tannins.CONCLUSION：This study may be helpful to draw the attention of researchers towards the hydroethanol extracts of I.tinctoria,which has a high yield,and great prospects in herbal industries to produce inexpensive and powerful herbal products.展开更多
Many underutilized fruit plants are still obscure,in spite of possessing high medicinal and nutritional properties.Here,we reviewed one of the underutilized fruits tree(Choerospondias axillaris)and explored its occurr...Many underutilized fruit plants are still obscure,in spite of possessing high medicinal and nutritional properties.Here,we reviewed one of the underutilized fruits tree(Choerospondias axillaris)and explored its occurrence,distribution,nutritional properties,phytochemicals,and medicinal value,along with associated challenges and prospects.Literature mining using scientific and common name of this plant species,yielded 77 articles,indicating limited availability of information.Various parts of the species including fruits,seeds and bark have the potential to be used in different daily needs and therapeutic activities.The core problem to underutilized fruit tree sustainability includes indiscrimination,lesser accessibility and acceptability,insufficient information on their growth and cultivation.The challenges for the production and marketing of C.axillaris fruits along with the opportunities of having a high source of income and health benefits from these plants have been discussed.A scheme for the enhancement of utility of this underutilized fruit plants has been suggested in this review.A collective effort of botanists,food scientists,government and international shareholders are needed for promoting its domestication and commercialization.C.axillaris fruits have been found to be a very promising resource in the areas of food and health industries,and possess great opportunity to flourish in the international market.展开更多
Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional folk medicine. High blood pressure is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and many other serious health complications resulting </span>...Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional folk medicine. High blood pressure is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and many other serious health complications resulting </span><span style="font-family:"">from </span><span style="font-family:"">it as a major concern of morbidity and mortality in health sector. Use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta blockers), alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) etc. are not efficient enough to cure hypertension. Side effects regarding these medications lead to intolerance, impaired control of the disease, and also mismanagement of therapy. So, approach regarding quenching new potent therapeutic compounds from medicinal plants draw</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> attention nowadays. For example, as a first-line therapeutic agent, an alkaloid is highly effective in lowering systolic blood pressure which is isolated from root extract of the plant of <i>Rauwolfia serpentina</i> species, namely reserpine. This article comes up with a list of 63 plant species from 37 families, compiling information related to plant parts used for making extracts, types of extract and animals used in these studies, antihypertensive effect of the extracts etc. It also refers to 74 chemically defined molecules, with<i> in vitro </i>and <i>in vivo</i> anti-hypertensive potential, isolated from these extracts along with their dosage and mechanism of action by using electronic searches of published article</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> from various databases and reference books. Our present work would be beneficial for researchers to investigate and invent novel antihypertensive therapy to treat hypertension.展开更多
Traditionally,medicinal plants of family Moringaceae have been well-recognized due to their multipurpose utilization in various fields such as treatment of several diseases for they have a broad range of pharmacologic...Traditionally,medicinal plants of family Moringaceae have been well-recognized due to their multipurpose utilization in various fields such as treatment of several diseases for they have a broad range of pharmacological activities,in wastewater treatment as well as food source.Fractionation of this medicinal plants and its bioactivity study discloses the presence of several phytoconstituents and secondary metabolites like terpenes,flavonoids,steroids,phenolic compounds,tannins,carohydrates,flavonoids,vitamins and minerals.The results of bioactivity study results revealed that different extracts such as aqueous,methanolic and ethanolic of Moringa oleifera showed notable therapeutic activities.Our present review explore and focus on the phytochemical composition and various pharmacological activities like immunomodulator,antidiabetic,antiulcer,anthelmintic,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,analgesic,antiepileptic,cardioprotective,lipid lowering,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,anti-nephrotoxicity and anti-microbial activities to arouse public consciousness about the nutritional and medicinal value of this"miracle tree-Moringa oleifera"in favor of humanity.展开更多
Aldose reductase (AR), a cytosolic, monomeric oxidoreductase, is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway which controls the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. The accumulation of sorbitol by the activation of AR enzymes in...Aldose reductase (AR), a cytosolic, monomeric oxidoreductase, is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway which controls the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. The accumulation of sorbitol by the activation of AR enzymes in lens, retina, and sciatic nerves leads to the cause of diabetic defects resulting in various secondary complications, viz. retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, reduction of the polyol pathway flux by AR inhibitors could be a potential therapeutic opening in the treatment and prevention of diabetic complications. At present, the AR inhibitors belong to two different chemical classes. One is the hydantoin derivatives, such as Sorbinil, Dilantin, and Minalrestat, and the other is the carboxylic acid derivatives, such as Epalrestat, Alrestatin, and Tolrestat. However, it is known that most of these synthethic compounds have unacceptable side-effects. Well known medicinal plants like Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Prunus mume, Myrcia multiflora, Centella asiatica, and Salacia reticulata, Salacia oblonga, and Salacia chinensis exhibited potent AR inhibitory activity. The present review summarizes the list of plant material, and their isolated phytoconstituents which have been tested for their AR inhibitory activity. This litreature review covers the period to 2011, and a total of 72 plants are listed.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <i>Celosia laxa (</i>Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medic...<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <i>Celosia laxa (</i>Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> prompted this study. <b>Methods:</b><i> </i>Whole plant of <i>C. laxa</i> extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investi</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">gated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (<i>Pheretima posthuman) </i>at four different (gradient) concentrations of<i> </i>10, 20, 40 and 8<span>0 (mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. <b>Results:</b> Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest con</span>centration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml (with no significant value of p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">sample concentrat展开更多
Background: Thunbergia erecta (Acanthaceae) is the most abundant medicinal plant in different parts of Bangladesh where it is known as “nilghonta”. It has been used as traditional medicine for insomnia, depression a...Background: Thunbergia erecta (Acanthaceae) is the most abundant medicinal plant in different parts of Bangladesh where it is known as “nilghonta”. It has been used as traditional medicine for insomnia, depression and anxiety management. However, no scientific evidence of T. erecta belonging to neuropharmacological activity has been reported. The aim of present study was to investigate in vivo sedative and anxiolytic activities of methanol extract from the leaves of T. erecta in Swiss Albino mice. Methods: Sedative activity of METE was investigated using open field, hole cross and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test model whereas anxiolytic activity was screened by elevated-plus maze, light-dark box, hole-board and marble-burying test method in mice at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The acute toxicity study and phytochemical analysis of METE also carried out. Diazepam used as the positive control for the following behavioral pharmacology test. Results: METE exhibited significant (p Conclusion: The experimental result indicates T. erecta contains phytoconstituents that possess sedative and anxiolytic activity which traditionally used in insomnia, depression and anxiety management.展开更多
文摘Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of phytochemicals having benzo-pyrone nucleus, and more than 4,000 different flavonoids have been described and categorized into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beverages such as coffee, tea, and red wine, as well as in medical herbs. Flavonoids are responsible for the different colors of plant parts and are important constituents of the human diet. Flavanoids have different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer activity. Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits（grapefruit and oranges） and vegetables. Pharmacologically, it has anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiatherogenic activities. Naringenin is used for the treatments of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and showed lipid-lowering and insulin-like properties. In the present review, detailed pharmacological and analytical aspects of naringenin have been presented, which revealed the impressive pharmacological profile and the possible usefulness in the treatment of different types of diseases in the future. The information provided in this communication will act as an important source for development of effective medicines for the treatment of various disorders.
基金State 973 Plan Project of China (2010CB735602)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT, IRT0973)+1 种基金National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China (200807051)State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine (SKL2010Z0302)
文摘Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) is the root of Angelica sinensis which is a fragrant and perennial herb native to China, Japan, and Korea. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is useful for replenishing and invigorating blood, relieving pain, and moistening the intestines, resulting in its application for the treatment of menstrual disorders, and as an emollient and laxative for chronic constipation of the aged and debilitated. An in-depth review of the literature brings to light a great number of chemical constituents that have been isolated from ASR as well as both preclinical (in vivo and in vitro) and clinical studies, which over the years, have sought to investigate the medicinal relevance of some of these phytoconstituents and/or extract(s) prepared from ASR. The purpose of this review is therefore to present some major pharmacological and pharmacokinetic research findings on some selected phytoconstituents of ASR with emphasis on the current trends in terms of research techniques or design. This review would also provide a wealth of information for users/practitioners of TCM regarding the use of ASR or its products for maximum efficiency and minimal toxicity or side effects.
文摘Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge numlier of population in the world.It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action.It is predicated that the number of diabetes person in the world could reach upto 366 million by the year 2030.Even though the cases of diabetes are increasing day by day,except insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs no other way of treatment has been successfully developed so far.Thus,the objective of the present review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological aspects of diabetes mellitus along with the remedies available for this metabolic disorder.The review also contains brief idea about diabetes mellitus and the experimental screening model with their relevant mechanism and significance mainly used nowadays.Alloxan and streptozotocin are mainly used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of a particular drug.This review contain list of medicinal plants which have been tested for their antidiabetic activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rat model.From the available data in the literature,it was found that plant having antidiabetic activity is mainly due to the presence of the secondary metabolite.Thus,the information provided in this review will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than insidin and oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes niellitus,which will minimize the complication associated with the diabetes and related disorder.
基金financially supported by University Grants Commission,New Delhi
文摘Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore,they have become a growing part of modern,high-tech medicine.In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants(65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties,available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used,mode of reduction in blood glucose(insulinomimetic or insulin secretagugues activity) and active phyloconsliluents having insulin mimetics activity.From the review it was suggested that,plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae,Lamiaceae,Liliaceae,Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae,Moraceae,Rosaceae and Araliaceae.The most active plants are Allium sativum. Gymnema sylvestre,Citrullus colocynthis,Trigonella foenum greacum,Momordica charantia and Ficuts bengalensis.The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside,epigallocatechin gallate,beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine,cinchonain Ib,leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside,leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamuoside,glycyrrhetinic acid,dehydrotrametenolic acid,strictinin,isostrictinin,pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents.Thus,from the review majorly,the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols,flavonoida, terpenoids,coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels.The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.
文摘Plants have been used as a source for food material and natural remedies for the treatment of vast range of diseases. Nature provides us remedies for the treatment of various types of disorders ranging from simpte aitments to complicated diseases. Plants are known to possess different pharmacological activities due to the presence of various phytoconstituents, Flavonoids are one of the main active phytoconstituents found in fruits, vegetables, wines, tea and cocoa. Flavonoids exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, oestrogenic, cytotoxic antitumoural, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic and antiviral activity. Diosmetin （3＇, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4＇-methoxyflavone）, the aglycone part of the flavonoid glycosides diosmin occurs naturally in citrus fruit. Although it is found in herbal medicines and plays an important role in the treatment of various ailments, only limited scientific researches have been conducted. The aim of this review is to collect all available scientific literature published on diosmetin and combine it into this paper. This review contains an overview of pharmacological activities, isolation techniques and analytical techniques for diosmetin. Thus, valuable information provided in the present review will help researchers in developing alternative methods for the treatment of diseases from diosmetin.
文摘Euphorbia hirta L. is an annual medicinal herb throughout many tropical continents used to cure various diseases. Several studies have isolated many bioactive compounds from E. hirta. This study aimed at providing a collection of bioactive constituents in E. hirta. This review summarizes the extraction solvent, the structures and the properties of 38 bioactive phytochemicals isolated from E. hirta. It could help to understand the relationship existing between phytochemicals and their activities.
文摘Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. (Ebenaceae) is a multi-use plant, including for therapeutic purposes. It is used in alternative medicine in Burkina Faso to treat conjunctivitis, menorrhagia, dysentery, and diarrhea. The aim of our study was to evaluate the chemical profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, safety of use and spasmolytic effects of the aqueous decoction of Diospyros mespiliformis leaves. Phytochemical screening by HPTLC and assay of compounds of interest were carried out. Four methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 was assessed. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was tested on female mice (NMRI). Following these tests, the extract contained bioactive compounds of interest such as flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenes, and saponosides. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aqueous decoctate were 70.59 ± 3.20 mg EAT/g and 31.57 ± 0.78 mg EQ/g respectively. The extract was less active than Trolox with inhibitory concentrations of 50% (IC<sub>50</sub>) for the ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and LPO tests of 7.53 ± 0.08 μg/mL, 29.47 ± 0.06 μg/mL, 1128.83 ± 4.82 mol EAA/g, and 32.30 ± 1.60 μg/mL respectively. The extract has an anti-inflammatory effect with inhibition of phospholipase A2 compared to betamethasone. In addition, the aqueous extract produced an antispasmodic effect with Emax of 70% and 80% respectively during contractions induced by BaCl<sub>2</sub> and ACh. Finally, this study provided basic scientific data and could justify the use of D. mespiliformis leaves in the treatment of diarrhea.
文摘Lannea microcrapa Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) is a fruit and medicinal plant widely used in Burkina Faso. This plant is traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vasorelaxant effects of the hydroethanolic extract from Lannea microcarpa trunk barks (HE_ELM) on the aorta isolated from NMRI mice. Phytochemical screening by HPTLC, assay of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, assessment of antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and LPO), and myography of HE_ELM (1 - 2000 μg/mL) on mice thoracic aortas in the presence and absence of endothelium were carried out. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independant vasodilation were assessed by cumulative addition of Ach (1 nM - 10 μM) on aortic rings precontracted with the thromboxane analogue A2 agonist, 9,11-dideoxy9α,11α-methanoepoxy PGF2α (U46619). L-NAME was used to verify the involvement of NO production in the relaxation mechanism of the extract. Acute oral toxicity of HE_ELM was also evaluated. A phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols and triterpenes, saponosides, and high levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. These compounds are thought to be responsible for the extract’s antioxidant and vasorelaxant properties. HE_ELM demonstrated significant antioxidant potential and induced aortic relaxation. Indeed, pharmacological parameters gave EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 596.45 ± 95.82 μg/mL to 749.48 ± 133.40 μg/mL and Emax values from 85.51% ± 9.59% to 96.81% ± 8.60% for the three conditions of vasodilation of the extract (p > 0.05). A complete antagonism of the contractile effect of U46619 was noted with 1 mg/mL HE_ELM. These results suggest that HE_ELM induces aortic relaxation through a concentration-dependent, endothelium-independent mechanism, possibly involving intracellular calcium mobilization of vascular cells. Acute oral toxicity tests of HE_ELM (2000 mg/kg) showed no mortality or adverse effects, suggesting the extract’s safety and po
文摘Background: Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae) has been claimed to treat various conditions, including complicated childbirth. The principal objective of this research was to provide scientific evidence on the contractile effect of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of the whole plant from A. hierochuntica during labor. Method: Qualitative and quantitative methods helped identify and quantify the phytoconstituents in both extracts. The antioxidant activity was studied using four standard methods (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and LPO). Results: The inhibitory power of the extracts on pro-inflammatory enzymes such as 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> was determined. The contractile effects of the extracts were evaluated using isolated pregnant mice uteri. Steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, and reduced compounds were identified in both extracts. The hydroethanolic extract exhibited higher content of hydrolyzable tannins (15.07 ± 0.24 mg tannic acid equivalent/g) than the aqueous decoction (11.8 ± 0.69 mg TAE/g). The extracts demonstrated the ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals, reduce ferric ions, and inhibit especially lipid peroxidation. No significant difference was noted in the phospholipase inhibition between the extracts and betamethasone. The hydroethanolic extract displayed the most significant anti-lipoxygenase activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 55.82 ± 1.15 μg/mL. The lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of extracts was estimated to be superior to 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw). The ability of the samples to produce one cm amplitude of contraction at 50% effective concentrations (EC<sub>50</sub>) was 5.33 × 10<sup>−8</sup> ± 0.32 mg/mL for oxytocin, 1.51 ± 0.08 mg/mL for aqueous extract and 3.57 ± 0.61 mg/mL for hydroethanolic extract. Conclusion: These findings could provide evidence for using Anastatica hierochuntica to facilitate childbirth.
文摘Objective:To investigate the phytochemical screening and the effects of the aqueous extracts of the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs.Methods: The biochemical parameters were assayed using Randox Diagnostic kits,Phenolphthalein method and colorimetric method.The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures.Results:Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids,tannins, carbohydrate,alkaloids,terpenoids,steroids,volatile oils,saponins and cardiac glycosides.The aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds(SO - 400 mg/kg) caused a statistically significant(P【 0.05 ANOVA) decrease in the levels of total cholesterol,urea,uric acid,total protein,prostatic, alkaline,and acid phosphatases.The highest reduction effect was obtained with uric acid at 400 mg/kg of Irvingia gabonensis extract while the least effect was observed in total cholesterol. These effects were dose- and time- dependent.Conclusions:This shows that the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis have hepatoprotective,nephroprotective and cardio protective properties.The study therefore,supports the claims on the use of the seeds of this plant by traditional medicine practitioners as a hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agent Although further studies need to be done to isolate,identify and characterize the active principles in the seeds of this plant.
文摘Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires remarkable attention in further research for the development of numerous active formulations for treatment of health troubles.The plant needs special consideration for development and research of unidentified compound and characterization of novel active molecules that overcome multiple pathological abnormalities.The genus Manilkara contains 135 plants around the world.This overview discusses all the virtues of most important and commonly used plant Manilkara zapota(L.)P.Royen(M.zapota),also known as Sapodilla.M.zapota has various traditional beneficial effects in treatment of various diseases and disorders dating back to prehistoric times and used in ancient traditional system of herbal medicine.
基金Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh(Grant No.39.012.002.01.04.018.2014-319)
文摘Objective: To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica(M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice.Methods: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel was used to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was followed to determine the cytotoxic potential of plant extract. In the case of hypoglycemic activity, oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and standard glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg was done, followed by determining the percentage of reduction of plasma glucose from the initial level.Results: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel showed the presence of flavonoid,saponin, steroid, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC_(50) of the extract and standard vincristine sulfate was found to be 2.04 and0.41 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 and 150 min, the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed prominent plasma glucose reduction of 13.95%, 22.48% and 14.16%,26.18% respectively compared to standard glibenclamide showing 14.90% and 20.67% plasma glucose reduction.Conclusions: This current research affirms prominent cytotoxic and moderate hypoglycemic potential of M. indica peel. Further bioactivity guided isolation of phytoconstituents and investigation on higher animals can lead to development of new drug molecules.
基金Supported by Department of Biotechnology Govt.of India(BT/PR4815/AAQ/3/587/2012)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five Indian medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica L.(A. indica), Aerva lanata(L.) Juss. ex Schult.(A. lanata), Clerodendrum inerme(L.) Gaertn., Pergularia daemia(Forsk.) Chiov. and Solanum surattense Burm. f. against opportunistic bacterial pathogens isolated from HIV infected patients for the potential phytoconstituents in plant extracts.Methods: The opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli(E. coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens from Gramnegative group and Staphylococcus aureus from Gram-positive group were isolated from HIV infected patients. The antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants was carried out by disc diffusion method. The potential phytoconstituents of medicinal plant extracts were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis.Results: Among the five medicinal plants tested, A. indica and A. lanata showed the significant antibacterial activity. A. indica showed potential activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. A. lanata significantly exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 19 phytoconstituents were identified in the ethanolic extract of A. indica and A. lanata by GC–MS analysis respectively.Conclusions: The results of the present investigation revealed that A. indica and A. lanata, possessed significant antibacterial activity when compared with the other plant extracts tested. The presence of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose by GC–MS analysis in both A. indica and A. lanata extracts has not been reported elsewhere in the literature and the findings in this study could be the first one to report.
基金technical and laboratory staff of Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology to give support to complete the study
文摘OBJECTIVE：To compare and elucidate the antioxidant effi cacy of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Indigofera tinctoria Linn.（Fabaceae family）.METHODS：Various in-vitro antioxidant assays and free radical-scavenging assays were done.Quantitative measurements of various phytoconstituents,reductive abilities and chelating potential were carried out along with standard compounds.Half inhibitory concentration（IC50）values for ethanol and hydroethanol extracts were analyzed and compared with respective standards.RESULTS：Hydroethanolic extracts showed considerably more potent antioxidant activity in comparison to ethanol extracts.Hydroethanolic extracts had lower IC50values than ethanol extracts in the case of DPPH,metal chelation and hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity（829,659 and 26.7μg/m L）but had slightly higher values than ethanol in case of SO2-and NO2-scavenging activity（P〈0.001 vs standard）.Quantitative measurements also showed that the abundance of phenolic and fl avonoid bioactive phytoconstituents were signifi cantly（P〈0.001）greater in hydroethanol extracts（212.920 and 149.770 mg GAE and rutin/g of plant extract respectively）than in ethanol extracts（211.691 and 132.603 mg GAE and rutin/g of plant extract respectively）.K arl Pearson’s co rrelation analysis（r2）between various antioxidant parameters and bioactive components also associated the antioxidant potential of I.tinctoria with various phytoconstituents,especially phenolics,fl avonoids,saponins and tannins.CONCLUSION：This study may be helpful to draw the attention of researchers towards the hydroethanol extracts of I.tinctoria,which has a high yield,and great prospects in herbal industries to produce inexpensive and powerful herbal products.
文摘Many underutilized fruit plants are still obscure,in spite of possessing high medicinal and nutritional properties.Here,we reviewed one of the underutilized fruits tree(Choerospondias axillaris)and explored its occurrence,distribution,nutritional properties,phytochemicals,and medicinal value,along with associated challenges and prospects.Literature mining using scientific and common name of this plant species,yielded 77 articles,indicating limited availability of information.Various parts of the species including fruits,seeds and bark have the potential to be used in different daily needs and therapeutic activities.The core problem to underutilized fruit tree sustainability includes indiscrimination,lesser accessibility and acceptability,insufficient information on their growth and cultivation.The challenges for the production and marketing of C.axillaris fruits along with the opportunities of having a high source of income and health benefits from these plants have been discussed.A scheme for the enhancement of utility of this underutilized fruit plants has been suggested in this review.A collective effort of botanists,food scientists,government and international shareholders are needed for promoting its domestication and commercialization.C.axillaris fruits have been found to be a very promising resource in the areas of food and health industries,and possess great opportunity to flourish in the international market.
文摘Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional folk medicine. High blood pressure is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and many other serious health complications resulting </span><span style="font-family:"">from </span><span style="font-family:"">it as a major concern of morbidity and mortality in health sector. Use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta blockers), alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) etc. are not efficient enough to cure hypertension. Side effects regarding these medications lead to intolerance, impaired control of the disease, and also mismanagement of therapy. So, approach regarding quenching new potent therapeutic compounds from medicinal plants draw</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> attention nowadays. For example, as a first-line therapeutic agent, an alkaloid is highly effective in lowering systolic blood pressure which is isolated from root extract of the plant of <i>Rauwolfia serpentina</i> species, namely reserpine. This article comes up with a list of 63 plant species from 37 families, compiling information related to plant parts used for making extracts, types of extract and animals used in these studies, antihypertensive effect of the extracts etc. It also refers to 74 chemically defined molecules, with<i> in vitro </i>and <i>in vivo</i> anti-hypertensive potential, isolated from these extracts along with their dosage and mechanism of action by using electronic searches of published article</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> from various databases and reference books. Our present work would be beneficial for researchers to investigate and invent novel antihypertensive therapy to treat hypertension.
文摘Traditionally,medicinal plants of family Moringaceae have been well-recognized due to their multipurpose utilization in various fields such as treatment of several diseases for they have a broad range of pharmacological activities,in wastewater treatment as well as food source.Fractionation of this medicinal plants and its bioactivity study discloses the presence of several phytoconstituents and secondary metabolites like terpenes,flavonoids,steroids,phenolic compounds,tannins,carohydrates,flavonoids,vitamins and minerals.The results of bioactivity study results revealed that different extracts such as aqueous,methanolic and ethanolic of Moringa oleifera showed notable therapeutic activities.Our present review explore and focus on the phytochemical composition and various pharmacological activities like immunomodulator,antidiabetic,antiulcer,anthelmintic,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,analgesic,antiepileptic,cardioprotective,lipid lowering,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,anti-nephrotoxicity and anti-microbial activities to arouse public consciousness about the nutritional and medicinal value of this"miracle tree-Moringa oleifera"in favor of humanity.
基金supported by University Grants Commission, New Delhi
文摘Aldose reductase (AR), a cytosolic, monomeric oxidoreductase, is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway which controls the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. The accumulation of sorbitol by the activation of AR enzymes in lens, retina, and sciatic nerves leads to the cause of diabetic defects resulting in various secondary complications, viz. retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, reduction of the polyol pathway flux by AR inhibitors could be a potential therapeutic opening in the treatment and prevention of diabetic complications. At present, the AR inhibitors belong to two different chemical classes. One is the hydantoin derivatives, such as Sorbinil, Dilantin, and Minalrestat, and the other is the carboxylic acid derivatives, such as Epalrestat, Alrestatin, and Tolrestat. However, it is known that most of these synthethic compounds have unacceptable side-effects. Well known medicinal plants like Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Prunus mume, Myrcia multiflora, Centella asiatica, and Salacia reticulata, Salacia oblonga, and Salacia chinensis exhibited potent AR inhibitory activity. The present review summarizes the list of plant material, and their isolated phytoconstituents which have been tested for their AR inhibitory activity. This litreature review covers the period to 2011, and a total of 72 plants are listed.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <i>Celosia laxa (</i>Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> prompted this study. <b>Methods:</b><i> </i>Whole plant of <i>C. laxa</i> extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investi</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">gated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (<i>Pheretima posthuman) </i>at four different (gradient) concentrations of<i> </i>10, 20, 40 and 8<span>0 (mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. <b>Results:</b> Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest con</span>centration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mg/ml (with no significant value of p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">sample concentrat
文摘Background: Thunbergia erecta (Acanthaceae) is the most abundant medicinal plant in different parts of Bangladesh where it is known as “nilghonta”. It has been used as traditional medicine for insomnia, depression and anxiety management. However, no scientific evidence of T. erecta belonging to neuropharmacological activity has been reported. The aim of present study was to investigate in vivo sedative and anxiolytic activities of methanol extract from the leaves of T. erecta in Swiss Albino mice. Methods: Sedative activity of METE was investigated using open field, hole cross and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test model whereas anxiolytic activity was screened by elevated-plus maze, light-dark box, hole-board and marble-burying test method in mice at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The acute toxicity study and phytochemical analysis of METE also carried out. Diazepam used as the positive control for the following behavioral pharmacology test. Results: METE exhibited significant (p Conclusion: The experimental result indicates T. erecta contains phytoconstituents that possess sedative and anxiolytic activity which traditionally used in insomnia, depression and anxiety management.
