The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing＇s massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on ...The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing＇s massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on September 3,2015.Regional emission inventory,positive matrix factorization（PMF）,observations from space and backward air mass trajectories were jointly applied to identify the major pollution sources and their temporal and spatial variations.The contributions of emissions variations and the meteorological conditions related to the＂parade blue＂phenomenon in Beijing and its surrounding areas were investigated in detail.The main cause of the decreased PM（2.5）mass concentration was attributed to the absolute reduction in emissions of primary air pollutants.The chemical composition of PM（2.5）varied significantly before,during and after the parade.Fugitive dust particles were well controlled,the secondary formation of PM（2.5）was reduced along with the controlled gaseous precursors＇emissions from vehicles and industrial sources during the temporary intensified control period.During the parade period,the SO2and NO2column concentrations in Beijing and the surrounding areas decreased sharply,indicating that the coordinated reduction in primary emissions from the surrounding areas of Beijing played an important role in lowering the ambient concentration of SO2and NO2and accordingly lowered PM（2.5）and improved the regional air quality.A comparison of the temperature,humidity,and wind speed and direction during the same periods in 2014 and 2015 showed that the meteorological conditions positively influenced the achievement of＂parade blue＂.展开更多
The Easter Parade is a masterpiece by Richard Yates,which was published in 1976.The image of Emily,the heroine of the book,can be regarded as an iconic figure of early feminists in America.The aim of this paper is to ...The Easter Parade is a masterpiece by Richard Yates,which was published in 1976.The image of Emily,the heroine of the book,can be regarded as an iconic figure of early feminists in America.The aim of this paper is to explore Richard Yates’view of feminism,through analyzing the image of Emily in the book,and to understand the pursuits and dilemmas of feminists.Emily,as a woman in patriarchal society,who has always struggled independently on her own and fights against her fate,ends up in failure.Sarah,a typical image of“the other”who is dependent on men,eventually dies a tragic death.In front of the cruel and unpredictable fate,whether women have the sense of resistance or not,it seems that life always points to tragedy.Emily’s path of awakening is accompanied by real-life dilemmas,which is the epitome of every feminist’s experience.展开更多
Based on satellite observations, the effects of emission reduction measures on air pollutants （NO2 （nitrogen dioxide）, SO2 （sulfur dioxide）, and aerosols） were estimated in Beijing and its surroundings during th...Based on satellite observations, the effects of emission reduction measures on air pollutants （NO2 （nitrogen dioxide）, SO2 （sulfur dioxide）, and aerosols） were estimated in Beijing and its surroundings during the 2015 World Championships and Parade （WCP） held in Beijing. Compared with the same period in the previous three years （2012-2014）, the tropospheric vertical column densities of NO2 and SO2 in 2015 were significantly reduced in Beijing and its surroundings. During the WCP, aerosol optical depth was reduced most significantly in Beijing, while NO2 and SO2 were reduced most significantly in Hebei and Tianjin, respectively. The meteorological conditions were also favorable during this period. During the WCP, the North China Plain was located under high pressure from the north of China. A southward pressure gradient force and weak northerly and northeasterly winds blocked the transport of pollution from southern and western parts of the industrial area （Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong provinces）. Cold air masses pushed southwards weakly. These conditions were beneficial to the removal of air pollutants in Beijing.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21377012, 21177012, 40975061)the National Science and Technology Support Programme of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Nos.2014BAC23B02, 2014BAC06B05)the Special Programme on Public Welfare of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (No. 201409022)
文摘The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing＇s massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on September 3,2015.Regional emission inventory,positive matrix factorization（PMF）,observations from space and backward air mass trajectories were jointly applied to identify the major pollution sources and their temporal and spatial variations.The contributions of emissions variations and the meteorological conditions related to the＂parade blue＂phenomenon in Beijing and its surrounding areas were investigated in detail.The main cause of the decreased PM（2.5）mass concentration was attributed to the absolute reduction in emissions of primary air pollutants.The chemical composition of PM（2.5）varied significantly before,during and after the parade.Fugitive dust particles were well controlled,the secondary formation of PM（2.5）was reduced along with the controlled gaseous precursors＇emissions from vehicles and industrial sources during the temporary intensified control period.During the parade period,the SO2and NO2column concentrations in Beijing and the surrounding areas decreased sharply,indicating that the coordinated reduction in primary emissions from the surrounding areas of Beijing played an important role in lowering the ambient concentration of SO2and NO2and accordingly lowered PM（2.5）and improved the regional air quality.A comparison of the temperature,humidity,and wind speed and direction during the same periods in 2014 and 2015 showed that the meteorological conditions positively influenced the achievement of＂parade blue＂.
文摘The Easter Parade is a masterpiece by Richard Yates,which was published in 1976.The image of Emily,the heroine of the book,can be regarded as an iconic figure of early feminists in America.The aim of this paper is to explore Richard Yates’view of feminism,through analyzing the image of Emily in the book,and to understand the pursuits and dilemmas of feminists.Emily,as a woman in patriarchal society,who has always struggled independently on her own and fights against her fate,ends up in failure.Sarah,a typical image of“the other”who is dependent on men,eventually dies a tragic death.In front of the cruel and unpredictable fate,whether women have the sense of resistance or not,it seems that life always points to tragedy.Emily’s path of awakening is accompanied by real-life dilemmas,which is the epitome of every feminist’s experience.
基金supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program[grant number 606719]the Public Industry-specific Fund for Meteorology[grant number GYHY201106045]the National Science Foundation of China[grant number 41575144]
文摘Based on satellite observations, the effects of emission reduction measures on air pollutants （NO2 （nitrogen dioxide）, SO2 （sulfur dioxide）, and aerosols） were estimated in Beijing and its surroundings during the 2015 World Championships and Parade （WCP） held in Beijing. Compared with the same period in the previous three years （2012-2014）, the tropospheric vertical column densities of NO2 and SO2 in 2015 were significantly reduced in Beijing and its surroundings. During the WCP, aerosol optical depth was reduced most significantly in Beijing, while NO2 and SO2 were reduced most significantly in Hebei and Tianjin, respectively. The meteorological conditions were also favorable during this period. During the WCP, the North China Plain was located under high pressure from the north of China. A southward pressure gradient force and weak northerly and northeasterly winds blocked the transport of pollution from southern and western parts of the industrial area （Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong provinces）. Cold air masses pushed southwards weakly. These conditions were beneficial to the removal of air pollutants in Beijing.
