Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prior- itization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. These tradeoffs have pr...Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prior- itization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. These tradeoffs have profound implications in agriculture and natural ecosystems, as both processes are vital for plant survival, reproduction, and, ulti- mately, plant fitness. While many of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and defense tradeoffs remain to be elucidated, hormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in regulating tradeoffs needed to achieve a balance. In this review, we cover recent advances in understanding growth-defense tradeoffs in plants as well as what is known regard- ing the underlying molecular mechanisms. Specifically, we address evidence supporting the growth-defense tradeoff concept, as well as known interactions between defense signaling and growth signaling. Understanding the molecular basis of these tradeoffs in plants should provide a foundation for the development of breeding strategies that optimize the growth-defense balance to maximize crop yield to meet rising global food and biofuel demands.展开更多
Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs/MAMPs） are recognized by host cell surface- localized pattern-recognition receptors （PRRs） to activate plant immunity. PAMP-triggered immunity （PTI） constitu...Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs/MAMPs） are recognized by host cell surface- localized pattern-recognition receptors （PRRs） to activate plant immunity. PAMP-triggered immunity （PTI） constitutes the first layer of plant immunity that restricts pathogen proliferation. PTI signaling components often are targeted by various Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins, resulting in diminished plant defenses and increased bacterial virulence. Some of the proteins targeted by pathogen effectors have evolved to sense the effector activity by associating with cytoplasmic immune receptors classically known as resistance proteins. This allows plants to activate a second layer of immunity termed effector-triggered immunity （ETI）. Recent studies on PTI regulation and P. syringae effector targets have uncovered new components in PTI signaling. Although MAP kinase （MAPK） cascades have been considered crucial for PTI, emerging evidence indicates that a MAPK-independent pathway also plays an important role in PTI signaling.展开更多
Plants employ a highly effective surveillance system to detect potential pathogens, which is critical for the success of land plants in an environment surrounded by numerous microbes. Recent efforts have led to the id...Plants employ a highly effective surveillance system to detect potential pathogens, which is critical for the success of land plants in an environment surrounded by numerous microbes. Recent efforts have led to the identification of a number of immune receptors and components of immune receptor complexes. It is now clear that receptor-like kinases （RLKs） and receptor-like proteins （RLPs） are key pattern-recognition receptors （PRRs） for microbe- and plant-derived molecular patterns that are associated with pathogen invasion. RLKs and RLPs involved in immune signaling belong to large gene families in plants and have undergone lineage specific expansion. Molecular evolution and population studies on phytopathogenic molecular signatures and their receptors have provided crucial insight into the co-evolution between plants and pathogens.展开更多
What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore th...What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been p展开更多
Plants exploit several types of cell surface receptors for perception of extracellular signals, of which the extracellular leucine-rich repeat （eLRR）-containing receptors form the major class. Although the function ...Plants exploit several types of cell surface receptors for perception of extracellular signals, of which the extracellular leucine-rich repeat （eLRR）-containing receptors form the major class. Although the function of most plant eLRR receptors remains unclear, an increasing number of these receptors are shown to play roles in innate immunity and a wide variety of developmental processes. Recent efforts using domain swaps, gene shuffling analyses, site-directed mutagenesis, interaction studies, and crystallographic analyses resulted in the current knowledge on ligand binding and the mechanism of activation of plant eLRR receptors. This review provides an overview of eLRR receptor research, specificallysummarizing the recent understanding of interactions among plant eLRR receptors, their co-receptors and corresponding ligands. The functions of distinct eLRR receptor domains, and their role in structure, ligand perception and multimeric complex formation are discussed.展开更多
Verticillium wilt disease becomes a major threat to many economically important crops. It is unclear whether and how plant immunity takes place during cotton-Verticillium interaction due to the lack of marker genes. T...Verticillium wilt disease becomes a major threat to many economically important crops. It is unclear whether and how plant immunity takes place during cotton-Verticillium interaction due to the lack of marker genes. Taking advantage of cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） genome, we discovered pathogenesis-related （PR） gene families, which have been widely used as markers of immune responses in plants. To profile the expression of G. hirsutum PR genes in the process of plant immunity, we treated cotton roots with two immunogenic peptides, fig22 and nlp20 known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as three Verticillium dahliae-derived peptides, nlp20vd2, nlp23vd3, and nlp23vd4 which are highly identical to nlp20. Quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that 14 G. hirsutum PR gene （GhPR） families were induced or suppressed independently in response to fig22, nip20, nlp20va2, nlp23vd3, and nlp23vd4. Most GhPR genes are expressed highest at 3 h post incubation of immunogenic peptides. Compared to fig22 and nlp20, nlp20vd2 is more effective to trigger up-regulated expression of GhPR genes. Notably, both nlp23vd3 and nlp23vd4 are able to induce GhPR gene up-regulation, although they do not induce necrosis on cotton leaves. Thus, our results provide marker genes and new immunogenic peptides for further investigation of cotton-V, dahliae interaction.展开更多
Dioscin was extracted and isolated from Polygonatum Zanlanscianense Pamp. The effects of dioscin on HL60, HeLa, H14, and MDA MB 435 cell lines were studied with the results showing that dioscin dramatically inhibite...Dioscin was extracted and isolated from Polygonatum Zanlanscianense Pamp. The effects of dioscin on HL60, HeLa, H14, and MDA MB 435 cell lines were studied with the results showing that dioscin dramatically inhibited the growth of the MDA MB 435, H14, HL60, and HeLa cell lines. The IC 50 of dioscin on these cell lines were 2.6, 0.8, 7.5, and 4.5 μmol/L respectively. 展开更多
Two new cinnamic acid derivatives named biondinin C and biondinin D were isolated from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii pamp. The structures were elucidated by the spectral data including ~1H, ~1H COSY, ~1H-^(13)C ...Two new cinnamic acid derivatives named biondinin C and biondinin D were isolated from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii pamp. The structures were elucidated by the spectral data including ~1H, ~1H COSY, ~1H-^(13)C COSY spectra.展开更多
文摘Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prior- itization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. These tradeoffs have profound implications in agriculture and natural ecosystems, as both processes are vital for plant survival, reproduction, and, ulti- mately, plant fitness. While many of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and defense tradeoffs remain to be elucidated, hormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in regulating tradeoffs needed to achieve a balance. In this review, we cover recent advances in understanding growth-defense tradeoffs in plants as well as what is known regard- ing the underlying molecular mechanisms. Specifically, we address evidence supporting the growth-defense tradeoff concept, as well as known interactions between defense signaling and growth signaling. Understanding the molecular basis of these tradeoffs in plants should provide a foundation for the development of breeding strategies that optimize the growth-defense balance to maximize crop yield to meet rising global food and biofuel demands.
文摘Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs/MAMPs） are recognized by host cell surface- localized pattern-recognition receptors （PRRs） to activate plant immunity. PAMP-triggered immunity （PTI） constitutes the first layer of plant immunity that restricts pathogen proliferation. PTI signaling components often are targeted by various Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins, resulting in diminished plant defenses and increased bacterial virulence. Some of the proteins targeted by pathogen effectors have evolved to sense the effector activity by associating with cytoplasmic immune receptors classically known as resistance proteins. This allows plants to activate a second layer of immunity termed effector-triggered immunity （ETI）. Recent studies on PTI regulation and P. syringae effector targets have uncovered new components in PTI signaling. Although MAP kinase （MAPK） cascades have been considered crucial for PTI, emerging evidence indicates that a MAPK-independent pathway also plays an important role in PTI signaling.
基金supported by grants from Chinese Natural Science Foundation (31230007)Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2011CB1007002011CB100702) to J.M.Z
文摘Plants employ a highly effective surveillance system to detect potential pathogens, which is critical for the success of land plants in an environment surrounded by numerous microbes. Recent efforts have led to the identification of a number of immune receptors and components of immune receptor complexes. It is now clear that receptor-like kinases （RLKs） and receptor-like proteins （RLPs） are key pattern-recognition receptors （PRRs） for microbe- and plant-derived molecular patterns that are associated with pathogen invasion. RLKs and RLPs involved in immune signaling belong to large gene families in plants and have undergone lineage specific expansion. Molecular evolution and population studies on phytopathogenic molecular signatures and their receptors have provided crucial insight into the co-evolution between plants and pathogens.
文摘What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been p
文摘Plants exploit several types of cell surface receptors for perception of extracellular signals, of which the extracellular leucine-rich repeat （eLRR）-containing receptors form the major class. Although the function of most plant eLRR receptors remains unclear, an increasing number of these receptors are shown to play roles in innate immunity and a wide variety of developmental processes. Recent efforts using domain swaps, gene shuffling analyses, site-directed mutagenesis, interaction studies, and crystallographic analyses resulted in the current knowledge on ligand binding and the mechanism of activation of plant eLRR receptors. This review provides an overview of eLRR receptor research, specificallysummarizing the recent understanding of interactions among plant eLRR receptors, their co-receptors and corresponding ligands. The functions of distinct eLRR receptor domains, and their role in structure, ligand perception and multimeric complex formation are discussed.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11040500) to Hui-Shan GuoNational Natural Science Foundation(31500119) to Chenlei HuaNational Natural Science Foundation(31600124) to Jian-Hua Zhao
文摘Verticillium wilt disease becomes a major threat to many economically important crops. It is unclear whether and how plant immunity takes place during cotton-Verticillium interaction due to the lack of marker genes. Taking advantage of cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） genome, we discovered pathogenesis-related （PR） gene families, which have been widely used as markers of immune responses in plants. To profile the expression of G. hirsutum PR genes in the process of plant immunity, we treated cotton roots with two immunogenic peptides, fig22 and nlp20 known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as three Verticillium dahliae-derived peptides, nlp20vd2, nlp23vd3, and nlp23vd4 which are highly identical to nlp20. Quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that 14 G. hirsutum PR gene （GhPR） families were induced or suppressed independently in response to fig22, nip20, nlp20va2, nlp23vd3, and nlp23vd4. Most GhPR genes are expressed highest at 3 h post incubation of immunogenic peptides. Compared to fig22 and nlp20, nlp20vd2 is more effective to trigger up-regulated expression of GhPR genes. Notably, both nlp23vd3 and nlp23vd4 are able to induce GhPR gene up-regulation, although they do not induce necrosis on cotton leaves. Thus, our results provide marker genes and new immunogenic peptides for further investigation of cotton-V, dahliae interaction.
基金partly by the Tsinghua U niversity- HongKong Baptist U niversity Joint Institute for Research ofChinese Medicine the" 985" Fund fromTsinghua U niversity.
文摘Dioscin was extracted and isolated from Polygonatum Zanlanscianense Pamp. The effects of dioscin on HL60, HeLa, H14, and MDA MB 435 cell lines were studied with the results showing that dioscin dramatically inhibited the growth of the MDA MB 435, H14, HL60, and HeLa cell lines. The IC 50 of dioscin on these cell lines were 2.6, 0.8, 7.5, and 4.5 μmol/L respectively.
基金The project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Two new cinnamic acid derivatives named biondinin C and biondinin D were isolated from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii pamp. The structures were elucidated by the spectral data including ~1H, ~1H COSY, ~1H-^(13)C COSY spectra.
