The ARGOS gene in Arabidopsis plays a key role in controlling plant organ size. To determine the function of it＇s ortholog in rice, a putative ARGOS orthologous gene from rice tissues was isolated and designated as O...The ARGOS gene in Arabidopsis plays a key role in controlling plant organ size. To determine the function of it＇s ortholog in rice, a putative ARGOS orthologous gene from rice tissues was isolated and designated as OsARGOS. This gene has only one copy in the rice genome. OsARGOS transcripts were detected in most of rice tissues, particularly in the young tissues, and its expression was induced in rice seedlings by the application of either auxin or cytokinin. Arabidopsis plants expressing OsARGOS led to larger organs, such as leaves and siliques, compared with wild-type plants. Interestingly, the root growth was also enhanced in these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, the biomass of the transgenic plants was significantly increased. Further analysis revealed that, different from the ARGOS and ARGOS-LIKE genes in Arabidopsis, the OsARGOS gene enlarged organ by an increase in both cell number and cell size. In addition, the transcript levels of several organ size-associated genes regulating either cell division or cell growth were upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We also transferred the OsARGOS gene to rice, but the transgenic plants did not show any changes in organ size compared with the control plants. It is likely that the function of OsARGOS in organ size control depends on other size regulators in rice. The expression of OsARGOS in Arabidopsis may activate the signaling pathways that control cell proliferation and cell expansion during the course of plant growth and development. Since the expression of OsARGOS causes organ enlargement, the potential application of this gene through genetic engineering may significantly improve the production of biomass in agricultural practice.展开更多
Donor-to-recipient organ size matching is a critical aspect of thoracic transplantation. In the United States potential recipients for lung transplant and heart transplant are listed with limitations on donor height a...Donor-to-recipient organ size matching is a critical aspect of thoracic transplantation. In the United States potential recipients for lung transplant and heart transplant are listed with limitations on donor height and weight ranges, respectively. Height is used as a surrogate for lung size and weight is used as a surrogate for heart size. While these measures are important predictors of organ size, they are crude surrogates that fail to incorporate the influence of sex on organ size. Independent of other measures, a man's thoracic organs are approximately 20% larger than a woman's. Lung size can be better estimated using the predicted total lung capacity, which is derived from regression equations correcting for height, sex and age. Similarly, heart size can be better estimated using the predicted heart mass, which adjusts for sex, age, height, and weight. These refined organ sizing measures perform better than current sizing practice for the prediction of outcomes after transplantation, and largely explain the outcome differences observed after sex-mismatch transplantation. An undersized allograft is associated with worse outcomes. In this review we examine current data pertaining to size-matching in thoracic transplantation. We advocate for a change in the thoracic allocation mechanism from a height-or-weightbased strategy to a size-matching process that utilizes refined estimates of organ size. We believe that a size-matching approach based on refined estimates of organ size would optimize outcomes in thoracic transplantation without restricting or precluding patients from thoracic transplantation.展开更多
Plant organ size is an important agronomic trait that makes a significant contribution to plant yield.Despite its central importance,the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size control remain to be full...Plant organ size is an important agronomic trait that makes a significant contribution to plant yield.Despite its central importance,the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size control remain to be fully clarified.Here,we report that the trithorax group protein ULTRAPETALA1(ULT1)interacts with the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF14/15(TCP14/15)transcription factors by antagonizing the LIN-11,ISL-1,and MEC-3(LIM)peptidase DA1,thereby regulating organ size in Arabidopsis.Loss of ULT1 function significantly increases rosette leaf,petal,silique,and seed size,whereas overexpression of ULT1 results in reduced organ size.ULT1 associates with TCP14 and TCP15 to co-regulate cell size by affecting cellular endoreduplication.Transcriptome analysis revealed that ULT1 and TCP14/15 regulate common target genes involved in endoreduplication and leaf development.ULT1 can be recruited by TCP14/15 to promote lysine 4 of histone H3 trimethylation at target genes,activating their expression to determinefinal cell size.Furthermore,we found that ULT1 influences the interaction of DA1 and TCP14/15 and antagonizes the effect of DA1 on TCP14/15 degradation.Collectively,ourfindings reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying the regulation of organ size in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Background： The medium-to-long-term use of antimuscarinics alone or in combination with an α-blocker in men with an enlarged prostate is still controversial. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinica...Background： The medium-to-long-term use of antimuscarinics alone or in combination with an α-blocker in men with an enlarged prostate is still controversial. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of medium-to-long-term use of tolterodine extended release （ER） with or without tamsulosin in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia （BPH） and larger prostate size. Methods： Totally, 152 patients （age ≥50 years） with BPH, International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） ≥12, quality-of-life （QoL） score ≥3, and total prostate volume ≥25 ml were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized into four groups （n = 38 in each） to receive tolterodine ER placebo plus tamsulosin placebo, 0.2 mg tamsulosin plus tolterodine ER placebo, 4 mg tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin placebo, or tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin once daily for 24 weeks. IPSS （total, storage, and voiding subscales）, QoL, maximum urinary flow rate （Qmax）, and postvoid residual volume （PVR） were collected at baseline, and at weeks 4, 12, and 24. Results： Compared with placebo, tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin significantly improved total IPSS （？7.15, ？12.20, and ？14.66 vs. ？3.51, ？5.78, and ？7.23）, storage IPSS （？3.56, ？5.63, and ？6.66 vs. ？1.52, ？1.21, and ？2.43）, voiding IPSS （？2.88, ？5.10, and ？6.48 vs. ？1.52, ？3.03, and ？2.97）, QoL （？1.21, ？2.40, and ？3.21 vs. ？0.39, ？1.41, and ？1.60）, Qmax （2.21, 7.97, and 9.72 ml/s vs. 2.15, 2.44, and 2.73 ml/s）, and PVR （？17.88, ？26.97, and ？27.89 ml vs. ？12.03, ？11.16, and ？16.73 ml） at weeks 4, 12, and 24, respectively; the differences were all statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）. Adverse events （AEs） were not increased with treatment progression. Tolterodine ER alone did not improve total IPSS （？4.61, ？6.79, and ？5.70）, voiding IPSS （？0.64, ？1.83, and ？1.45）, QoL （？0.69, ？1.21, an展开更多
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Program of the People’s Republic of China (No. 2005CB120803).
文摘The ARGOS gene in Arabidopsis plays a key role in controlling plant organ size. To determine the function of it＇s ortholog in rice, a putative ARGOS orthologous gene from rice tissues was isolated and designated as OsARGOS. This gene has only one copy in the rice genome. OsARGOS transcripts were detected in most of rice tissues, particularly in the young tissues, and its expression was induced in rice seedlings by the application of either auxin or cytokinin. Arabidopsis plants expressing OsARGOS led to larger organs, such as leaves and siliques, compared with wild-type plants. Interestingly, the root growth was also enhanced in these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, the biomass of the transgenic plants was significantly increased. Further analysis revealed that, different from the ARGOS and ARGOS-LIKE genes in Arabidopsis, the OsARGOS gene enlarged organ by an increase in both cell number and cell size. In addition, the transcript levels of several organ size-associated genes regulating either cell division or cell growth were upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We also transferred the OsARGOS gene to rice, but the transgenic plants did not show any changes in organ size compared with the control plants. It is likely that the function of OsARGOS in organ size control depends on other size regulators in rice. The expression of OsARGOS in Arabidopsis may activate the signaling pathways that control cell proliferation and cell expansion during the course of plant growth and development. Since the expression of OsARGOS causes organ enlargement, the potential application of this gene through genetic engineering may significantly improve the production of biomass in agricultural practice.
基金Supported by Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute in part(to Robert M Reed)Michael Eberlein is supported by a PILOT grant from the Institute for Clinical and Translational Science(ICTS)at the University of Iowa via the National Institutes of Health(NIH)Clinical and Translational Science Award(CTSA)program,grant 2 UL1 TR000442-06
文摘Donor-to-recipient organ size matching is a critical aspect of thoracic transplantation. In the United States potential recipients for lung transplant and heart transplant are listed with limitations on donor height and weight ranges, respectively. Height is used as a surrogate for lung size and weight is used as a surrogate for heart size. While these measures are important predictors of organ size, they are crude surrogates that fail to incorporate the influence of sex on organ size. Independent of other measures, a man's thoracic organs are approximately 20% larger than a woman's. Lung size can be better estimated using the predicted total lung capacity, which is derived from regression equations correcting for height, sex and age. Similarly, heart size can be better estimated using the predicted heart mass, which adjusts for sex, age, height, and weight. These refined organ sizing measures perform better than current sizing practice for the prediction of outcomes after transplantation, and largely explain the outcome differences observed after sex-mismatch transplantation. An undersized allograft is associated with worse outcomes. In this review we examine current data pertaining to size-matching in thoracic transplantation. We advocate for a change in the thoracic allocation mechanism from a height-or-weightbased strategy to a size-matching process that utilizes refined estimates of organ size. We believe that a size-matching approach based on refined estimates of organ size would optimize outcomes in thoracic transplantation without restricting or precluding patients from thoracic transplantation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872805)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central NonProfit of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAASZDRW202109 and Y2023PT20)the Nanfan Special Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YBXM15).
文摘Plant organ size is an important agronomic trait that makes a significant contribution to plant yield.Despite its central importance,the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size control remain to be fully clarified.Here,we report that the trithorax group protein ULTRAPETALA1(ULT1)interacts with the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF14/15(TCP14/15)transcription factors by antagonizing the LIN-11,ISL-1,and MEC-3(LIM)peptidase DA1,thereby regulating organ size in Arabidopsis.Loss of ULT1 function significantly increases rosette leaf,petal,silique,and seed size,whereas overexpression of ULT1 results in reduced organ size.ULT1 associates with TCP14 and TCP15 to co-regulate cell size by affecting cellular endoreduplication.Transcriptome analysis revealed that ULT1 and TCP14/15 regulate common target genes involved in endoreduplication and leaf development.ULT1 can be recruited by TCP14/15 to promote lysine 4 of histone H3 trimethylation at target genes,activating their expression to determinefinal cell size.Furthermore,we found that ULT1 influences the interaction of DA1 and TCP14/15 and antagonizes the effect of DA1 on TCP14/15 degradation.Collectively,ourfindings reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying the regulation of organ size in Arabidopsis.
文摘Background： The medium-to-long-term use of antimuscarinics alone or in combination with an α-blocker in men with an enlarged prostate is still controversial. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of medium-to-long-term use of tolterodine extended release （ER） with or without tamsulosin in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia （BPH） and larger prostate size. Methods： Totally, 152 patients （age ≥50 years） with BPH, International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） ≥12, quality-of-life （QoL） score ≥3, and total prostate volume ≥25 ml were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized into four groups （n = 38 in each） to receive tolterodine ER placebo plus tamsulosin placebo, 0.2 mg tamsulosin plus tolterodine ER placebo, 4 mg tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin placebo, or tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin once daily for 24 weeks. IPSS （total, storage, and voiding subscales）, QoL, maximum urinary flow rate （Qmax）, and postvoid residual volume （PVR） were collected at baseline, and at weeks 4, 12, and 24. Results： Compared with placebo, tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin significantly improved total IPSS （？7.15, ？12.20, and ？14.66 vs. ？3.51, ？5.78, and ？7.23）, storage IPSS （？3.56, ？5.63, and ？6.66 vs. ？1.52, ？1.21, and ？2.43）, voiding IPSS （？2.88, ？5.10, and ？6.48 vs. ？1.52, ？3.03, and ？2.97）, QoL （？1.21, ？2.40, and ？3.21 vs. ？0.39, ？1.41, and ？1.60）, Qmax （2.21, 7.97, and 9.72 ml/s vs. 2.15, 2.44, and 2.73 ml/s）, and PVR （？17.88, ？26.97, and ？27.89 ml vs. ？12.03, ？11.16, and ？16.73 ml） at weeks 4, 12, and 24, respectively; the differences were all statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）. Adverse events （AEs） were not increased with treatment progression. Tolterodine ER alone did not improve total IPSS （？4.61, ？6.79, and ？5.70）, voiding IPSS （？0.64, ？1.83, and ？1.45）, QoL （？0.69, ？1.21, an
