The bulk of the world’s millet crop is produced by India,Nigeria,Niger,Mali,Burkina Faso,Chad,and China.Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn),little millet(Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem.&Schult.),foxtail m...The bulk of the world’s millet crop is produced by India,Nigeria,Niger,Mali,Burkina Faso,Chad,and China.Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn),little millet(Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem.&Schult.),foxtail millet(Setaria italica(L.)P.Beauvois)and proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)are most commonly found species among various millet varieties.In India,finger millet occupy the largest area under cultivation among the small millets.Finger millet stands unique among the cereals such as barley,rye and oats with higher nutritional contents and has outstanding properties as a subsistence food crop.It is rich in calcium(0.34%),dietary fiber(18%),phytates(0.48%),protein(6%–13%)minerals(2.5%–3.5%),and phenolics(0.3%–3%).Moreover,it is also a rich source of thiamine,riboflavin,iron,methionine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine and other essential amino acids.The abundance of these phytochemicals enhances the nutraceutical potential of finger millet,making it a powerhouse of health benefiting nutrients.It has distinguished health beneficial properties,such as anti-diabetic(type 2 diabetes mellitus),anti-diarrheal,antiulcer,anti-inflammatory,antitumerogenic(K562 chronic myeloid leukemia),atherosclerogenic effects,antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.展开更多
Nitrogen is an indispensable element for life because it is a constituent of amino acids and a key constituent for various materials,as well as fine chemicals.Nitrogen molecules occupy~80%of the atmosphere but are che...Nitrogen is an indispensable element for life because it is a constituent of amino acids and a key constituent for various materials,as well as fine chemicals.Nitrogen molecules occupy~80%of the atmosphere but are chemically inert due to the strength of the NN triple bond and absence of polarity.This nonpolar nature makes N_(2)totally different from CO with an isoelectronic diatomic structure in reactivity.Thus,it was a challenge in chemistry to activate N_(2)to transform it into chemically usable molecules,such as NH_(3)and NO_(x).The Haber-Bosch(HB)process for the synthesis of NH_(3)from N_(2)and H_(2),which was established in 1913,marked the first practical chemical process of nitrogen fixation through extensive fundamental chemical research and much engineering ingenuity[1,2].This success of the industrial process saves human civilization from a hunger crisis.Since then,the HB process has been the predominant method for industrial NH_(3)production.The annual NH_(3)production has reached180 million tons globally,which makes it the most mass-produced chemical comparable to methanol.展开更多
At the end of 2023, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE) successively announced “2023 Research Fronts”^[1] and “2023 Engineering Fronts”^([2,3]), respectively. Among them, agric...At the end of 2023, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE) successively announced “2023 Research Fronts”^[1] and “2023 Engineering Fronts”^([2,3]), respectively. Among them, agricultural sciences occupy a pivotal position on both fronts.展开更多
Gnetophytes are a key group of plant for understanding seed plant phylogeny,partly because of their unique and elusive morphology,such as xylem with vessels,phloem with chaperones,reticular veins,and double fertilizat...Gnetophytes are a key group of plant for understanding seed plant phylogeny,partly because of their unique and elusive morphology,such as xylem with vessels,phloem with chaperones,reticular veins,and double fertilization(Endress,1996).In particular,the ovule bears a membranous integument,the upper part of which extends beyond the seed envelope to form a micropylar tube.Therefore,gnetophytes occupy a unique evolutionary position in the phylogeny of seed plants and apparently represent a transition between angiosperms and other gymnosperms(Ran et al.,2018).Modern gnetophytes consist of only three families:Ephedraceae,Gnetaceae,and Welwitschiaceae,and each family contains only one genus.Ephedraceae(Ephedra L.)are the earliest diverging group of Gnetales,with a total of 70 extant species,and usually occur in cold and arid places in Asia,Europe,northern Africa,western North America and South America(Price,1996;Yang et al.,2017b).展开更多
The China Jinping Underground Laboratory phaseⅡ[1](CJPL-Ⅱ)is the expansion project following the success of CJPL-I.A temporary usage in the year 2020–2021 enabled the Underground Nuclear Astrophysics Experiment in ...The China Jinping Underground Laboratory phaseⅡ[1](CJPL-Ⅱ)is the expansion project following the success of CJPL-I.A temporary usage in the year 2020–2021 enabled the Underground Nuclear Astrophysics Experiment in China(JUNA)phase I experiments presented here.Once commissioned in 2023,CJPL-Ⅱwill occupy a much larger underground space(300000 m^(3)in volume)for conducting experiments and is planned to house CDEX-Ⅱ。展开更多
Water lilies are not only highly favored aquatic ornamental plants with cultural and economic importance but they also occupy a critical evolutionary space that is crucial for understanding the origin and early evolut...Water lilies are not only highly favored aquatic ornamental plants with cultural and economic importance but they also occupy a critical evolutionary space that is crucial for understanding the origin and early evolutionary trajectory of flowering plants.The birth and rapid radiation of flowering plants has interested many scientists and was considered‘an abominable mystery’by Charles Darwin.In searching for the angiosperm evolutionary origin and its underlying mechanisms,the genome of Amborella has shed some light on the molecular features of one of the basal angiosperm lineages;however,little is known regarding the genetics and genomics of another basal angiosperm lineage,namely,the water lily.In this study,we reviewed current molecular research and note that water lily research has entered the genomic era.We propose that the genome of the water lily is critical for studying the contentious relationship of basal angiosperms and Darwin’s‘abominable mystery’.Four pantropical water lilies,especially the recently sequenced Nymphaea colorata,have characteristics such as small size,rapid growth rate and numerous seeds and can act as the best model for understanding the origin of angiosperms.The water lily genome is also valuable for revealing the genetics of ornamental traits and will largely accelerate the molecular breeding of water lilies.展开更多
Most countries in the world have joined the race for carbon neutrality, to meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement, leading to a boom in the clean-energy sector. However, the construction of clean-energy infrastruc...Most countries in the world have joined the race for carbon neutrality, to meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement, leading to a boom in the clean-energy sector. However, the construction of clean-energy infrastructure can disproportionately occupy limited productive soil and natural land resources, compared to conventional energy plants (Fig. 1). Thus, comprehending the land footprint resulting from the proliferation of clean-energy systems is now imperative, to better anticipate and manage the energy industry, and specifically to quantify the land-use trade-offs of the energy transition in a global context.展开更多
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)is widely recognized as a global health issue.However,little is known about OHCA epidemiology in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)territories.[1,2]The15 post-Sovi...Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)is widely recognized as a global health issue.However,little is known about OHCA epidemiology in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)territories.[1,2]The15 post-Soviet states occupy nearly one-sixth of the land surface of the earth,and the total population exceeds 292 million people.展开更多
A new wavelength division multiplexing method for fiber Bragg grating（FBG） sensors based on spectrum profile identification is proposed. In this method, FBGs and tilted FBG（TFBG） sensors are cascaded in a single f...A new wavelength division multiplexing method for fiber Bragg grating（FBG） sensors based on spectrum profile identification is proposed. In this method, FBGs and tilted FBG（TFBG） sensors are cascaded in a single fiber in one sensing channel. The different spectrum profiles enable the cross-correlation method to demodulate the wavelength. Therefore, the different types of sensors can occupy the same central wavelength band. Using this method, the multiplexing capacity is optimized. Experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of this method and it is useful for applications where large numbers of FBGs are needed.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a rise in methods for accurate prediction of structure and design of novel functional proteins. Designof functional protein fragments and peptides occupy a small, albeit unique, space withi...Recent years have witnessed a rise in methods for accurate prediction of structure and design of novel functional proteins. Designof functional protein fragments and peptides occupy a small, albeit unique, space within the general field of protein design. Whilethe smaller size of these peptides allows for more exhaustive computational methods, flexibility in their structure and sparsity ofdata compared to proteins, as well as presence of noncanonical building blocks, add additional challenges to their design. Thisreview summarizes the current advances in the design of protein fragments and peptides for binding to targets and discussesthe challenges in the field, with an eye toward future directions.展开更多
文摘The bulk of the world’s millet crop is produced by India,Nigeria,Niger,Mali,Burkina Faso,Chad,and China.Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn),little millet(Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem.&Schult.),foxtail millet(Setaria italica(L.)P.Beauvois)and proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)are most commonly found species among various millet varieties.In India,finger millet occupy the largest area under cultivation among the small millets.Finger millet stands unique among the cereals such as barley,rye and oats with higher nutritional contents and has outstanding properties as a subsistence food crop.It is rich in calcium(0.34%),dietary fiber(18%),phytates(0.48%),protein(6%–13%)minerals(2.5%–3.5%),and phenolics(0.3%–3%).Moreover,it is also a rich source of thiamine,riboflavin,iron,methionine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine and other essential amino acids.The abundance of these phytochemicals enhances the nutraceutical potential of finger millet,making it a powerhouse of health benefiting nutrients.It has distinguished health beneficial properties,such as anti-diabetic(type 2 diabetes mellitus),anti-diarrheal,antiulcer,anti-inflammatory,antitumerogenic(K562 chronic myeloid leukemia),atherosclerogenic effects,antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
文摘Nitrogen is an indispensable element for life because it is a constituent of amino acids and a key constituent for various materials,as well as fine chemicals.Nitrogen molecules occupy~80%of the atmosphere but are chemically inert due to the strength of the NN triple bond and absence of polarity.This nonpolar nature makes N_(2)totally different from CO with an isoelectronic diatomic structure in reactivity.Thus,it was a challenge in chemistry to activate N_(2)to transform it into chemically usable molecules,such as NH_(3)and NO_(x).The Haber-Bosch(HB)process for the synthesis of NH_(3)from N_(2)and H_(2),which was established in 1913,marked the first practical chemical process of nitrogen fixation through extensive fundamental chemical research and much engineering ingenuity[1,2].This success of the industrial process saves human civilization from a hunger crisis.Since then,the HB process has been the predominant method for industrial NH_(3)production.The annual NH_(3)production has reached180 million tons globally,which makes it the most mass-produced chemical comparable to methanol.
文摘At the end of 2023, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE) successively announced “2023 Research Fronts”^[1] and “2023 Engineering Fronts”^([2,3]), respectively. Among them, agricultural sciences occupy a pivotal position on both fronts.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grant No.2019QZKK0704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42272029).
文摘Gnetophytes are a key group of plant for understanding seed plant phylogeny,partly because of their unique and elusive morphology,such as xylem with vessels,phloem with chaperones,reticular veins,and double fertilization(Endress,1996).In particular,the ovule bears a membranous integument,the upper part of which extends beyond the seed envelope to form a micropylar tube.Therefore,gnetophytes occupy a unique evolutionary position in the phylogeny of seed plants and apparently represent a transition between angiosperms and other gymnosperms(Ran et al.,2018).Modern gnetophytes consist of only three families:Ephedraceae,Gnetaceae,and Welwitschiaceae,and each family contains only one genus.Ephedraceae(Ephedra L.)are the earliest diverging group of Gnetales,with a total of 70 extant species,and usually occur in cold and arid places in Asia,Europe,northern Africa,western North America and South America(Price,1996;Yang et al.,2017b).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11490560)the CNNC innovation fundthe CAS instrument fund。
文摘The China Jinping Underground Laboratory phaseⅡ[1](CJPL-Ⅱ)is the expansion project following the success of CJPL-I.A temporary usage in the year 2020–2021 enabled the Underground Nuclear Astrophysics Experiment in China(JUNA)phase I experiments presented here.Once commissioned in 2023,CJPL-Ⅱwill occupy a much larger underground space(300000 m^(3)in volume)for conducting experiments and is planned to house CDEX-Ⅱ。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81502437)a start-up fund from the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University to LZ We acknowledge Dr Xianxian Yu from Xuchang University for providing the N.colorata picture in Figure 1.
文摘Water lilies are not only highly favored aquatic ornamental plants with cultural and economic importance but they also occupy a critical evolutionary space that is crucial for understanding the origin and early evolutionary trajectory of flowering plants.The birth and rapid radiation of flowering plants has interested many scientists and was considered‘an abominable mystery’by Charles Darwin.In searching for the angiosperm evolutionary origin and its underlying mechanisms,the genome of Amborella has shed some light on the molecular features of one of the basal angiosperm lineages;however,little is known regarding the genetics and genomics of another basal angiosperm lineage,namely,the water lily.In this study,we reviewed current molecular research and note that water lily research has entered the genomic era.We propose that the genome of the water lily is critical for studying the contentious relationship of basal angiosperms and Darwin’s‘abominable mystery’.Four pantropical water lilies,especially the recently sequenced Nymphaea colorata,have characteristics such as small size,rapid growth rate and numerous seeds and can act as the best model for understanding the origin of angiosperms.The water lily genome is also valuable for revealing the genetics of ornamental traits and will largely accelerate the molecular breeding of water lilies.
基金the financial support from the PhD program of the Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development and the China National Key R&D Plan(2018YFB1502804)。
文摘Most countries in the world have joined the race for carbon neutrality, to meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement, leading to a boom in the clean-energy sector. However, the construction of clean-energy infrastructure can disproportionately occupy limited productive soil and natural land resources, compared to conventional energy plants (Fig. 1). Thus, comprehending the land footprint resulting from the proliferation of clean-energy systems is now imperative, to better anticipate and manage the energy industry, and specifically to quantify the land-use trade-offs of the energy transition in a global context.
文摘Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)is widely recognized as a global health issue.However,little is known about OHCA epidemiology in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)territories.[1,2]The15 post-Soviet states occupy nearly one-sixth of the land surface of the earth,and the total population exceeds 292 million people.
基金supported by the National Instrumentation Program of China(No.2013YQ030915)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61227011,61378043,61505139,61475114,and 11004150)+3 种基金the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.13JCYBJC16200)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Project(No.JCYJ20120831153904083)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB327802)the Soft Science Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China(No.2016-K4-087)
文摘A new wavelength division multiplexing method for fiber Bragg grating（FBG） sensors based on spectrum profile identification is proposed. In this method, FBGs and tilted FBG（TFBG） sensors are cascaded in a single fiber in one sensing channel. The different spectrum profiles enable the cross-correlation method to demodulate the wavelength. Therefore, the different types of sensors can occupy the same central wavelength band. Using this method, the multiplexing capacity is optimized. Experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of this method and it is useful for applications where large numbers of FBGs are needed.
文摘Recent years have witnessed a rise in methods for accurate prediction of structure and design of novel functional proteins. Designof functional protein fragments and peptides occupy a small, albeit unique, space within the general field of protein design. Whilethe smaller size of these peptides allows for more exhaustive computational methods, flexibility in their structure and sparsity ofdata compared to proteins, as well as presence of noncanonical building blocks, add additional challenges to their design. Thisreview summarizes the current advances in the design of protein fragments and peptides for binding to targets and discussesthe challenges in the field, with an eye toward future directions.
