Boulder spacing in mountain rivers and near-wake flow zones within the boulder array is very useful for fish habitat and growth of aquatic organisms.The present study aims to investigate how the boulder array and spac...Boulder spacing in mountain rivers and near-wake flow zones within the boulder array is very useful for fish habitat and growth of aquatic organisms.The present study aims to investigate how the boulder array and spacing influence the near-bed flow structures in a gravel-bed stream.Boulders are staggered over a gravel-bed stream with three different inter-boulder spacing namely(a)large(b)medium and(c)small spacing.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used for flow measurements in a rectangular channel and the results were compared with those acquired from numerical simulation.The time-averaged velocity profiles at the near-wake flow zones of boulders experience maximum flow retardation which is an outcome of the boulder-induced form roughness.The ratio of velocity differences associated to form and skin roughness and its positive magnitude reveals the dominance of form roughness closest to the boulders.Form roughness computed is 1.75 to 2 times higher than the skin roughness at the near-wake flow region.In particular,the collective immobile boulders placed at different inter-boulder spacings developed high and low bed shear stresses closest to the boulders.The low bed shear stresses characterised by a secondary peak developed at the trough location of the boulders is attributed to the skin shear stress.Further,the spatial averaging of time-averaged flow quantities gives additional impetus to present an improved illustration of fluid shear stresses.The formation of form-induced shear stress is estimated to be 17%to 23%of doubleaveraged Reynolds shear stress and partially compensates for the damping of time-averaged Reynolds shear stress in the interfacial sub-layer.The quadrant analysis of spatial velocity fluctuations depicts that the form-induced shear stresses are dominant in the interfacial sub-layer and have no significance above the gravel-bed surface.展开更多
Transition waves and interactions between two kinds of instability-vortex shedding and transition wave in the near wake of a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 3 000-10 000 are studied by a domain decompos...Transition waves and interactions between two kinds of instability-vortex shedding and transition wave in the near wake of a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 3 000-10 000 are studied by a domain decomposition hybrid numerical method.Based on high resolution power spectral analyses for velocity new results on the Reynolds-number dependence of the transition wave frequency,i.e.ft/fa^Re0.87 are obtained.The new predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results of Wei and Smith but different from Braza's prediction and some early experimental results ft/fa-Re0.5 given by Bloor et al.The multi-interactions between two kinds of vortex are clearly visualized numerically.The strong nonlinear interactions between the two independent frequencies (ft,fa) leading to spectra broadening to form the coupling mfs±nft are predicted and analyzed numerically,and the characteristics of the transition are described.Longitudinal variations of the transition wave and its coupling are reported.Detailed mechanism of the flow transition in the near wake before occurrence of the three-dimensional evolution is provided.展开更多
Experiments on a square section cylinder fixed and forced to oscillate transversely in a uni- form stream were conducted in a water tank.The Reynolds numberof the experiments is in the range of 3·10~3 tO 10~4,the...Experiments on a square section cylinder fixed and forced to oscillate transversely in a uni- form stream were conducted in a water tank.The Reynolds numberof the experiments is in the range of 3·10~3 tO 10~4,the amplitude to side length ratio A/D is up to 0.7 and the range of reduced velocity is 4.5<Vr<12.This study aims at investigating the lock-in phenomenon,the fluctuating lift and the phase shift between fluctuating lift and displacement of the oscillating cylinder.The problems on the aeroelastic insta. bility relating to present experimental results have been discussed.The flow visualization clearly shows that there are drastic changes of vortex-shedding from cylinder at the resonance point and the upper end of the lock-in range.The results of the flow visualization give better understanding of the physical mechanism of the phase shift.展开更多
A particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment is performed for dissipation rate estimation in the near wake behind a circular cylinder with diameter D of 12 mm and corresponding Reynolds number of 7100. Considering th...A particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment is performed for dissipation rate estimation in the near wake behind a circular cylinder with diameter D of 12 mm and corresponding Reynolds number of 7100. Considering the limitation of PIV resolution, a large eddy PIV method based on idea of large eddy simulation (LES), is used for more accurate estimation of dissipation rate. Based on the dynamic equilibrium assumption in the inertial subrange, the dissipation rate of the subgrid scales is approximated by the subgrid scale (SGS) flux, computed from PIV velocity fields and Smagorinsky model for SGS stress. A dimensional analysis about the integral length scale and the Kolmogorov length scale is discussed firstly to verify whether the dynamic equilibrium assumption holds or not.展开更多
文摘Boulder spacing in mountain rivers and near-wake flow zones within the boulder array is very useful for fish habitat and growth of aquatic organisms.The present study aims to investigate how the boulder array and spacing influence the near-bed flow structures in a gravel-bed stream.Boulders are staggered over a gravel-bed stream with three different inter-boulder spacing namely(a)large(b)medium and(c)small spacing.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used for flow measurements in a rectangular channel and the results were compared with those acquired from numerical simulation.The time-averaged velocity profiles at the near-wake flow zones of boulders experience maximum flow retardation which is an outcome of the boulder-induced form roughness.The ratio of velocity differences associated to form and skin roughness and its positive magnitude reveals the dominance of form roughness closest to the boulders.Form roughness computed is 1.75 to 2 times higher than the skin roughness at the near-wake flow region.In particular,the collective immobile boulders placed at different inter-boulder spacings developed high and low bed shear stresses closest to the boulders.The low bed shear stresses characterised by a secondary peak developed at the trough location of the boulders is attributed to the skin shear stress.Further,the spatial averaging of time-averaged flow quantities gives additional impetus to present an improved illustration of fluid shear stresses.The formation of form-induced shear stress is estimated to be 17%to 23%of doubleaveraged Reynolds shear stress and partially compensates for the damping of time-averaged Reynolds shear stress in the interfacial sub-layer.The quadrant analysis of spatial velocity fluctuations depicts that the form-induced shear stresses are dominant in the interfacial sub-layer and have no significance above the gravel-bed surface.
文摘在风剪切来流风况下,对WindPACT 1.5MW风力机近尾迹流动特性进行了数值计算,同时研究了三种风剪切系数(0.1、0.2和0.3)对风力机近尾迹流动特性的影响。基于雷诺平均不可压N-S方程的计算流体力学方法数值模拟三维非定常的风力机流场,其中,湍流模型选取Shear Stress Transport k-ω湍流模型。研究结果表明:在近尾迹区域,来流空气的轴向诱导因子和切向诱导因子受到旋转叶片的强烈影响,并在风力机下游形成明显的轴向速度亏损。这种轴向速度亏损随空气向下游流动过程中,逐渐减弱。轴向诱导因子和切向诱导因子受风剪切影响,呈非周期性分布,并且风剪切系数增加,这种影响随之增强。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the LNM of Institute of Mechanics, and partially by the National Basic Research Project.
文摘Transition waves and interactions between two kinds of instability-vortex shedding and transition wave in the near wake of a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 3 000-10 000 are studied by a domain decomposition hybrid numerical method.Based on high resolution power spectral analyses for velocity new results on the Reynolds-number dependence of the transition wave frequency,i.e.ft/fa^Re0.87 are obtained.The new predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results of Wei and Smith but different from Braza's prediction and some early experimental results ft/fa-Re0.5 given by Bloor et al.The multi-interactions between two kinds of vortex are clearly visualized numerically.The strong nonlinear interactions between the two independent frequencies (ft,fa) leading to spectra broadening to form the coupling mfs±nft are predicted and analyzed numerically,and the characteristics of the transition are described.Longitudinal variations of the transition wave and its coupling are reported.Detailed mechanism of the flow transition in the near wake before occurrence of the three-dimensional evolution is provided.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Experiments on a square section cylinder fixed and forced to oscillate transversely in a uni- form stream were conducted in a water tank.The Reynolds numberof the experiments is in the range of 3·10~3 tO 10~4,the amplitude to side length ratio A/D is up to 0.7 and the range of reduced velocity is 4.5<Vr<12.This study aims at investigating the lock-in phenomenon,the fluctuating lift and the phase shift between fluctuating lift and displacement of the oscillating cylinder.The problems on the aeroelastic insta. bility relating to present experimental results have been discussed.The flow visualization clearly shows that there are drastic changes of vortex-shedding from cylinder at the resonance point and the upper end of the lock-in range.The results of the flow visualization give better understanding of the physical mechanism of the phase shift.
文摘A particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment is performed for dissipation rate estimation in the near wake behind a circular cylinder with diameter D of 12 mm and corresponding Reynolds number of 7100. Considering the limitation of PIV resolution, a large eddy PIV method based on idea of large eddy simulation (LES), is used for more accurate estimation of dissipation rate. Based on the dynamic equilibrium assumption in the inertial subrange, the dissipation rate of the subgrid scales is approximated by the subgrid scale (SGS) flux, computed from PIV velocity fields and Smagorinsky model for SGS stress. A dimensional analysis about the integral length scale and the Kolmogorov length scale is discussed firstly to verify whether the dynamic equilibrium assumption holds or not.
