Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) is the second commonest indication for liver transplantation after viral hepatitis in the United States and Europe.Controversies surround the indications and allocation of scarce and expen...Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) is the second commonest indication for liver transplantation after viral hepatitis in the United States and Europe.Controversies surround the indications and allocation of scarce and expensive resource for this so called self inflicted disease.Controversies stem from the apprehension that alcoholic recipients are likely to relapse and cause damage to the graft.There is a need to select those candidates with lower risk for relapse with the available predictive factors and scores.Substance abuse specialist and psychiatrists are mandatory in the pre-transplant evaluation and in the post-transplant follow-up.There is conflicting evidence to support a fixed period of pretransplant abstinence,although most units do follow this.Alcoholic hepatitis(AH) continues to be a contraindication for transplantation,however there is a need for further research in this f ield as a subset of patients with AH who do not respond to medical treatment,have high early mortality and could benefit from transplantation.One year,3-year,and 5-year survival post-transplant is similar for both ALD and non-ALD recipients.The incidence of post-transplant rejection and retransplantation is also similar to other recipients.ALD with viral hepatitis especially hepatitis C virus leads to a more aggressive liver disease with early presentation for transplantation.ALD patients are more prone to develop de-novo malignancy;this is attributed to the long term effect of alcohol,tobacco combined with immunosuppression.Post-transplant surveillance is important to detect early relapse to alcoholism,presence of de-novo malignancy and treat the same adequately.展开更多
In this paper,a new fifth-order finite volume central weighted essentially non-oscillatory(CWENO)scheme is proposed for solving hyperbolic conservation laws on staggered meshes.The high-order spatial reconstruction pr...In this paper,a new fifth-order finite volume central weighted essentially non-oscillatory(CWENO)scheme is proposed for solving hyperbolic conservation laws on staggered meshes.The high-order spatial reconstruction procedure using a convex combination of a fourth degree polynomial with two linear polynomials(in one dimension)or four linear polynomials(in two dimensions)in a traditional WENO fashion and a time discretization method using the natural continuous extension(NCE)of the Runge-Kutta method are applied to design this new fifth-order CWENO scheme.This new finite volume CWENO scheme uses the information defined on the same largest spatial stencil as that of the same order classical CWENO schemes[37,46]with the application of smaller number of unequal-sized spatial stencils.Since the new nonlinear weights are adopted,the new finite volume CWENO scheme could obtain the same order of accuracy and get smaller truncation errors in L1 and L¥norms in smooth regions,and control the spurious oscillations near strong shocks or contact discontinuities.The new CWENO scheme has advantages over the classical CWENO schemes[37,46]on staggered meshes in its simplicity and easy extension to multi-dimensions.Some one-dimensional and two-dimensional benchmark numerical examples are provided to illustrate the good performance of this new fifthorder finite volume CWENO scheme.展开更多
Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenou...Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.展开更多
Inspirational messages began pouring onto Chinese social media on December 7,with tourism operators and staff feeling relieved that,almost three years into the pandemic,they are still able to hang on as part of the in...Inspirational messages began pouring onto Chinese social media on December 7,with tourism operators and staff feeling relieved that,almost three years into the pandemic,they are still able to hang on as part of the industry.展开更多
文摘Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) is the second commonest indication for liver transplantation after viral hepatitis in the United States and Europe.Controversies surround the indications and allocation of scarce and expensive resource for this so called self inflicted disease.Controversies stem from the apprehension that alcoholic recipients are likely to relapse and cause damage to the graft.There is a need to select those candidates with lower risk for relapse with the available predictive factors and scores.Substance abuse specialist and psychiatrists are mandatory in the pre-transplant evaluation and in the post-transplant follow-up.There is conflicting evidence to support a fixed period of pretransplant abstinence,although most units do follow this.Alcoholic hepatitis(AH) continues to be a contraindication for transplantation,however there is a need for further research in this f ield as a subset of patients with AH who do not respond to medical treatment,have high early mortality and could benefit from transplantation.One year,3-year,and 5-year survival post-transplant is similar for both ALD and non-ALD recipients.The incidence of post-transplant rejection and retransplantation is also similar to other recipients.ALD with viral hepatitis especially hepatitis C virus leads to a more aggressive liver disease with early presentation for transplantation.ALD patients are more prone to develop de-novo malignancy;this is attributed to the long term effect of alcohol,tobacco combined with immunosuppression.Post-transplant surveillance is important to detect early relapse to alcoholism,presence of de-novo malignancy and treat the same adequately.
基金The first and third authors are supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grant No.11872210 and Grant No.MCMS-I-0120G01The second author is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grant No.12001231.
文摘In this paper,a new fifth-order finite volume central weighted essentially non-oscillatory(CWENO)scheme is proposed for solving hyperbolic conservation laws on staggered meshes.The high-order spatial reconstruction procedure using a convex combination of a fourth degree polynomial with two linear polynomials(in one dimension)or four linear polynomials(in two dimensions)in a traditional WENO fashion and a time discretization method using the natural continuous extension(NCE)of the Runge-Kutta method are applied to design this new fifth-order CWENO scheme.This new finite volume CWENO scheme uses the information defined on the same largest spatial stencil as that of the same order classical CWENO schemes[37,46]with the application of smaller number of unequal-sized spatial stencils.Since the new nonlinear weights are adopted,the new finite volume CWENO scheme could obtain the same order of accuracy and get smaller truncation errors in L1 and L¥norms in smooth regions,and control the spurious oscillations near strong shocks or contact discontinuities.The new CWENO scheme has advantages over the classical CWENO schemes[37,46]on staggered meshes in its simplicity and easy extension to multi-dimensions.Some one-dimensional and two-dimensional benchmark numerical examples are provided to illustrate the good performance of this new fifthorder finite volume CWENO scheme.
基金This research is funded by the key project of National Social Science Foundation of China ＂Study on Major Issues and Countermeasures of Industrial Organization in China after the International Financial Crisis＂ （Approval No. 12AJY004） Major Research Projects on Humanities and Social Sciences of Shandong University ＂Study on Industrial Concentration, Enterprise Size and International Competitiveness of China＇s Manufacturing Industry against Economic Globalization＂ （Approval No.12RWZD15） Fund Project for Postgraduate＇s Independent Innovation of Shandong University ＂Study on the Impact Mechanism of IT Technical Progress on Employment.＂
文摘Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.
文摘Inspirational messages began pouring onto Chinese social media on December 7,with tourism operators and staff feeling relieved that,almost three years into the pandemic,they are still able to hang on as part of the industry.
