Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota.Investigations on the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out.So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are...Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota.Investigations on the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out.So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China.Two new genera:Amylosporia gen.nov.and Murinicarpus gen.nov.,twelve new species:Coriolopsis dendriformis sp.nov.,C.hainanensis sp.nov.,Funalia cystidiata sp.nov.,Haploporus microsporus sp.nov.,Perenniporia citrinoalba sp.nov.,P.yinggelingensis sp.nov.,Picipes hainanensis sp.nov.,P.jiajinensis sp.nov.,P.pseudovarius sp.nov.,Trametes duplexa sp.nov.,T.ellipsoidea sp.nov.and T.stiptica sp.nov.,and six new combinations,Amylosporia hattorii comb.nov.,Hornodermoporus latissimus comb.nov.,Murinicarpus subadustus comb.nov.,Picipes pumilus comb.nov.,Vanderbylia delavayi comb.nov.and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb.nov.,are proposed.All the species are described based on the Chinese collections.Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided.This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy.The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),theβ-tubulin gene(TBB1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and second largest subunit(RPB2)genes.In addition,full morphological descriptions,illustrations,color photographs,taxonomic notes,ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.展开更多
Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Boletaceae are ecologically and economically very important.However,due to the morphological complexity and the limited phylogenetic information on the various species and genera ...Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Boletaceae are ecologically and economically very important.However,due to the morphological complexity and the limited phylogenetic information on the various species and genera of this fungal family,our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary.In this study,DNA sequences of four genes(nrLSU,tef1-α,rpb1,and rpb2)were newly obtained from ca.200 representative specimens of Boletaceae.Our phylogenetic analyses revealed seven major clades at the subfamily level,namely Austroboletoideae,Boletoideae,Chalciporoideae,Leccinoideae,Xerocomoideae,Zangioideae,and the Pulveroboletus Group.In addition,59 genus-level clades were identified,of which 22 were uncovered for the first time.These 22 clades were mainly placed in Boletoideae and the Pulveroboletus Group.The results further indicated that the characters frequently used in the morphology-based taxonomy of Boletaceae,such as basidiospore ornamentation,the form of the basidioma,and the stuffed pores each had multiple origins within the family,suggesting that the use of such features for high-level classification of Boletaceae should be de-emphasized and combined with other characters.展开更多
A JERF36 regulation gene, a selection marker gene (NPT-II), and the foreign genes levansucrase (SacB), Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb), and Binary coleopterus insect resistance (BtCry3A+OC-I) were co-transferred into Po...A JERF36 regulation gene, a selection marker gene (NPT-II), and the foreign genes levansucrase (SacB), Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb), and Binary coleopterus insect resistance (BtCry3A+OC-I) were co-transferred into Populus xeuramericana 'Guariento' using biolistic bombardment; 25 kanamycin resistant plants were obtained. The results of PCR and Southern hybridization showed that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of P. xeuramericana 'Guariento' and 5 genes were all transferred into 7 poplar plants. The results of a BtCry3A ELISA experiment indicated that the BtCry3A gene was expressed in the 7 transgenic poplar plants, and these plants grew well on coastal saline land.展开更多
Apple ring rot inflicts severe economic losses in the main apple producing areas of East Asia.The causal agent of the disease has been variously identified as Macrophoma kuwatsukai,Physalospora piricola and Botryospha...Apple ring rot inflicts severe economic losses in the main apple producing areas of East Asia.The causal agent of the disease has been variously identified as Macrophoma kuwatsukai,Physalospora piricola and Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp.piricola,although B.dothidea is currently the most widely accepted pathogen name.The taxonomic uncertainty has delayed research that is needed to manage effectively this destructive disease.In the present study,genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition(GCPSR)was applied to pathogenic fungal isolates from apple and pear from several locations in China,along with several reference isolates.Phylogenetic results based on sequences of four nuclear loci(ITS,EF-1α,HIS and HSP)revealed the existence of two species within the examined isolates.One includes an ex-epitype isolate of B.dothidea and the other includes an isolate that was previously designated as B.berengeriana f.sp.piricola.Morphologically,the latter taxon presented an appressed mycelial mat on PDA whereas B.dothidea displayed columns of aerial mycelia reaching the lids,and conidia of the latter species were longer than B.dothidea.Botryosphaeria dothidea had a faster growth rate than the latter taxon under relatively high temperatures.Pathogenicity tests showed that on pear stems the latter taxon caused large-scale cankers along with blisters whereas B.dothidea was non-pathogenic,but on apple shoots the two fungi induced large and small wart-like prominences,respectively.Overall,this cryptic species demonstrated sufficient genetic variations and biological differences from B.dothidea.As a result of taxonomic study,we described here the latter taxon in a new combination,Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai and designate an epitype.Both B.kuwatsukai and B.dothidea are considered to be the main causal agents for apple ring rot in China and Japan.展开更多
The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricale...The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricales)is a mushroom genus that contains many species of high commercial value.Recent studies using ITS sequence data discovered 11 new phylogenetic lineages within the genus,however their taxonomic ranks were uncertain due to the lack of criteria to define them within traditional taxonomy.In this study,we analyzed ITS sequence data from 745 collections(nearly 600 being newly generated)including 86 from type specimens of previously recognized subgenera and sections.Many monophyletic groups were recognized,but most basal relationships were unresolved.One hundred and fourteen representatives of the identified ITS clades were selected in order to produce a multi-gene phylogeny based on combined LSU,tef-1α,and rpb2 sequence data.Divergence times within the multi-gene phylogeny were estimated using BEAST v1.8.Based on phylogenetic relationships and with respect to morphology,we propose a revised taxonomic system for Agaricus that considers divergence time as a standardized criterion for establishing taxonomic ranks.We propose to segregate Agaricus into five subgenera and 20 sections.Subgenus Pseudochitonia is substantially emended;circumscription of the subgenera Agaricus and Flavoagaricus is restricted to taxa of sections Agaricus and Arvenses,respectively;and two new subgenera(Minores and Spissicaules)are introduced.Within Pseudochitonia,sections Bivelares,Brunneopicti,Chitonioides,Nigrobrunnescentes,Sanguinolenti and Xanthodermatei are maintained,but the latter two are reduced because we raise subsection Bohusia to sectional rank and a clade within section Xanthodermatei is formally introduced as section Hondenses;and sections Rubricosi,Crassispori,Flocculenti,and Amoeni are introduced.Section Laeticolores is placed in the subgenus Minores and sections Rarolentes and Subrutilescentes are placed in the subg展开更多
Grapevine anthracnose is an important disease,responsible for mild to severe yield losses in grape production,and is also an important post harvest disease.The disease was studied in vineyards in six provinces in Chin...Grapevine anthracnose is an important disease,responsible for mild to severe yield losses in grape production,and is also an important post harvest disease.The disease was studied in vineyards in six provinces in China,with 34 isolates obtained from diseased grapes.Multi-gene(ACT,ITS,GAPDH,TUB2 and CHS)analysis coupled with morphology showed that Colletotrichum aenigma,C.hebeiense sp.nov.and C.viniferum were associated with grapevine anthracnose in China.Colletotrichum aenigma is reported for the first time as associated with grapevine anthracnose.Colletotrichum hebeiense is a new species introduced here.Pathogenicity testing showed that all species can infect grapes,causing anthracnose however,virulence of species and isolates showed great variation.Phylogenetic analysis showed that C.viniferum is a cryptic species and its taxonomy needs to be resolved in the future.展开更多
t Species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of a wide range of host plants including cultivated and wild tropical fruits.The genetic and ecological diversity of species associated with wild fruits are ...t Species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of a wide range of host plants including cultivated and wild tropical fruits.The genetic and ecological diversity of species associated with wild fruits are poorly explored,as compared to those associated with pre and postharvest diseases of cultivated fruits.In the present study,isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from commercially available cultivated fruits,wild fruits(from native trees in natural habitats)and a few herbaceous hosts collected in northern Thailand.These isolates were initially characterized based on analysis of complete sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS),into the genetically defined species complexes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.acutatum,C.boninense and C.truncatum.The isolates were primarily identified in the C.gloeosporioides species complex,based on a strongly supported clade within the ITS gene tree and were further characterized using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphology.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS,partial sequences of actin(ACT),calmodulin(CAL),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),glutamine synthetase(GS)andβtubulin(TUB2)genetic markers were performed individually and in combination.Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto was identified from lime(Citrus aurantifolia)and rose apple(Syzygium samarangense).Colletotrichum fructicola was isolated from dragon fruit(Hylocerous undatus)and jujube(Ziziphus sp.).Colletotrichum endophytica was found only from an unknown wild fruit.We observed a considerable genetic and host diversity of species occurring on tropical fruits within the clade previously known as Colletotrichum siamense sensu lato.The clade consists of isolates identified as pre and postharvest pathogens on a wide range of fruits,including coffee(Coffea arabica),custard apple(Annona reticulata),Cerbera sp.,figs(Ficus racemosa)mango(Mangifera indica),neem(Azadirachta indica)and papaya(Carica papaya)and was the dominant group of species among most wild fruits s展开更多
A plant expression vector harboring four antifungal genes was delivered into the embryogenic calli of ‘9311’, an indica restorer line of Super Hybrid Rice, via modified biolistic particle bombardment. Southern blot ...A plant expression vector harboring four antifungal genes was delivered into the embryogenic calli of ‘9311’, an indica restorer line of Super Hybrid Rice, via modified biolistic particle bombardment. Southern blot analysis indicated that in the regenerated hygromycin-resistant plants, all the four anti-fungal genes, including RCH10, RAC22, β-Glu and B-RIP, were integrated into the genome of ‘9311’, co-transmitted altogether with the marker gene hpt in a Mendelian pattern. Some transgenic R1 and R2 progenies, with all transgenes displaying a normal expression level in the Northern blot analysis, showed high resistance to Magnaporthe grisea when tested in the typical blast nurseries located in Yanxi and Sanya respectively. Furthermore, transgenic F1 plants, resulting from a cross of R2 homo-zygous lines with high resistance to rice blast with the non-transgenic male sterile line Peiai 64S, showed not only high resistance to M. grisea but also enhanced resistance to rice false smut (a disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens) and rice kernel smut (another disease caused by Tilletia barclayana).展开更多
The journey to implement cancer genomic medicine(CGM)in oncology practice began in the 1980s,which is considered the dawn of genetic and genomic cancer research.At the time,a variety of activating oncogenic alteration...The journey to implement cancer genomic medicine(CGM)in oncology practice began in the 1980s,which is considered the dawn of genetic and genomic cancer research.At the time,a variety of activating oncogenic alterations and their functional significance were unveiled in cancer cells,which led to the development of molecular targeted therapies in the 2000s and beyond.Although CGM is still a relatively new discipline and it is difficult to predict to what extent CGM will benefit the diverse pool of cancer patients,the National Cancer Center(NCC)of Japan has already contributed considerably to CGM advancement for the conquest of cancer.Looking back at these past achievements of the NCC,we predict that the future of CGM will involve the following:1)A biobank of paired cancerous and non-cancerous tissues and cells from various cancer types and stages will be developed.The quantity and quality of these samples will be compatible with omics analyses.All biobank samples will be linked to longitudinal clinical information.2)New technologies,such as whole-genome sequencing and artificial intelligence,will be introduced and new bioresources for functional and pharmacologic analyses(e.g.,a patient-derived xenograft library)will be systematically deployed.3)Fast and bidirectional translational research(bench-to-bedside and bedside-to-bench)performed by basic researchers and clinical investigators,preferably working alongside each other at the same institution,will be implemented;4)Close collaborations between academia,industry,regulatory bodies,and funding agencies will be established.5)There will be an investment in the other branch of CGM,personalized preventive medicine,based on the individual's genetic predisposition to cancer.展开更多
To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with Tectona grandis(teak)(Lamiaceae)in Thailand.In this study,samples of microfungi were collected from both asymptomatic stems and ...To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with Tectona grandis(teak)(Lamiaceae)in Thailand.In this study,samples of microfungi were collected from both asymptomatic stems and dead wood,and symptomatic branches,stem and leaves of T.grandisfrom 27 sites in six provinces(Chiang Mai,Chiang Rai,Phayao,Phitsanulok,Phrae and Uttaradit Provinces).Morphology and combined multi-gene phylogeny(CAL,GAPDH,ITS,LSU,RPB2,SSU,TEF1 and TUB)were used to identify taxa.A total of 270 collections,representing 28 fungal species residing in 12 families,7 orders and 21 genera,with three species of uncertain taxonomic placement were identified.Of these,one family,three genera and 14 species are new to science.The new family,Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in the Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology as compared to Roussoellaceae and Torulaceae.The new genera are Neooccultibambusa,Pseudocoleodictyospora and Subglobosporium.The newly described species are Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum,D.tectonendophytica,D.tectonae,D.tectonigena,Hermatomyces tectonae,H.thailandica,Manoharachariella tectonae,Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis,Pseudocoleodictyospora sukhothaiensis,Ps.tectonae,Ps.thailandica,Rhytidhysteron tectonae,Subglobosporium tectonae and Tubeufia tectonae.Fourteen species are known published taxa including Alternaria tillandsiae,Berkleasmium talaumae,Boerlagiomyces macrospora,Ceratocladium purpureogriseum,Fusarium solani,Helicoma siamense,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Macrovalsaria megalospora,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoacremonium italicum,Sphaeropsis eucalypticola,Stachybotrys levispora,St.renispora and Thaxteriellopsis lignicola.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Boerlagiomyces macrospora and Macrovalsaria megalospora.Macrovalsaria megalospora is transferred from Botryosphaeriaceae to Dothideomycetes genus,incertae sedis based on taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis,which indicate it is distinct from Botryosphaeriaceae.All fungal展开更多
Hypotrichs are one of the highly differentiated ciliated lineages which play important roles in ecological, environmental,evolutionary and basic biological studies. In the present study, we investigated the living cha...Hypotrichs are one of the highly differentiated ciliated lineages which play important roles in ecological, environmental,evolutionary and basic biological studies. In the present study, we investigated the living characteristics, infraciliature, nuclear apparatus, ontogenesis and phylogenetic position of a marine hypotrichous ciliate, Apokeronopsis wrighti Long et al., 2008, which was isolated from coastal waters in Shenzhen, China. The new isolate resembles the type population in terms of morphological characteristics, morphometrics, and SSU rRNA gene sequence that is with a 99.7% similarity. Ontogenesis of A. wrighti is characterized by oral primordium for the proter as well as marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen in both filial products formed de novo, and the cirral row arranged along the paroral and endoral arises from several anterior frontoventral-transverse cirral streaks. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU and concatenated gene data suggest that five species of Apokeronopsis form a monophyletic clade, and the genus Apokeronopsis is closely related to Thigmokeronopsis and Metaurostylopsis.展开更多
The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems;they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling.Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as me...The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems;they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling.Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms.Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times.Nevertheless,the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi.In this study,the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB2).The study showed that the brownrot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages,which are assigned at family level,including four new families:Auriporiaceae,Piptoporellaceae,Postiaceae,Taiwanofungaceae,and ten existing families:Adustoporiaceae,Dacryobolaceae,Fibroporiaceae,Fomitopsidaceae,Laetiporaceae,Laricifomitaceae,Phaeolaceae,Pycnoporellaceae,Sarcoporiaceae,and Sparassidaceae.Meanwhile,eleven new genera,viz.,Austroporia,Aurantipostia,Austropostia,Daedalella,Nothofagiporus,Pseudoantrodia,Pseudofomitopsis,Rhodoantrodia,Tenuipostia,Wolfiporiella and Wolfiporiopsis are proposed;eighteen new species,viz.,Amyloporia nivea,Antrodia subheteromorpha,Aurantipostia macrospora,Austropostia hirsuta,A.plumbea,A.subpunctata,Cystidiopostia subhibernica,Daedalella micropora,Fuscopostia subfragilis,Lentoporia subcarbonica,Melanoporia tropica,Neolentiporus tropicus,Phaeolus fragilis,Postia crassicontexta,Pseudoantrodia monomitica,Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa,Resinoporia luteola and Rhodonia subrancida 展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31670016,31422001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2016ZCQ04)the National Science and Technology Foundation Project of China(No.2014FY210400).
文摘Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota.Investigations on the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out.So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China.Two new genera:Amylosporia gen.nov.and Murinicarpus gen.nov.,twelve new species:Coriolopsis dendriformis sp.nov.,C.hainanensis sp.nov.,Funalia cystidiata sp.nov.,Haploporus microsporus sp.nov.,Perenniporia citrinoalba sp.nov.,P.yinggelingensis sp.nov.,Picipes hainanensis sp.nov.,P.jiajinensis sp.nov.,P.pseudovarius sp.nov.,Trametes duplexa sp.nov.,T.ellipsoidea sp.nov.and T.stiptica sp.nov.,and six new combinations,Amylosporia hattorii comb.nov.,Hornodermoporus latissimus comb.nov.,Murinicarpus subadustus comb.nov.,Picipes pumilus comb.nov.,Vanderbylia delavayi comb.nov.and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb.nov.,are proposed.All the species are described based on the Chinese collections.Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided.This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy.The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),theβ-tubulin gene(TBB1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and second largest subunit(RPB2)genes.In addition,full morphological descriptions,illustrations,color photographs,taxonomic notes,ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.
基金supported by the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31210103919)the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB138305)the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams.
文摘Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Boletaceae are ecologically and economically very important.However,due to the morphological complexity and the limited phylogenetic information on the various species and genera of this fungal family,our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary.In this study,DNA sequences of four genes(nrLSU,tef1-α,rpb1,and rpb2)were newly obtained from ca.200 representative specimens of Boletaceae.Our phylogenetic analyses revealed seven major clades at the subfamily level,namely Austroboletoideae,Boletoideae,Chalciporoideae,Leccinoideae,Xerocomoideae,Zangioideae,and the Pulveroboletus Group.In addition,59 genus-level clades were identified,of which 22 were uncovered for the first time.These 22 clades were mainly placed in Boletoideae and the Pulveroboletus Group.The results further indicated that the characters frequently used in the morphology-based taxonomy of Boletaceae,such as basidiospore ornamentation,the form of the basidioma,and the stuffed pores each had multiple origins within the family,suggesting that the use of such features for high-level classification of Boletaceae should be de-emphasized and combined with other characters.
文摘A JERF36 regulation gene, a selection marker gene (NPT-II), and the foreign genes levansucrase (SacB), Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb), and Binary coleopterus insect resistance (BtCry3A+OC-I) were co-transferred into Populus xeuramericana 'Guariento' using biolistic bombardment; 25 kanamycin resistant plants were obtained. The results of PCR and Southern hybridization showed that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of P. xeuramericana 'Guariento' and 5 genes were all transferred into 7 poplar plants. The results of a BtCry3A ELISA experiment indicated that the BtCry3A gene was expressed in the 7 transgenic poplar plants, and these plants grew well on coastal saline land.
基金We are grateful for help in sample collecting by Prof.Zengqiang Zhou(Zhengzhou Institute of Pomology,Henan,China)and Prof.Meng Zhang(Henan Agricultural University,Henan,China).We thank Prof Pedro W.Crous(CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre,The Netherlands.)and Dr Eric H.C.McKenzie(Landcare Research,Auckland,New Zealand)for exchanging the authentic cultures and giving suggestion in nomenclature.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371887,31171797)the 111 Project from Education Ministry of China(B07049)+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20130204110002)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28).
文摘Apple ring rot inflicts severe economic losses in the main apple producing areas of East Asia.The causal agent of the disease has been variously identified as Macrophoma kuwatsukai,Physalospora piricola and Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp.piricola,although B.dothidea is currently the most widely accepted pathogen name.The taxonomic uncertainty has delayed research that is needed to manage effectively this destructive disease.In the present study,genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition(GCPSR)was applied to pathogenic fungal isolates from apple and pear from several locations in China,along with several reference isolates.Phylogenetic results based on sequences of four nuclear loci(ITS,EF-1α,HIS and HSP)revealed the existence of two species within the examined isolates.One includes an ex-epitype isolate of B.dothidea and the other includes an isolate that was previously designated as B.berengeriana f.sp.piricola.Morphologically,the latter taxon presented an appressed mycelial mat on PDA whereas B.dothidea displayed columns of aerial mycelia reaching the lids,and conidia of the latter species were longer than B.dothidea.Botryosphaeria dothidea had a faster growth rate than the latter taxon under relatively high temperatures.Pathogenicity tests showed that on pear stems the latter taxon caused large-scale cankers along with blisters whereas B.dothidea was non-pathogenic,but on apple shoots the two fungi induced large and small wart-like prominences,respectively.Overall,this cryptic species demonstrated sufficient genetic variations and biological differences from B.dothidea.As a result of taxonomic study,we described here the latter taxon in a new combination,Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai and designate an epitype.Both B.kuwatsukai and B.dothidea are considered to be the main causal agents for apple ring rot in China and Japan.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to RLZ(Project IDs 31000013,31360014 and 31470152)the Thailand Research Fund to KDH(grant BRG 5580009)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the ROM Governors to JMM.Dr.Richard Kerrigan made valuable comments and suggestions to improve this paper.
文摘The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricales)is a mushroom genus that contains many species of high commercial value.Recent studies using ITS sequence data discovered 11 new phylogenetic lineages within the genus,however their taxonomic ranks were uncertain due to the lack of criteria to define them within traditional taxonomy.In this study,we analyzed ITS sequence data from 745 collections(nearly 600 being newly generated)including 86 from type specimens of previously recognized subgenera and sections.Many monophyletic groups were recognized,but most basal relationships were unresolved.One hundred and fourteen representatives of the identified ITS clades were selected in order to produce a multi-gene phylogeny based on combined LSU,tef-1α,and rpb2 sequence data.Divergence times within the multi-gene phylogeny were estimated using BEAST v1.8.Based on phylogenetic relationships and with respect to morphology,we propose a revised taxonomic system for Agaricus that considers divergence time as a standardized criterion for establishing taxonomic ranks.We propose to segregate Agaricus into five subgenera and 20 sections.Subgenus Pseudochitonia is substantially emended;circumscription of the subgenera Agaricus and Flavoagaricus is restricted to taxa of sections Agaricus and Arvenses,respectively;and two new subgenera(Minores and Spissicaules)are introduced.Within Pseudochitonia,sections Bivelares,Brunneopicti,Chitonioides,Nigrobrunnescentes,Sanguinolenti and Xanthodermatei are maintained,but the latter two are reduced because we raise subsection Bohusia to sectional rank and a clade within section Xanthodermatei is formally introduced as section Hondenses;and sections Rubricosi,Crassispori,Flocculenti,and Amoeni are introduced.Section Laeticolores is placed in the subgenus Minores and sections Rarolentes and Subrutilescentes are placed in the subg
基金The study is funded by CARS-30.There are many people to thank for their assistance with this work.The authors would like to thank Miss.Qin Tian for the help given to perform the pathogenicity tests and Miss.K.W.T.Chethana for the help given in phylogenetic analysis.Authors would like to thank the grape cultivators who provided the diseased fruits.K.D.Hyde thanks the National Research Council of Thailand,Colletotrichum grant number 54201020003 and The Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.This work was also supported by a grant from the National Plan of Science and Technology,King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia(10-Bio-965-02).M.M.R.S.Jayawardena would like to thank H.A.Ariyawansa,D.Udayanga for the support given.
文摘Grapevine anthracnose is an important disease,responsible for mild to severe yield losses in grape production,and is also an important post harvest disease.The disease was studied in vineyards in six provinces in China,with 34 isolates obtained from diseased grapes.Multi-gene(ACT,ITS,GAPDH,TUB2 and CHS)analysis coupled with morphology showed that Colletotrichum aenigma,C.hebeiense sp.nov.and C.viniferum were associated with grapevine anthracnose in China.Colletotrichum aenigma is reported for the first time as associated with grapevine anthracnose.Colletotrichum hebeiense is a new species introduced here.Pathogenicity testing showed that all species can infect grapes,causing anthracnose however,virulence of species and isolates showed great variation.Phylogenetic analysis showed that C.viniferum is a cryptic species and its taxonomy needs to be resolved in the future.
基金Dhanushka Udayanga thanks the State Key Lab of Systematic Mycology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing for a visiting postgraduate scholarship(2010-2011)supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing(NFSC Y2JJ011002)+1 种基金Kevin D.Hyde thanks the National Research Council of Thailand for the award of grant No.54201020003a grant from the National Plan of Science and Technology,King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,project No.10-Bio-965-02 to study Colletotrichum.
文摘t Species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of a wide range of host plants including cultivated and wild tropical fruits.The genetic and ecological diversity of species associated with wild fruits are poorly explored,as compared to those associated with pre and postharvest diseases of cultivated fruits.In the present study,isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from commercially available cultivated fruits,wild fruits(from native trees in natural habitats)and a few herbaceous hosts collected in northern Thailand.These isolates were initially characterized based on analysis of complete sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS),into the genetically defined species complexes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.acutatum,C.boninense and C.truncatum.The isolates were primarily identified in the C.gloeosporioides species complex,based on a strongly supported clade within the ITS gene tree and were further characterized using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphology.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS,partial sequences of actin(ACT),calmodulin(CAL),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),glutamine synthetase(GS)andβtubulin(TUB2)genetic markers were performed individually and in combination.Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto was identified from lime(Citrus aurantifolia)and rose apple(Syzygium samarangense).Colletotrichum fructicola was isolated from dragon fruit(Hylocerous undatus)and jujube(Ziziphus sp.).Colletotrichum endophytica was found only from an unknown wild fruit.We observed a considerable genetic and host diversity of species occurring on tropical fruits within the clade previously known as Colletotrichum siamense sensu lato.The clade consists of isolates identified as pre and postharvest pathogens on a wide range of fruits,including coffee(Coffea arabica),custard apple(Annona reticulata),Cerbera sp.,figs(Ficus racemosa)mango(Mangifera indica),neem(Azadirachta indica)and papaya(Carica papaya)and was the dominant group of species among most wild fruits s
基金the National High-Tech Research and Development Project (863) (Grant No. 101-01-02-02)National Specific Program for Research+1 种基金Industrialization of Transgenic Plant (Grant Nos. J00-A-009 and J99-B-012),Science & Technology Project of Guangdong Province (Grant No. B201)
文摘A plant expression vector harboring four antifungal genes was delivered into the embryogenic calli of ‘9311’, an indica restorer line of Super Hybrid Rice, via modified biolistic particle bombardment. Southern blot analysis indicated that in the regenerated hygromycin-resistant plants, all the four anti-fungal genes, including RCH10, RAC22, β-Glu and B-RIP, were integrated into the genome of ‘9311’, co-transmitted altogether with the marker gene hpt in a Mendelian pattern. Some transgenic R1 and R2 progenies, with all transgenes displaying a normal expression level in the Northern blot analysis, showed high resistance to Magnaporthe grisea when tested in the typical blast nurseries located in Yanxi and Sanya respectively. Furthermore, transgenic F1 plants, resulting from a cross of R2 homo-zygous lines with high resistance to rice blast with the non-transgenic male sterile line Peiai 64S, showed not only high resistance to M. grisea but also enhanced resistance to rice false smut (a disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens) and rice kernel smut (another disease caused by Tilletia barclayana).
文摘The journey to implement cancer genomic medicine(CGM)in oncology practice began in the 1980s,which is considered the dawn of genetic and genomic cancer research.At the time,a variety of activating oncogenic alterations and their functional significance were unveiled in cancer cells,which led to the development of molecular targeted therapies in the 2000s and beyond.Although CGM is still a relatively new discipline and it is difficult to predict to what extent CGM will benefit the diverse pool of cancer patients,the National Cancer Center(NCC)of Japan has already contributed considerably to CGM advancement for the conquest of cancer.Looking back at these past achievements of the NCC,we predict that the future of CGM will involve the following:1)A biobank of paired cancerous and non-cancerous tissues and cells from various cancer types and stages will be developed.The quantity and quality of these samples will be compatible with omics analyses.All biobank samples will be linked to longitudinal clinical information.2)New technologies,such as whole-genome sequencing and artificial intelligence,will be introduced and new bioresources for functional and pharmacologic analyses(e.g.,a patient-derived xenograft library)will be systematically deployed.3)Fast and bidirectional translational research(bench-to-bedside and bedside-to-bench)performed by basic researchers and clinical investigators,preferably working alongside each other at the same institution,will be implemented;4)Close collaborations between academia,industry,regulatory bodies,and funding agencies will be established.5)There will be an investment in the other branch of CGM,personalized preventive medicine,based on the individual's genetic predisposition to cancer.
基金supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program grant(No.Ph.D./0072/2553 in 4.S.M.F./53/A.2)Mae Fah Luang University(grant for study Dothideomycetes No.56101020032)+2 种基金also thanked for funding laboratory workWe gratefully thank the Molecular Biology Center in Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,China and the Tree Pathology Cooperative Programme(TPCP),Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute,University of Pretoria,and the National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Africa for funding to undertake the molecular work.Mingkwan Doilom is grateful to Miss Haswipa Maimon who is a technician of Scientific&Technological Instruments Center at Mae Fah Luang University for helping to carry out the Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),Kasun Thambugala(Mae Fah Luang University,Thailand)is acknowledged for providing sequence dataset of Rhytidhysteron species,Dr.Shaun Pennycook(Landcare Research,New Zealand)for assistance in new species epithets and Professor Alan J.L.Phillips(Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Portugal)for kind suggestions on the research.K.D.Hyde acknowledges The Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB).
文摘To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with Tectona grandis(teak)(Lamiaceae)in Thailand.In this study,samples of microfungi were collected from both asymptomatic stems and dead wood,and symptomatic branches,stem and leaves of T.grandisfrom 27 sites in six provinces(Chiang Mai,Chiang Rai,Phayao,Phitsanulok,Phrae and Uttaradit Provinces).Morphology and combined multi-gene phylogeny(CAL,GAPDH,ITS,LSU,RPB2,SSU,TEF1 and TUB)were used to identify taxa.A total of 270 collections,representing 28 fungal species residing in 12 families,7 orders and 21 genera,with three species of uncertain taxonomic placement were identified.Of these,one family,three genera and 14 species are new to science.The new family,Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in the Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology as compared to Roussoellaceae and Torulaceae.The new genera are Neooccultibambusa,Pseudocoleodictyospora and Subglobosporium.The newly described species are Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum,D.tectonendophytica,D.tectonae,D.tectonigena,Hermatomyces tectonae,H.thailandica,Manoharachariella tectonae,Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis,Pseudocoleodictyospora sukhothaiensis,Ps.tectonae,Ps.thailandica,Rhytidhysteron tectonae,Subglobosporium tectonae and Tubeufia tectonae.Fourteen species are known published taxa including Alternaria tillandsiae,Berkleasmium talaumae,Boerlagiomyces macrospora,Ceratocladium purpureogriseum,Fusarium solani,Helicoma siamense,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Macrovalsaria megalospora,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoacremonium italicum,Sphaeropsis eucalypticola,Stachybotrys levispora,St.renispora and Thaxteriellopsis lignicola.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Boerlagiomyces macrospora and Macrovalsaria megalospora.Macrovalsaria megalospora is transferred from Botryosphaeriaceae to Dothideomycetes genus,incertae sedis based on taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis,which indicate it is distinct from Botryosphaeriaceae.All fungal
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2023-JC-QN-0214,2023JC-QN-0185)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2023BSHEDZZ199)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.GK202207019)。
文摘Hypotrichs are one of the highly differentiated ciliated lineages which play important roles in ecological, environmental,evolutionary and basic biological studies. In the present study, we investigated the living characteristics, infraciliature, nuclear apparatus, ontogenesis and phylogenetic position of a marine hypotrichous ciliate, Apokeronopsis wrighti Long et al., 2008, which was isolated from coastal waters in Shenzhen, China. The new isolate resembles the type population in terms of morphological characteristics, morphometrics, and SSU rRNA gene sequence that is with a 99.7% similarity. Ontogenesis of A. wrighti is characterized by oral primordium for the proter as well as marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen in both filial products formed de novo, and the cirral row arranged along the paroral and endoral arises from several anterior frontoventral-transverse cirral streaks. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU and concatenated gene data suggest that five species of Apokeronopsis form a monophyletic clade, and the genus Apokeronopsis is closely related to Thigmokeronopsis and Metaurostylopsis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2003211,32270010,31870008)the Scientific and Technological Tackling Plan for the Key Fields of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(No.2021AB004)Beijing Forestry University Outstanding Young Talent Cultivation Project(No.2019JQ03016).
文摘The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems;they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling.Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms.Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times.Nevertheless,the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi.In this study,the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB2).The study showed that the brownrot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages,which are assigned at family level,including four new families:Auriporiaceae,Piptoporellaceae,Postiaceae,Taiwanofungaceae,and ten existing families:Adustoporiaceae,Dacryobolaceae,Fibroporiaceae,Fomitopsidaceae,Laetiporaceae,Laricifomitaceae,Phaeolaceae,Pycnoporellaceae,Sarcoporiaceae,and Sparassidaceae.Meanwhile,eleven new genera,viz.,Austroporia,Aurantipostia,Austropostia,Daedalella,Nothofagiporus,Pseudoantrodia,Pseudofomitopsis,Rhodoantrodia,Tenuipostia,Wolfiporiella and Wolfiporiopsis are proposed;eighteen new species,viz.,Amyloporia nivea,Antrodia subheteromorpha,Aurantipostia macrospora,Austropostia hirsuta,A.plumbea,A.subpunctata,Cystidiopostia subhibernica,Daedalella micropora,Fuscopostia subfragilis,Lentoporia subcarbonica,Melanoporia tropica,Neolentiporus tropicus,Phaeolus fragilis,Postia crassicontexta,Pseudoantrodia monomitica,Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa,Resinoporia luteola and Rhodonia subrancida
