We investigate the effects of viscosity and heat conduction on the onset and growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) via an efficient discrete Boltzmann model.Technically,two effective approaches are presented to...We investigate the effects of viscosity and heat conduction on the onset and growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) via an efficient discrete Boltzmann model.Technically,two effective approaches are presented to quantitatively analyze and understand the configurations and kinetic processes.One is to determine the thickness of mixing layers through tracking the distributions and evolutions of the thermodynamic nonequilibrium (TNE) measures;the other is to evaluate the growth rate of KHI from the slopes of morphological functionals.Physically,it is found that the time histories of width of mixing layer,TNE intensity,and boundary length show high correlation and attain their maxima simultaneously.The viscosity effects are twofold,stabilize the KHI,and enhance both the local and global TNE intensities.Contrary to the monotonically inhibiting effects of viscosity,the heat conduction effects firstly refrain then enhance the evolution afterwards.The physical reasons are analyzed and presented.展开更多
Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time e...Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.展开更多
基金Y. G.,C.L., H. L. and Z. L. acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11875001,51806116, and 11602162)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (Grants Nos. A2017409014 and 2018J01654)+4 种基金Natural Science Foundations of Hebei Educational Commission (Grant No.ZD2017001)A. X. and G.Z.acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11772064)CAEP Foundation (Grant No. CX2019033)Science Challenge Project (Grant No.JCKY2016212A501)the opening project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (Beijing Institute of Technology, Grant No. KFJJ19-01M).
文摘We investigate the effects of viscosity and heat conduction on the onset and growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) via an efficient discrete Boltzmann model.Technically,two effective approaches are presented to quantitatively analyze and understand the configurations and kinetic processes.One is to determine the thickness of mixing layers through tracking the distributions and evolutions of the thermodynamic nonequilibrium (TNE) measures;the other is to evaluate the growth rate of KHI from the slopes of morphological functionals.Physically,it is found that the time histories of width of mixing layer,TNE intensity,and boundary length show high correlation and attain their maxima simultaneously.The viscosity effects are twofold,stabilize the KHI,and enhance both the local and global TNE intensities.Contrary to the monotonically inhibiting effects of viscosity,the heat conduction effects firstly refrain then enhance the evolution afterwards.The physical reasons are analyzed and presented.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31600032)is acknowledged for funding this research workthe Mushroom Research Foundation(MRF),Chiang Mai,Thailand for providing a Postgraduate Scholarship+2 种基金the Grants entitled"The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species"(Grant No:DBG6080013)"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"(Grant No:RDG6130001)for supporting this studypartially supported by Chiang Mai University.
文摘Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.
