Organic matter(OM)nanopores developed in transitional facies shales,i.e.,the Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations in the Yangtze Platform,China,were investigated to determine the corre-sponding influence of the...Organic matter(OM)nanopores developed in transitional facies shales,i.e.,the Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations in the Yangtze Platform,China,were investigated to determine the corre-sponding influence of thermal maturity and OM types within the geological conditions.A suite of 16 core samples were taken from Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales and Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales from two wells covering a ma-turity(Ro,vitrinite reflectance)ranging from 1.22%to 1.43%and 2.62%to 2.97%,respectively.Integrated analysis of the shale samples was carried out,including field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),low-pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption,high-pressure CH4 adsorption,and mercury intrusion capillary pressure(MICP)analysis.The fluid inclusions of liquid and gas hydrocarbons trapped in calcite vein samples in Dalong shales of two wells were studied using laser Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy.FE-SEM images indicated that OM pores in different formations varied substantially in terms of shape,size,and distribution density.OM pores in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well XY1 were mainly micropore,sparsely distributed in the gas-prone kerogen with a spot-like and irregular shape,while bitumen rarely developed observable pores.In contrast,the morphology of OM pores in Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales were significantly different,which was due to differences in the OM type.The primary OM pores in some terrestrial woody debris in Longtan shales had a relatively larger pore diameter,ranging from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers and were al-most all rounded in shape,which might be one of the factors contributing to larger pore volume and gas adsorption capacity than Dalong shales of Well XY1.Comparing Dalong shales of Well XY1 with relatively lower thermal maturity,there were abundant spongy-like pores,densely developed in the pyrobitumen in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well EY1,with an irregular shape and diameter ranging from several to hundreds of nanometers.Many blue fluorescent oil inclusions and a small number of CH4 inclusion展开更多
Sexual maturation characteristics,chronologic age,dental,and skeletal development are some of the more commonly used means to identify stages of growth.Hand wrist radiograph and cervical vertebrae maturation index(CVM...Sexual maturation characteristics,chronologic age,dental,and skeletal development are some of the more commonly used means to identify stages of growth.Hand wrist radiograph and cervical vertebrae maturation index(CVMI)are more reliable for skeletal development assessment.This study was conducted to compare the skeletal maturity using the maturational stages of middle phalanx of the third finger(MP3)with cervical vertebrae and then to evaluate the reliability of MP3 as a sole skeletal maturity assessment method.Chronological age group of the 112 subjects was 8-16 years for females and 10-18 years for males were selected for the study.Lateral cephalometry and intra oral peri‑apical radiograph of MP3 of the left hand of each patient were taken.Then,statistically it was correlated which was highly significant.Skeletal maturation of MP3 and cervical vertebrae stages progress with advancing chronological age.Female subjects were advanced on an average of 2 years earlier than male subjects at every stages of growth spurt.These results suggest that MP3 can substitute CVMI for skeletal maturity evaluation to determine optimal treatment time for various orthodontic procedures.The developmental stages of the MP3 could be used as a sole indicator in assessing the skeletal maturity.展开更多
基金We would like to thank the National Key R&D program of China(No.2017YFE0103600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41830431,41672139)the China National Science and Technology Major Projects(No.2016ZX05034002-003)for financial assistance to this research.
文摘Organic matter(OM)nanopores developed in transitional facies shales,i.e.,the Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations in the Yangtze Platform,China,were investigated to determine the corre-sponding influence of thermal maturity and OM types within the geological conditions.A suite of 16 core samples were taken from Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales and Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales from two wells covering a ma-turity(Ro,vitrinite reflectance)ranging from 1.22%to 1.43%and 2.62%to 2.97%,respectively.Integrated analysis of the shale samples was carried out,including field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),low-pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption,high-pressure CH4 adsorption,and mercury intrusion capillary pressure(MICP)analysis.The fluid inclusions of liquid and gas hydrocarbons trapped in calcite vein samples in Dalong shales of two wells were studied using laser Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy.FE-SEM images indicated that OM pores in different formations varied substantially in terms of shape,size,and distribution density.OM pores in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well XY1 were mainly micropore,sparsely distributed in the gas-prone kerogen with a spot-like and irregular shape,while bitumen rarely developed observable pores.In contrast,the morphology of OM pores in Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales were significantly different,which was due to differences in the OM type.The primary OM pores in some terrestrial woody debris in Longtan shales had a relatively larger pore diameter,ranging from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers and were al-most all rounded in shape,which might be one of the factors contributing to larger pore volume and gas adsorption capacity than Dalong shales of Well XY1.Comparing Dalong shales of Well XY1 with relatively lower thermal maturity,there were abundant spongy-like pores,densely developed in the pyrobitumen in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well EY1,with an irregular shape and diameter ranging from several to hundreds of nanometers.Many blue fluorescent oil inclusions and a small number of CH4 inclusion
文摘Sexual maturation characteristics,chronologic age,dental,and skeletal development are some of the more commonly used means to identify stages of growth.Hand wrist radiograph and cervical vertebrae maturation index(CVMI)are more reliable for skeletal development assessment.This study was conducted to compare the skeletal maturity using the maturational stages of middle phalanx of the third finger(MP3)with cervical vertebrae and then to evaluate the reliability of MP3 as a sole skeletal maturity assessment method.Chronological age group of the 112 subjects was 8-16 years for females and 10-18 years for males were selected for the study.Lateral cephalometry and intra oral peri‑apical radiograph of MP3 of the left hand of each patient were taken.Then,statistically it was correlated which was highly significant.Skeletal maturation of MP3 and cervical vertebrae stages progress with advancing chronological age.Female subjects were advanced on an average of 2 years earlier than male subjects at every stages of growth spurt.These results suggest that MP3 can substitute CVMI for skeletal maturity evaluation to determine optimal treatment time for various orthodontic procedures.The developmental stages of the MP3 could be used as a sole indicator in assessing the skeletal maturity.
