Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by pronounced inflammatory infiltrates entering the brain,spinal cord and optic nerve leading to demyelination....Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by pronounced inflammatory infiltrates entering the brain,spinal cord and optic nerve leading to demyelination.Focal demyelination is associated with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,while progressive forms of the disease show axonal degeneration and neuronal loss.The tests currently used in the clinical diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis have limitations due to specificity and sensitivity.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are dysregulated in many diseases and disorders including demyelinating and neuroinflammatory diseases.A review of recent studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model(mostly female mice 6–12 weeks of age)has confirmed miRNAs as biomarkers of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease and importantly at the pre-onset(asymptomatic)stage when assessed in blood plasma and urine exosomes,and spinal cord tissue.The expression of certain miRNAs was also dysregulated at the onset and peak of disease in blood plasma and urine exosomes,brain and spinal cord tissue,and at the post-peak(chronic)stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease in spinal cord tissue.Therapies using miRNA mimics or inhibitors were found to delay the induction and alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease.Interestingly,experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity was reduced by overexpression of miR-146a,miR-23b,miR-497,miR-26a,and miR-20b,or by suppression of miR-182,miR-181c,miR-223,miR-155,and miR-873.Further studies are warranted on determining more fully miRNA profiles in blood plasma and urine exosomes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animals since they could serve as biomarkers of asymptomatic multiple sclerosis and disease course.Additionally,studies should be performed with male mice of a similar age,and with aged male and female mice.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the leading primary liver cancer and its clinical outcome is still poor. MicroRNAs(mi RNAs) have demonstrated an interesting potential to regulate gene expression at post-transcription...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the leading primary liver cancer and its clinical outcome is still poor. MicroRNAs(mi RNAs) have demonstrated an interesting potential to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Current findings suggest that mi RNAs deregulation in cancer is caused by genetic and/or epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications resulting in abnormal expression and hallmarks of malignant transformation: aberrant cell growth, cell death, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion and metástasis. The important role of mi RNAs in the development and progression of HCC has increased the efforts to understand and develop mechanisms of control overt this single-stranded RNAs. Several studies have analyzed tumoral response to the regulation and control of deregulated mi RNAs with good results in vitro and in vivo, proving that targeting aberrant expression of mi RNAs is a powerful anticancer therapeutic. Identification of up and/or down regulated mi RNAs related to HCC has led to the discovery of new potential application for detection of their presence in the affected organism. Mi RNAs represent a relevant new target for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in a wide variety of pathologic entities, including HCC. This manuscript intends to summarize current knowledge regarding mi RNAs and their role in HCC development.展开更多
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis remain largely unclear. The association of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs) with cancer has been widely stu...Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis remain largely unclear. The association of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs) with cancer has been widely studied during the past decade. In general, nc RNAs have been classified as small nc RNAs, including micro RNAs(mi RNAs), and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs). Emerging evidence shows that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs play key roles in the formation and progression of many cancers. In this review, we focus on the regulation of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs in gastric cancer. mi RNAs and lnc RNAs appear to be involved in gastric tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis and in establishment of the gastric tumor microenvironment through various mechanisms. Furthermore, we also discuss the possibilities of establishing mi RNAs and lnc RNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer. Taken together, we summarize the emerging roles of nc RNAs in gastric cancer development and their possible clinical significance.展开更多
文摘Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by pronounced inflammatory infiltrates entering the brain,spinal cord and optic nerve leading to demyelination.Focal demyelination is associated with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,while progressive forms of the disease show axonal degeneration and neuronal loss.The tests currently used in the clinical diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis have limitations due to specificity and sensitivity.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are dysregulated in many diseases and disorders including demyelinating and neuroinflammatory diseases.A review of recent studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model(mostly female mice 6–12 weeks of age)has confirmed miRNAs as biomarkers of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease and importantly at the pre-onset(asymptomatic)stage when assessed in blood plasma and urine exosomes,and spinal cord tissue.The expression of certain miRNAs was also dysregulated at the onset and peak of disease in blood plasma and urine exosomes,brain and spinal cord tissue,and at the post-peak(chronic)stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease in spinal cord tissue.Therapies using miRNA mimics or inhibitors were found to delay the induction and alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease.Interestingly,experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity was reduced by overexpression of miR-146a,miR-23b,miR-497,miR-26a,and miR-20b,or by suppression of miR-182,miR-181c,miR-223,miR-155,and miR-873.Further studies are warranted on determining more fully miRNA profiles in blood plasma and urine exosomes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animals since they could serve as biomarkers of asymptomatic multiple sclerosis and disease course.Additionally,studies should be performed with male mice of a similar age,and with aged male and female mice.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the leading primary liver cancer and its clinical outcome is still poor. MicroRNAs(mi RNAs) have demonstrated an interesting potential to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Current findings suggest that mi RNAs deregulation in cancer is caused by genetic and/or epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications resulting in abnormal expression and hallmarks of malignant transformation: aberrant cell growth, cell death, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion and metástasis. The important role of mi RNAs in the development and progression of HCC has increased the efforts to understand and develop mechanisms of control overt this single-stranded RNAs. Several studies have analyzed tumoral response to the regulation and control of deregulated mi RNAs with good results in vitro and in vivo, proving that targeting aberrant expression of mi RNAs is a powerful anticancer therapeutic. Identification of up and/or down regulated mi RNAs related to HCC has led to the discovery of new potential application for detection of their presence in the affected organism. Mi RNAs represent a relevant new target for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in a wide variety of pathologic entities, including HCC. This manuscript intends to summarize current knowledge regarding mi RNAs and their role in HCC development.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaNo.2012CB945004,No.2013CB945603+16 种基金Natural Scientific Foundation of ChinaNo.31125017No.31190063No.31100975No.31301149 and No.31471259Ministry of Education of ChinaNo.20110101110103,No.20130101120001Natural Scientific Foundation of Zhejiang ProvinceChinaNo.LQ13H160013No.LY14C070001 and No.LY14C070002Zhejiang Province Key Science and Technology Innovation TeamNo.2013TD13Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesNo.2014QNA7015the 111 ProjectNo.B13026
文摘Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis remain largely unclear. The association of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs) with cancer has been widely studied during the past decade. In general, nc RNAs have been classified as small nc RNAs, including micro RNAs(mi RNAs), and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs). Emerging evidence shows that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs play key roles in the formation and progression of many cancers. In this review, we focus on the regulation of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs in gastric cancer. mi RNAs and lnc RNAs appear to be involved in gastric tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis and in establishment of the gastric tumor microenvironment through various mechanisms. Furthermore, we also discuss the possibilities of establishing mi RNAs and lnc RNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer. Taken together, we summarize the emerging roles of nc RNAs in gastric cancer development and their possible clinical significance.
