The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective man...The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective management of insect pests. Since plants have co-evolved with herbivorous insects for millions of years, they have developed an array of defense genes to protect themselves against a wide variety of chewing and sucking insects.Using these naturally-occurring genes via genetic engineering represents an environmentally friendly insect pest-control measure. Insects, however, have been actively evolving adaptive mechanisms to evade natural plant defenses. Such evolved adaptability undoubtedly has helped insects during the last century to rapidly overcome a great many humanimposed management practices and agents, including chemical insecticides and genetically engineered plants. Thus, better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of plant defense and insect counter-defense mechanisms is imperative, not only from a basic science perspective, but also for biotechnology-based pest control practice. In this review, we emphasize the recent advance and understanding of molecular strategies of attack-counterattack and defense-counter-defense between plants and their herbivores.展开更多
In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimat...In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.展开更多
Based on orthogonal experiments,the effects of voltage,frequency,duty ratio and their interactions on the thickness and corrosion resistance of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)on aluminum in an ...Based on orthogonal experiments,the effects of voltage,frequency,duty ratio and their interactions on the thickness and corrosion resistance of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)on aluminum in an alkaline silicate-containing electrolyte were investigated.The thicknesses of these coatings were obtained by measuring their cross-section using Image J software.Their corrosion resistances were evaluated in HCl and NaCl media through spot test and electrochemical test.The results show that the experimental design of this study is the key to investigate the interactions among these electrical parameters.Additionally,not only each independent factor,but also their interactions exhibit a remarkable influence on the coatings.The combination of high voltage,low frequency and large duty ratio significantly increases the coating thickness and content of the corrosion resistance phase,and thus improves the corrosion resistance of the coating in HNO3 medium.Conversely,the coating possessing the densest microstructure and best corrosion resistance in NaCl medium is obtained when low voltage and high frequency match with a small duty ratio.展开更多
Reliable assessment of uplift capacity of buried pipelines against upheaval buckling requires a valid failure mechanism and a reliable real-time monitoring technique.This paper presents a sensing solution for evaluati...Reliable assessment of uplift capacity of buried pipelines against upheaval buckling requires a valid failure mechanism and a reliable real-time monitoring technique.This paper presents a sensing solution for evaluating uplift capacity of pipelines buried in sand using fiber optic strain sensing(FOSS)nerves.Upward pipe-soil interaction(PSI)was investigated through a series of scaled tests,in which the FOSS and image analysis techniques were used to capture the failure patterns.The published prediction models were evaluated and modified according to observations in the present study as well as a database of 41 pipe loading tests assembled from the literature.Axial strain measurements of FOSS nerves horizontally installed above the pipeline were correlated with the failure behavior of the overlying soil.The test results indicate that the previous analytical models could be further improved regarding their estimations in the failure geometry and mobilization distance at the peak uplift resistance.For typical slip plane failure forms,inclined shear bands star from the pipe shoulder,instead of the springline,and have not yet reached the ground surface at the peak resistance.The vertical inclination of curved shear bands decreases with increasing uplift displacements at the post-peak periods.At large displacements,the upward movement is confined to the deeper ground,and the slip plane failure progressively changes to the flow-around.The feasibility of FOSS in pipe uplift resistance prediction was validated through the comparison with image analyses.In addition,the shear band locations can be identified using fiber optic strain measurements.Finally,the advantages and limits of the FOSS system are discussed in terms of different levels in upward PSI assessment,including failure identification,location,and quantification.展开更多
Modulating Tankyrases(TNKS),interactions with USP25 to promote TNKS degradation,rather than inhibiting their enzymatic activities,is emerging as an alternative/specific approach to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.H...Modulating Tankyrases(TNKS),interactions with USP25 to promote TNKS degradation,rather than inhibiting their enzymatic activities,is emerging as an alternative/specific approach to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Here,we identified UAT-B,a novel neoantimycin analog isolated from Streptomyces conglobatus,as a small-molecule inhibitor of TNKS-USP25 protein-protein interaction(PPI)to overcome multi-drug resistance in colorectal cancer(CRC).The disruption of TNKS-USP25 complex formation by UAT-B led to a significant decrease in TNKS levels,triggering cell apoptosis through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Importantly,UAT-B successfully inhibited the CRC cells growth that harbored high TNKS levels,as demonstrated in various in vitro and in vivo studies utilizing cell line-based and patient-derived xenografts,as well as APC^(min/+)spontaneous CRC models.Collectively,these findings suggest that targeting the TNKS-USP25 PPI using a small-molecule inhibitor represents a compelling therapeutic strategy for CRC treatment,and UAT-B emerges as a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical investigations.展开更多
Although inorganic pigments in common spectral tuning materials show good weatherability and heat resistance,the limited color choices,weak coloring power,poor dispersibility,and a possibility of toxicity limit their ...Although inorganic pigments in common spectral tuning materials show good weatherability and heat resistance,the limited color choices,weak coloring power,poor dispersibility,and a possibility of toxicity limit their development.On the basis of organic pigments which possess a wide range of colors,high coloring power,good transparency,and high safety,herein,the modified pigment and biomimetic coating with improved weatherability,especially ultraviolet(UV)resistance(from 2 to 6 days),was achieved by intercalating acid green 25(AG25)pigment into Mg/Al-layered double hydroxides(Mg/Al-LDH).Furthermore,the heat resistance of AG25 was also significantly increased.Moreover,the spectral stability of pigments after heat treatment is superior with almost unchanged spectral profile and green reflection peak.The formation of strong N-H bonds and the S-M(Mg,Al)bonds between Mg/Al-LDH laminates and AG25 molecules contributes to the improvement.This work shows potential for biomimetic leaf materials in respect of reflective spectra stability.展开更多
Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid ...Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid （Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas） feeding on cultivated Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanurn berthaulti to study the impact of water availability and plant mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on aphid performance and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp （Aphidius ervi Haliday）. Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile AM fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes ofM. euphorbiae or maintained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed explanta. Solarium tuberosum accumulated c. 20% more dry mass than S. berthaultii, and root mass of S. berthaultii was smallest under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype ＂2＂ aphids; genotype ＂1＂ aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype ＂1＂ exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism and was attacked less frequently than the other two more susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither AM fungi nor water availability affected insect performance. Our study suggests a fitness trade-offin M. euphorbiae between parasitism resistance and aphid performance on poor quality Solarium hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the importance of accounting for genotype identity in determining the outcome of multitrophic interactions.展开更多
文摘The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective management of insect pests. Since plants have co-evolved with herbivorous insects for millions of years, they have developed an array of defense genes to protect themselves against a wide variety of chewing and sucking insects.Using these naturally-occurring genes via genetic engineering represents an environmentally friendly insect pest-control measure. Insects, however, have been actively evolving adaptive mechanisms to evade natural plant defenses. Such evolved adaptability undoubtedly has helped insects during the last century to rapidly overcome a great many humanimposed management practices and agents, including chemical insecticides and genetically engineered plants. Thus, better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of plant defense and insect counter-defense mechanisms is imperative, not only from a basic science perspective, but also for biotechnology-based pest control practice. In this review, we emphasize the recent advance and understanding of molecular strategies of attack-counterattack and defense-counter-defense between plants and their herbivores.
基金Foundation item： Projects（50708093, 50808159） supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.
基金Project(1111RJDA011)supported by the Creative Research Group Fund of Gansu Province,ChinaProject(SKLAB02015006)supported by the State Key Laboratory Open Fund of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals,China。
文摘Based on orthogonal experiments,the effects of voltage,frequency,duty ratio and their interactions on the thickness and corrosion resistance of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)on aluminum in an alkaline silicate-containing electrolyte were investigated.The thicknesses of these coatings were obtained by measuring their cross-section using Image J software.Their corrosion resistances were evaluated in HCl and NaCl media through spot test and electrochemical test.The results show that the experimental design of this study is the key to investigate the interactions among these electrical parameters.Additionally,not only each independent factor,but also their interactions exhibit a remarkable influence on the coatings.The combination of high voltage,low frequency and large duty ratio significantly increases the coating thickness and content of the corrosion resistance phase,and thus improves the corrosion resistance of the coating in HNO3 medium.Conversely,the coating possessing the densest microstructure and best corrosion resistance in NaCl medium is obtained when low voltage and high frequency match with a small duty ratio.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42077235)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Xuzhou,China(Grant No.KC21310)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering(Grant No.SKLGDUEK 1902).
文摘Reliable assessment of uplift capacity of buried pipelines against upheaval buckling requires a valid failure mechanism and a reliable real-time monitoring technique.This paper presents a sensing solution for evaluating uplift capacity of pipelines buried in sand using fiber optic strain sensing(FOSS)nerves.Upward pipe-soil interaction(PSI)was investigated through a series of scaled tests,in which the FOSS and image analysis techniques were used to capture the failure patterns.The published prediction models were evaluated and modified according to observations in the present study as well as a database of 41 pipe loading tests assembled from the literature.Axial strain measurements of FOSS nerves horizontally installed above the pipeline were correlated with the failure behavior of the overlying soil.The test results indicate that the previous analytical models could be further improved regarding their estimations in the failure geometry and mobilization distance at the peak uplift resistance.For typical slip plane failure forms,inclined shear bands star from the pipe shoulder,instead of the springline,and have not yet reached the ground surface at the peak resistance.The vertical inclination of curved shear bands decreases with increasing uplift displacements at the post-peak periods.At large displacements,the upward movement is confined to the deeper ground,and the slip plane failure progressively changes to the flow-around.The feasibility of FOSS in pipe uplift resistance prediction was validated through the comparison with image analyses.In addition,the shear band locations can be identified using fiber optic strain measurements.Finally,the advantages and limits of the FOSS system are discussed in terms of different levels in upward PSI assessment,including failure identification,location,and quantification.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2804100,2021YFF0502400,2022YFC2804300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073713,22137006,82104033,82173730,81903499,32070070,82160669)Innovative research team of highlevel local universities in Shanghai(SHSMU-ZDCX20212702,China).We thank Dr.Juncheng Su from Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine(Shanghai,China)for providing the LoVo and COLO 320DM cell lines.
文摘Modulating Tankyrases(TNKS),interactions with USP25 to promote TNKS degradation,rather than inhibiting their enzymatic activities,is emerging as an alternative/specific approach to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Here,we identified UAT-B,a novel neoantimycin analog isolated from Streptomyces conglobatus,as a small-molecule inhibitor of TNKS-USP25 protein-protein interaction(PPI)to overcome multi-drug resistance in colorectal cancer(CRC).The disruption of TNKS-USP25 complex formation by UAT-B led to a significant decrease in TNKS levels,triggering cell apoptosis through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Importantly,UAT-B successfully inhibited the CRC cells growth that harbored high TNKS levels,as demonstrated in various in vitro and in vivo studies utilizing cell line-based and patient-derived xenografts,as well as APC^(min/+)spontaneous CRC models.Collectively,these findings suggest that targeting the TNKS-USP25 PPI using a small-molecule inhibitor represents a compelling therapeutic strategy for CRC treatment,and UAT-B emerges as a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical investigations.
基金financially supported by the External Collaboration Fund(No.XM2022FH5079)。
文摘Although inorganic pigments in common spectral tuning materials show good weatherability and heat resistance,the limited color choices,weak coloring power,poor dispersibility,and a possibility of toxicity limit their development.On the basis of organic pigments which possess a wide range of colors,high coloring power,good transparency,and high safety,herein,the modified pigment and biomimetic coating with improved weatherability,especially ultraviolet(UV)resistance(from 2 to 6 days),was achieved by intercalating acid green 25(AG25)pigment into Mg/Al-layered double hydroxides(Mg/Al-LDH).Furthermore,the heat resistance of AG25 was also significantly increased.Moreover,the spectral stability of pigments after heat treatment is superior with almost unchanged spectral profile and green reflection peak.The formation of strong N-H bonds and the S-M(Mg,Al)bonds between Mg/Al-LDH laminates and AG25 molecules contributes to the improvement.This work shows potential for biomimetic leaf materials in respect of reflective spectra stability.
文摘Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid （Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas） feeding on cultivated Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanurn berthaulti to study the impact of water availability and plant mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on aphid performance and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp （Aphidius ervi Haliday）. Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile AM fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes ofM. euphorbiae or maintained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed explanta. Solarium tuberosum accumulated c. 20% more dry mass than S. berthaultii, and root mass of S. berthaultii was smallest under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype ＂2＂ aphids; genotype ＂1＂ aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype ＂1＂ exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism and was attacked less frequently than the other two more susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither AM fungi nor water availability affected insect performance. Our study suggests a fitness trade-offin M. euphorbiae between parasitism resistance and aphid performance on poor quality Solarium hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the importance of accounting for genotype identity in determining the outcome of multitrophic interactions.
