Changes in ontogeny, morphological character, physiological state, nutritional quality and secondary chemicals of plant could be induced by prior damage. The induced changes might have general negative effects on the ...Changes in ontogeny, morphological character, physiological state, nutritional quality and secondary chemicals of plant could be induced by prior damage. The induced changes might have general negative effects on the behavior, development, survival and fecundity of successively occurred phytophagous insects because a change will redUce plant nutritional value, stimulate plant to produce poisonous chemicals or release synomone attractive to their natural enemies. Induced plant resistance could be an on-off response, be turned on in a relative short time when plants are damaged to above a certain threshold and causes plant show an individual and population effect on phytophagous insects due to its transmission within a plant and between plants. Induced plant resistance is variable among plant species, varieties, individuals and developmental stages and could be influenced by plant density, damage position and level, soil fertility and water content. Two aspects in thisarea, the mechanism of plant causing induced resistance and its relative importance on controlling phytophagous insects, should be studied further for convincing conclusions in the future.展开更多
The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective man...The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective management of insect pests. Since plants have co-evolved with herbivorous insects for millions of years, they have developed an array of defense genes to protect themselves against a wide variety of chewing and sucking insects.Using these naturally-occurring genes via genetic engineering represents an environmentally friendly insect pest-control measure. Insects, however, have been actively evolving adaptive mechanisms to evade natural plant defenses. Such evolved adaptability undoubtedly has helped insects during the last century to rapidly overcome a great many humanimposed management practices and agents, including chemical insecticides and genetically engineered plants. Thus, better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of plant defense and insect counter-defense mechanisms is imperative, not only from a basic science perspective, but also for biotechnology-based pest control practice. In this review, we emphasize the recent advance and understanding of molecular strategies of attack-counterattack and defense-counter-defense between plants and their herbivores.展开更多
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The in...Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.展开更多
Sensory neuron membrane proteins(SNMPs)play a critical role in insect chemosensory system.Previously,three SNMPs were identified,characterized and functionally investigated in a lepidopteran model insect,Bombyx mori.H...Sensory neuron membrane proteins(SNMPs)play a critical role in insect chemosensory system.Previously,three SNMPs were identified,characterized and functionally investigated in a lepidopteran model insect,Bombyx mori.However,whether these results are consistent across other lepidopteran species are unknown.Here genome and transcriptome data analysis,expression profiling,quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and the yeast hybridization system were utilized to examine snmp genes of Helicoverpa armigera,one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests in cropping areas.In silico expression and qRT-PCR analyses showed that,just as the B.mori snmp genes,H.armigera snmpl(Harmsnmpl)is specifically expressed in adult antennae.Harmsnmp2 is broadly expressed in multiple tissues including adult antennae,tarsi,larval antennae and mouth-parts.Harmsnmp3 is specifically expressed in larval midguts.Further RNAseq analysis suggested that the expression levels of Harmsnmp2 and Harmsnmp3 differed significantly depending on the plant species on which the larvae fed,indicating they may be involved in plant-feeding behaviours.Yeast hybridization results revealed a protein-protein interaction between HarmSNMPl and the sex pheromone receptor,HarmOR13.This study demonstrated that SNMPs may share same functions and mechanisms in different lepidopteran species,which improved our understanding of insect snmp genes and their functions in lepidopterans.展开更多
The use of entomopathogenic fungi to control mosquitoes is a promising tool for reducing vector-borne disease transmission. To better understand infection stratagems of insect pathogenic fungi, we analyzed the global ...The use of entomopathogenic fungi to control mosquitoes is a promising tool for reducing vector-borne disease transmission. To better understand infection stratagems of insect pathogenic fungi, we analyzed the global gene expression profiling of Beauveria bassiana at 36, 60, 84 and 108 h after topical infection of Anopheles stephensi adult mosquitoes using RNA sequencing （RNA-Seq）. A total of 5,354 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） are identified over the course of fungal infection. When the fungus grows on the mosquito cuticle, up-regulated DEGs include adhesion-related genes involved in cuticle attachment, Pthl l-like GPCRs hypothesized to be involved in host recognition, and extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation and penetration of the mosquito cuticle. Once in the mosquito hemocoel, the fungus evades mosquito immune system probably through up-regulating expression of 13-1,3-glucan degrading enzymes and chitin synthesis enzymes for remodeling of cell walls. Moreover, six previous unknown SSCP （small secreted cysteine-rich proteins） are significantly up-regulated, which may serve as ＂effectors＂ to suppress host defense responses. B. bassiana also induces large amounts of antioxidant genes to mitigate host-generated exogenous oxidative stress. At late stage of infection, B. bassiana activates a broad spectrum of genes including nutrient degrading enzymes, some transporters and metabolism pathway components, to exploit mosquito tissues and hemolymph as a nutrient source for hyphal growth. These findings establish an important framework of knowledge for further comprehensive elucidation of fungal pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of Beauveria-mosquito interactions.展开更多
Winged animals such as insects are capable of flying and surviving in an unsteady and unpredictable aerial environment.They generate and control aerodynamic forces by flapping their flexible wings.While the dynamic sh...Winged animals such as insects are capable of flying and surviving in an unsteady and unpredictable aerial environment.They generate and control aerodynamic forces by flapping their flexible wings.While the dynamic shape changes of their flapping wings are known to enhance the efficiency of their flight,they can also affect the stability of a flapping wing flyer under unpredictable disturbances by responding to the sudden changes of aerodynamic forces on the wing.In order to test the hypothesis,the gust response of flexible flapping wings is investigated numerically with a specific focus on the passive maintenance of aerodynamic forces by the wing flexibility.The computational model is based on a dynamic flight simulator that can incorporate the realistic morphology,the kinematics,the structural dynamics,the aerodynamics and the fluid-structure interactions of a hovering hawkmoth.The longitudinal gusts are imposed against the tethered model of a hovering hawkmoth with flexible flapping wings.It is found that the aerodynamic forces on the flapping wings are affected by the gust,because of the increase or decrease in relative wingtip velocity or kinematic angle of attack.The passive shape change of flexible wings can,however,reduce the changes in the magnitude and direction of aerodynamic forces by the gusts from various directions,except for the downward gust.Such adaptive response of the flexible structure to stabilise the attitude can be classified into the mechanical feedback,which works passively with minimal delay,and is of great importance to the design of bio-inspired flapping wings for micro-air vehicles.展开更多
Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees du...Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees due to its exceptional adaptability to diverse host plants.However,the specific functional effects of the microbiome on the adaptation of S.nashi to its host plants remains unclear.Here,we identified significant microbial changes in S.nashi on 2 different host plants,crabapple and cherry blossom,characterized by the differences in fungal diversity as well as bacterial and fungal community structures,with abundant correlations between bacteria or fungi.Consistent with the microbiome changes,S.nashi that fed on cherry blossom demonstrated decreased metabolites and downregulated key metabolic pathways,such as the arginine and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,which were crucial for host plant adaptation.Furthermore,correlation analysis unveiled numerous correlations between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites,which were influenced by the interactions between bacteria or fungi.These differential bacteria,fungi,and associated metabolites may modify the key metabolic pathways in S.nashi,aiding its adaptation to different host plants.These results provide valuable insights into the alteration in microbiome and function of S.nashi adapted to different host plants,contributing to a better understanding of pest invasion and dispersal from a microbial perspective.展开更多
文摘Changes in ontogeny, morphological character, physiological state, nutritional quality and secondary chemicals of plant could be induced by prior damage. The induced changes might have general negative effects on the behavior, development, survival and fecundity of successively occurred phytophagous insects because a change will redUce plant nutritional value, stimulate plant to produce poisonous chemicals or release synomone attractive to their natural enemies. Induced plant resistance could be an on-off response, be turned on in a relative short time when plants are damaged to above a certain threshold and causes plant show an individual and population effect on phytophagous insects due to its transmission within a plant and between plants. Induced plant resistance is variable among plant species, varieties, individuals and developmental stages and could be influenced by plant density, damage position and level, soil fertility and water content. Two aspects in thisarea, the mechanism of plant causing induced resistance and its relative importance on controlling phytophagous insects, should be studied further for convincing conclusions in the future.
文摘The prediction of human population growth worldwide indicates there will be a need to substantially increase food production in order to meet the demand on food supply.This can be achieved in part by the effective management of insect pests. Since plants have co-evolved with herbivorous insects for millions of years, they have developed an array of defense genes to protect themselves against a wide variety of chewing and sucking insects.Using these naturally-occurring genes via genetic engineering represents an environmentally friendly insect pest-control measure. Insects, however, have been actively evolving adaptive mechanisms to evade natural plant defenses. Such evolved adaptability undoubtedly has helped insects during the last century to rapidly overcome a great many humanimposed management practices and agents, including chemical insecticides and genetically engineered plants. Thus, better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of plant defense and insect counter-defense mechanisms is imperative, not only from a basic science perspective, but also for biotechnology-based pest control practice. In this review, we emphasize the recent advance and understanding of molecular strategies of attack-counterattack and defense-counter-defense between plants and their herbivores.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972239).
文摘Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
基金We would like to thank Helicoverpa genome consortium for genome sequences and transcripome data.We also thank Professor Myron Zalucki of University of Queensland providing us H.armigera pupae.Dr.Wei Xu is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award(DECRA)(DEI 60100382).
文摘Sensory neuron membrane proteins(SNMPs)play a critical role in insect chemosensory system.Previously,three SNMPs were identified,characterized and functionally investigated in a lepidopteran model insect,Bombyx mori.However,whether these results are consistent across other lepidopteran species are unknown.Here genome and transcriptome data analysis,expression profiling,quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and the yeast hybridization system were utilized to examine snmp genes of Helicoverpa armigera,one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests in cropping areas.In silico expression and qRT-PCR analyses showed that,just as the B.mori snmp genes,H.armigera snmpl(Harmsnmpl)is specifically expressed in adult antennae.Harmsnmp2 is broadly expressed in multiple tissues including adult antennae,tarsi,larval antennae and mouth-parts.Harmsnmp3 is specifically expressed in larval midguts.Further RNAseq analysis suggested that the expression levels of Harmsnmp2 and Harmsnmp3 differed significantly depending on the plant species on which the larvae fed,indicating they may be involved in plant-feeding behaviours.Yeast hybridization results revealed a protein-protein interaction between HarmSNMPl and the sex pheromone receptor,HarmOR13.This study demonstrated that SNMPs may share same functions and mechanisms in different lepidopteran species,which improved our understanding of insect snmp genes and their functions in lepidopterans.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11010500)National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200400,SQ2017ZY060066)the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The use of entomopathogenic fungi to control mosquitoes is a promising tool for reducing vector-borne disease transmission. To better understand infection stratagems of insect pathogenic fungi, we analyzed the global gene expression profiling of Beauveria bassiana at 36, 60, 84 and 108 h after topical infection of Anopheles stephensi adult mosquitoes using RNA sequencing （RNA-Seq）. A total of 5,354 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） are identified over the course of fungal infection. When the fungus grows on the mosquito cuticle, up-regulated DEGs include adhesion-related genes involved in cuticle attachment, Pthl l-like GPCRs hypothesized to be involved in host recognition, and extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation and penetration of the mosquito cuticle. Once in the mosquito hemocoel, the fungus evades mosquito immune system probably through up-regulating expression of 13-1,3-glucan degrading enzymes and chitin synthesis enzymes for remodeling of cell walls. Moreover, six previous unknown SSCP （small secreted cysteine-rich proteins） are significantly up-regulated, which may serve as ＂effectors＂ to suppress host defense responses. B. bassiana also induces large amounts of antioxidant genes to mitigate host-generated exogenous oxidative stress. At late stage of infection, B. bassiana activates a broad spectrum of genes including nutrient degrading enzymes, some transporters and metabolism pathway components, to exploit mosquito tissues and hemolymph as a nutrient source for hyphal growth. These findings establish an important framework of knowledge for further comprehensive elucidation of fungal pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of Beauveria-mosquito interactions.
文摘Winged animals such as insects are capable of flying and surviving in an unsteady and unpredictable aerial environment.They generate and control aerodynamic forces by flapping their flexible wings.While the dynamic shape changes of their flapping wings are known to enhance the efficiency of their flight,they can also affect the stability of a flapping wing flyer under unpredictable disturbances by responding to the sudden changes of aerodynamic forces on the wing.In order to test the hypothesis,the gust response of flexible flapping wings is investigated numerically with a specific focus on the passive maintenance of aerodynamic forces by the wing flexibility.The computational model is based on a dynamic flight simulator that can incorporate the realistic morphology,the kinematics,the structural dynamics,the aerodynamics and the fluid-structure interactions of a hovering hawkmoth.The longitudinal gusts are imposed against the tethered model of a hovering hawkmoth with flexible flapping wings.It is found that the aerodynamic forces on the flapping wings are affected by the gust,because of the increase or decrease in relative wingtip velocity or kinematic angle of attack.The passive shape change of flexible wings can,however,reduce the changes in the magnitude and direction of aerodynamic forces by the gusts from various directions,except for the downward gust.Such adaptive response of the flexible structure to stabilise the attitude can be classified into the mechanical feedback,which works passively with minimal delay,and is of great importance to the design of bio-inspired flapping wings for micro-air vehicles.
基金supported by grants-in-aid from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32301594)the Scientific Research Startup Project of Nanjing Forestry University(No.163010320 and 163010325).
文摘Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees due to its exceptional adaptability to diverse host plants.However,the specific functional effects of the microbiome on the adaptation of S.nashi to its host plants remains unclear.Here,we identified significant microbial changes in S.nashi on 2 different host plants,crabapple and cherry blossom,characterized by the differences in fungal diversity as well as bacterial and fungal community structures,with abundant correlations between bacteria or fungi.Consistent with the microbiome changes,S.nashi that fed on cherry blossom demonstrated decreased metabolites and downregulated key metabolic pathways,such as the arginine and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,which were crucial for host plant adaptation.Furthermore,correlation analysis unveiled numerous correlations between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites,which were influenced by the interactions between bacteria or fungi.These differential bacteria,fungi,and associated metabolites may modify the key metabolic pathways in S.nashi,aiding its adaptation to different host plants.These results provide valuable insights into the alteration in microbiome and function of S.nashi adapted to different host plants,contributing to a better understanding of pest invasion and dispersal from a microbial perspective.
