Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seem...Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seems more achievable. A further challenge is continued transmission of HCV infection in high-risk population specially injecting drug users(IDUs) as the major reservoir of HCV infection. Considering the fact that most of these infections remain undiagnosed, unidentified HCVinfected IDUs are potential sources for the rapid spread of HCV in the community. The continuous increase in the number of IDUs along with the rising prevalence of HCV infection among young IDUs is harbinger of a forthcoming public health dilemma, presenting a serious challenge to control transmission of HCV infection. Even the changes in HCV genotype distribution attributed to injecting drug use confirm this issue. These circumstances create a strong demand for timely diagnosis and proper treatment of HCV-infected patients through risk-based screening to mitigate the risk of HCV transmission in the IDUs community and, consequently, in the society. Meanwhile, raising general awareness of HCV infection, diagnosis and treatment through public education should be the core activity of any harm reduction intervention, as the root cause of failure in control of HCV infection has been lack of awareness among young drug takers. In addition, effective prevention, comprehensive screening programs with a specific focus on high-risk population, accessibility to the new anti-HCV treatment regimens and public education should be considered as the top priorities of any health policy decision to eliminate HCV infection.展开更多
After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, ha...After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predomi- nant role in fueling China’s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China’s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.展开更多
Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulmina...Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis.HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex.Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood.Therefore,clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection.The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A.Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV(such as from injecting drug use,oral-anal sex,travel to or residence in endemic areas,frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions)or with increased risks of fulminant disease(such as those with chronic hepatitis).The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule(2doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered6-12 mo apart)are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals.While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose,the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.展开更多
As one of the most important micro energy storage devices(MESDs),graphene-based micro-supercapacitors(G-MSCs)possess the advantages of excellent flexibility,long cycle life,affordability and high reliability.In most c...As one of the most important micro energy storage devices(MESDs),graphene-based micro-supercapacitors(G-MSCs)possess the advantages of excellent flexibility,long cycle life,affordability and high reliability.In most cases,constructing three-dimensional(3D)graphene networks is widely utilized to promote the permeation of electrolyte and enhance the utilization of active materials.In this work,conventional freeze-drying process is utilized in the fabrication of G-MSCs to constitute 3D interconnected networks micro-electrodes,and further by regulating the composition of inks,carbon spheres(CSs)at different mass loadings are introduced into the graphene scaffolds to further increase the active sites of the micro-electrodes.The fabricated all carbon-based MSC with the optimal mass loading of CSs(0.406 mg cm^(-2))exhibits a high specific areal capacitance of 17.01mF cm^(-2)at the scan rate of 10mV s^(-1)and a capacitance retention of 93.14%after 10000 cycles at the scan rate of 500 mV s^(-1).The proposed microfabrication process is facile and fully compatible with modern microtechnologies and will be highly suitable for large-scale production and integration.展开更多
The response of a bipolar transistor （BJT） under a square-wave electromagnetic pulse （EMP） with different injecting voltages is investigated. Adopting the curve fitting method, the relationship between the burnout...The response of a bipolar transistor （BJT） under a square-wave electromagnetic pulse （EMP） with different injecting voltages is investigated. Adopting the curve fitting method, the relationship between the burnout time, the damage energy and the injecting voltage is obtained. Research shows that the damage energy is not a constant value, but changes with the injecting voltage level. By use of the device simulator Medici, the internal behavior of the burned device is analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the variation of the damage energy with injecting voltage is caused by the distribution change of hot spot position under different injection levels. Therefore, the traditional way to evaluate the trade-off between the burnout time and the injecting voltage is not comprehensive due to the variation of the damage energy.展开更多
In Iran,the prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is relatively low according to the populationbased epidemiological studies. However,the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is incre...In Iran,the prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is relatively low according to the populationbased epidemiological studies. However,the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition,a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran,but in recent years,an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission,status of public health,lifestyles,and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore,this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran.展开更多
文摘Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seems more achievable. A further challenge is continued transmission of HCV infection in high-risk population specially injecting drug users(IDUs) as the major reservoir of HCV infection. Considering the fact that most of these infections remain undiagnosed, unidentified HCVinfected IDUs are potential sources for the rapid spread of HCV in the community. The continuous increase in the number of IDUs along with the rising prevalence of HCV infection among young IDUs is harbinger of a forthcoming public health dilemma, presenting a serious challenge to control transmission of HCV infection. Even the changes in HCV genotype distribution attributed to injecting drug use confirm this issue. These circumstances create a strong demand for timely diagnosis and proper treatment of HCV-infected patients through risk-based screening to mitigate the risk of HCV transmission in the IDUs community and, consequently, in the society. Meanwhile, raising general awareness of HCV infection, diagnosis and treatment through public education should be the core activity of any harm reduction intervention, as the root cause of failure in control of HCV infection has been lack of awareness among young drug takers. In addition, effective prevention, comprehensive screening programs with a specific focus on high-risk population, accessibility to the new anti-HCV treatment regimens and public education should be considered as the top priorities of any health policy decision to eliminate HCV infection.
文摘After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predomi- nant role in fueling China’s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China’s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.
文摘Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis.HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex.Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood.Therefore,clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection.The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A.Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV(such as from injecting drug use,oral-anal sex,travel to or residence in endemic areas,frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions)or with increased risks of fulminant disease(such as those with chronic hepatitis).The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule(2doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered6-12 mo apart)are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals.While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose,the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(51425204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51521001,51502227,51579198,51802239)+6 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0202603,2016YFA0202604)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B17034)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015T80845)the Yellow Crane Talent(Science&Technology)Program of Wuhan Citythe Wuhan Morning Light Plan of Youth Science and Technology(No.2017050304010316)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2017III005,2017III009,2018IVA091)the Students innovation and entrepreneurship training program(WUT:20171049701005).
文摘As one of the most important micro energy storage devices(MESDs),graphene-based micro-supercapacitors(G-MSCs)possess the advantages of excellent flexibility,long cycle life,affordability and high reliability.In most cases,constructing three-dimensional(3D)graphene networks is widely utilized to promote the permeation of electrolyte and enhance the utilization of active materials.In this work,conventional freeze-drying process is utilized in the fabrication of G-MSCs to constitute 3D interconnected networks micro-electrodes,and further by regulating the composition of inks,carbon spheres(CSs)at different mass loadings are introduced into the graphene scaffolds to further increase the active sites of the micro-electrodes.The fabricated all carbon-based MSC with the optimal mass loading of CSs(0.406 mg cm^(-2))exhibits a high specific areal capacitance of 17.01mF cm^(-2)at the scan rate of 10mV s^(-1)and a capacitance retention of 93.14%after 10000 cycles at the scan rate of 500 mV s^(-1).The proposed microfabrication process is facile and fully compatible with modern microtechnologies and will be highly suitable for large-scale production and integration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60776034).
文摘The response of a bipolar transistor （BJT） under a square-wave electromagnetic pulse （EMP） with different injecting voltages is investigated. Adopting the curve fitting method, the relationship between the burnout time, the damage energy and the injecting voltage is obtained. Research shows that the damage energy is not a constant value, but changes with the injecting voltage level. By use of the device simulator Medici, the internal behavior of the burned device is analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the variation of the damage energy with injecting voltage is caused by the distribution change of hot spot position under different injection levels. Therefore, the traditional way to evaluate the trade-off between the burnout time and the injecting voltage is not comprehensive due to the variation of the damage energy.
文摘In Iran,the prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is relatively low according to the populationbased epidemiological studies. However,the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition,a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran,but in recent years,an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission,status of public health,lifestyles,and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore,this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran.
