Food entering the oral cavity undergoes a series of complex processing behaviors.It is subjected to compression and shearing by the teeth,tongue,and palate to reduce its size and mix with saliva until it is swallowed....Food entering the oral cavity undergoes a series of complex processing behaviors.It is subjected to compression and shearing by the teeth,tongue,and palate to reduce its size and mix with saliva until it is swallowed.The oral processing behaviors are thought to be closely related to both food and oral frictional properties.Much effort has been made in recent decades about food oral tribology to explore this complicated lubrication behavior.Understanding the lubrication mechanism of food in the mouth is important for improving the consumption experience and developing the novel food.This paper provides a new perspective on the effects of composition,texture,structure,and saliva-food component interactions on lubrication properties of different foods,the relationship between sensory perception and oral frictional behavior,and the mechanism and pattern of lubrication categorized by common food types.The roles of tribology in the improvement of food taste,the search for healthier ingredient substitutes,functional foods,and the development of green foods are analyzed.Conceptual and numerical prediction models among physical properties,sensory perception,and frictional behavior of food are discussed.Studies of simulating oral processing,such as the selection of friction pair materials,physical modification of contact surfaces,addition of saliva,different modes of motion,and contact forms are concluded and classified.The progress of commercial friction apparatus as well as customized friction devices applied to the food sector in recent years are described.The characteristics,performances,and applications of these tribological instruments are analyzed and compared.In addition,the results achieved by oral tribology in identifying adulterated foods and ensuring food safety are presented.Finally,some suggestions are put forward for the current challenges and future development of food oral tribology.展开更多
Objective To investigate whether isolated blastomeres of discarded human embryos could develop into blastocysts cultured in vitro without zona pellucida. Methods Total discarded 60 embryos, which were not suitable for...Objective To investigate whether isolated blastomeres of discarded human embryos could develop into blastocysts cultured in vitro without zona pellucida. Methods Total discarded 60 embryos, which were not suitable for transplanting or freezing, were collected from 21 patients. Of 60 embryos, 10, 8, 24, 12, and 4 embryos were at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-cell stage, respectively. These embryos were split by 0.5% protease combined with mechanical method. The resulting single blastomere was cultured individually, evaluated daily and counted blastocyst development. Pluripotency of inner cell mass （ICM） of the blastocyst was analyzed by the expression of alkaline phosphatase（AKP）. Results A total of 229 single blastomeres were isolated from 60 embryos. Defining the day when the embryos were split as the first day （d 1）. The majority of the blastomere- derived embryos followed the normal pattern of development with compaction on d 3 and cavitationon d 4 and developed into small blastocysts on d 5. Rates of division, compaction, cavity and expansion of single blastomeres from 4-cell embryos were higher than those in other groups （P 〈O.05）, and AKP was expressed in ICM. Conclusion Some of the blastomeres from discarded human embryo are flexible and able to develop into blastocysts, the potential was related to their donor embryos closely. They seem to follow development pattern of their donor embryos. The blastomere- derived blastocysts have smaller size and fewer cells compared with regular in vitro cultured human embryos. However, AKP expression showed ICM cells with pluripotency. We believe that the value of single blastomere of discarded embryos will be further confirmed in the future.展开更多
This paper aims to determine the possible role of estrogen receptor-β （ERβ） gene Rsal polymorphism on sperm fertility and early embryonic development in humans. Three groups of Chinese men were recruited： in vitr...This paper aims to determine the possible role of estrogen receptor-β （ERβ） gene Rsal polymorphism on sperm fertility and early embryonic development in humans. Three groups of Chinese men were recruited： in vitro fertilization （IVF） group, including 374 couples who underwent conventional IVF; intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） group, including 294 couples who underwent an ICSI procedure using ejaculated sperm; and azoospermic group, consisting of 197 couples who underwent ICSI using either testis or epididymis sperm. Rsal polymorphism in the ERβ gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique; fertilization and high-quality embryo rates were evaluated for each group. In each group, no significant differences were found in the overall rates of fertilization and high-quality embryos among GG, AG and AA genotypes. However, the proportion of cycles possessing a satisfactory high-quality embryo rate with the AA genotype was significantly lower than that in the wild-type GG genotype from each group. These results demonstrated that sperm possessing the ERβ RsalA genotype may have reduced fertilization ability and decreased early embryonic developmental potential, which could directly or indirectly contribute to the low fertilization rate and early embryonic developmental arrest in some cases.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51965039).
文摘Food entering the oral cavity undergoes a series of complex processing behaviors.It is subjected to compression and shearing by the teeth,tongue,and palate to reduce its size and mix with saliva until it is swallowed.The oral processing behaviors are thought to be closely related to both food and oral frictional properties.Much effort has been made in recent decades about food oral tribology to explore this complicated lubrication behavior.Understanding the lubrication mechanism of food in the mouth is important for improving the consumption experience and developing the novel food.This paper provides a new perspective on the effects of composition,texture,structure,and saliva-food component interactions on lubrication properties of different foods,the relationship between sensory perception and oral frictional behavior,and the mechanism and pattern of lubrication categorized by common food types.The roles of tribology in the improvement of food taste,the search for healthier ingredient substitutes,functional foods,and the development of green foods are analyzed.Conceptual and numerical prediction models among physical properties,sensory perception,and frictional behavior of food are discussed.Studies of simulating oral processing,such as the selection of friction pair materials,physical modification of contact surfaces,addition of saliva,different modes of motion,and contact forms are concluded and classified.The progress of commercial friction apparatus as well as customized friction devices applied to the food sector in recent years are described.The characteristics,performances,and applications of these tribological instruments are analyzed and compared.In addition,the results achieved by oral tribology in identifying adulterated foods and ensuring food safety are presented.Finally,some suggestions are put forward for the current challenges and future development of food oral tribology.
基金supported by Grants (20060102A1022) from State 863 projectsKey projects of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (09ZR1419000)
文摘Objective To investigate whether isolated blastomeres of discarded human embryos could develop into blastocysts cultured in vitro without zona pellucida. Methods Total discarded 60 embryos, which were not suitable for transplanting or freezing, were collected from 21 patients. Of 60 embryos, 10, 8, 24, 12, and 4 embryos were at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-cell stage, respectively. These embryos were split by 0.5% protease combined with mechanical method. The resulting single blastomere was cultured individually, evaluated daily and counted blastocyst development. Pluripotency of inner cell mass （ICM） of the blastocyst was analyzed by the expression of alkaline phosphatase（AKP）. Results A total of 229 single blastomeres were isolated from 60 embryos. Defining the day when the embryos were split as the first day （d 1）. The majority of the blastomere- derived embryos followed the normal pattern of development with compaction on d 3 and cavitationon d 4 and developed into small blastocysts on d 5. Rates of division, compaction, cavity and expansion of single blastomeres from 4-cell embryos were higher than those in other groups （P 〈O.05）, and AKP was expressed in ICM. Conclusion Some of the blastomeres from discarded human embryo are flexible and able to develop into blastocysts, the potential was related to their donor embryos closely. They seem to follow development pattern of their donor embryos. The blastomere- derived blastocysts have smaller size and fewer cells compared with regular in vitro cultured human embryos. However, AKP expression showed ICM cells with pluripotency. We believe that the value of single blastomere of discarded embryos will be further confirmed in the future.
文摘This paper aims to determine the possible role of estrogen receptor-β （ERβ） gene Rsal polymorphism on sperm fertility and early embryonic development in humans. Three groups of Chinese men were recruited： in vitro fertilization （IVF） group, including 374 couples who underwent conventional IVF; intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） group, including 294 couples who underwent an ICSI procedure using ejaculated sperm; and azoospermic group, consisting of 197 couples who underwent ICSI using either testis or epididymis sperm. Rsal polymorphism in the ERβ gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique; fertilization and high-quality embryo rates were evaluated for each group. In each group, no significant differences were found in the overall rates of fertilization and high-quality embryos among GG, AG and AA genotypes. However, the proportion of cycles possessing a satisfactory high-quality embryo rate with the AA genotype was significantly lower than that in the wild-type GG genotype from each group. These results demonstrated that sperm possessing the ERβ RsalA genotype may have reduced fertilization ability and decreased early embryonic developmental potential, which could directly or indirectly contribute to the low fertilization rate and early embryonic developmental arrest in some cases.
