Pedpheral neuropathy, and specifically distal peripheral neuropathy （DPN）, is one of the most frequent and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus. It is the major mason for morbidity and mortality among diab...Pedpheral neuropathy, and specifically distal peripheral neuropathy （DPN）, is one of the most frequent and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus. It is the major mason for morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. It is also frequently associated with debilitating pain. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the natural history and pathogenesis of this disease remains limited. For a long time hyperglycemia was viewed as a major, if not the sole factor, responsible for all symptomatic presentations of DPN. Multiple clinical observations and animal studies supported this view. The control of blood glucose as an obligatory step of therapy to delay or reverse DPN is no longer an arguable issue. However, while supporting evidence for the glycemic hypothesis has accumulated, multiple controversies accumulated as well. It is obvious now that DPN cannot be fully understood without considering factors besides hyperglycemia. Some symptoms of DPN may develop with little, if any, correlation with the glycemic status of a patient. It is also dear that identification of these putative non-glycemic mechanisms of DPN is of utmost importance for our understanding of failures with existing treatments and for the development of new approaches for diagnosis and therapy of DPN. In this work we will review the strengths and weaknesses of the glycemic hypothesis, focusing on dinical and animal data and on the pathogenesis of early stages and triggers of DPN other than hyperglycemia.展开更多
目的评价低氮低热量肠外营养对手术后患者感染性并发症、术后住院日等结局和治疗费用的影响。方法多中心前瞻性随机对照临床研究。符合营养风险筛查3～4分及其他入选标准的胃肠肿瘤术后患者120例参加,随机进入研究组和对照组。研究组(n=...目的评价低氮低热量肠外营养对手术后患者感染性并发症、术后住院日等结局和治疗费用的影响。方法多中心前瞻性随机对照临床研究。符合营养风险筛查3～4分及其他入选标准的胃肠肿瘤术后患者120例参加,随机进入研究组和对照组。研究组(n=60)的肠外营养(PN)按非蛋白热量18(16～20)kcal·kg·d^(-1)、氮0.10(0.09～0.11)g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)剂量由"预装氨基酸脂肪糖三腔袋"提供。对照组(n=60)按非蛋白热量30(28～32)kcal·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)、氮0.20(0.19～0.21)g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)剂量由"全合一"无菌配置标准提供。两组患者术后连续6 d 经"外周静脉"或"经外周中心静脉"提供 PN 支持。观察两组血糖、感染性并发症、静脉炎、全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)、术后住院时间、治疗费用等情况的发生率。结果两组一般临床资料和手术种类有可比性。意向治疗(ITT)分析显示,对照组术后血糖升高百分率明显高于研究组(43.3% vs 6.6%,P=0.000);研究组在下列各项指标的发生率较对照组明显降低:感染性并发症(3.3% vs 16.6%,P=0.0149)、静脉炎(0.0% vs 18.3%,P=0.0005)和全身炎症反应综合征(25.0% vs 45.0%,P=0.0216);符合方案(PP)分析显示,对照组术后平均住院日较研究组长(14.19 d±5.89 d vs 12.35 d±4.04 d,P=0.0479);研究组肠外营养相关总费用比对照组高(3412元±181元 vs 2945元±162元,P=0.0130),但其术后总治疗费用较对照组低(11642元±3019元 vs 13156元±3282元,P=0.01);对照组肠外营养液配制时间显著长于研究组(15.3 min±3.7 min vs 5.3 min±1.5 min,P=0.000)。结论与传统剂量的 PN 比较,符合入选标准的手术后患者接受低氮低热量 PN 时,降低了总感染性并发症发生率、降低了静脉炎发生率、降低 SIRS 发生率,缩短术后平均住院日和降低术后总治疗费用(clinicaltrial.gov:NCT 00247338)。展开更多
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological m...Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully known.It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of this complication,but several other hypotheses have been postulated.The management of diabetic neuropathic pain consists basically in excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy,improving glycemic control as a prophylactic therapy and using medications to alleviate pain.First line drugs for pain relief include anticonvulsants,such as pregabalin and gabapentin and antidepressants,especial y those that act to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.In addition,there is experimental and clinical evidence that opioids can be helpful in pain control,mainly if associated with first line drugs.Other agents,including for topical application,such as capsaicin cream and lidocaine patches,have also been proposed to be useful as adjuvants in the control of diabetic neuropathic pain,but the clinical evidence is insufficient to support their use.In conclusion,a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain will contribute to the search of new therapies,but also to the improvement of the guidelines to optimize pain control with the drugs currently available.展开更多
基金Supported by NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, No. DK067248
文摘Pedpheral neuropathy, and specifically distal peripheral neuropathy （DPN）, is one of the most frequent and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus. It is the major mason for morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. It is also frequently associated with debilitating pain. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the natural history and pathogenesis of this disease remains limited. For a long time hyperglycemia was viewed as a major, if not the sole factor, responsible for all symptomatic presentations of DPN. Multiple clinical observations and animal studies supported this view. The control of blood glucose as an obligatory step of therapy to delay or reverse DPN is no longer an arguable issue. However, while supporting evidence for the glycemic hypothesis has accumulated, multiple controversies accumulated as well. It is obvious now that DPN cannot be fully understood without considering factors besides hyperglycemia. Some symptoms of DPN may develop with little, if any, correlation with the glycemic status of a patient. It is also dear that identification of these putative non-glycemic mechanisms of DPN is of utmost importance for our understanding of failures with existing treatments and for the development of new approaches for diagnosis and therapy of DPN. In this work we will review the strengths and weaknesses of the glycemic hypothesis, focusing on dinical and animal data and on the pathogenesis of early stages and triggers of DPN other than hyperglycemia.
文摘目的评价低氮低热量肠外营养对手术后患者感染性并发症、术后住院日等结局和治疗费用的影响。方法多中心前瞻性随机对照临床研究。符合营养风险筛查3～4分及其他入选标准的胃肠肿瘤术后患者120例参加,随机进入研究组和对照组。研究组(n=60)的肠外营养(PN)按非蛋白热量18(16～20)kcal·kg·d^(-1)、氮0.10(0.09～0.11)g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)剂量由"预装氨基酸脂肪糖三腔袋"提供。对照组(n=60)按非蛋白热量30(28～32)kcal·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)、氮0.20(0.19～0.21)g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)剂量由"全合一"无菌配置标准提供。两组患者术后连续6 d 经"外周静脉"或"经外周中心静脉"提供 PN 支持。观察两组血糖、感染性并发症、静脉炎、全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)、术后住院时间、治疗费用等情况的发生率。结果两组一般临床资料和手术种类有可比性。意向治疗(ITT)分析显示,对照组术后血糖升高百分率明显高于研究组(43.3% vs 6.6%,P=0.000);研究组在下列各项指标的发生率较对照组明显降低:感染性并发症(3.3% vs 16.6%,P=0.0149)、静脉炎(0.0% vs 18.3%,P=0.0005)和全身炎症反应综合征(25.0% vs 45.0%,P=0.0216);符合方案(PP)分析显示,对照组术后平均住院日较研究组长(14.19 d±5.89 d vs 12.35 d±4.04 d,P=0.0479);研究组肠外营养相关总费用比对照组高(3412元±181元 vs 2945元±162元,P=0.0130),但其术后总治疗费用较对照组低(11642元±3019元 vs 13156元±3282元,P=0.01);对照组肠外营养液配制时间显著长于研究组(15.3 min±3.7 min vs 5.3 min±1.5 min,P=0.000)。结论与传统剂量的 PN 比较,符合入选标准的手术后患者接受低氮低热量 PN 时,降低了总感染性并发症发生率、降低了静脉炎发生率、降低 SIRS 发生率,缩短术后平均住院日和降低术后总治疗费用(clinicaltrial.gov:NCT 00247338)。
文摘Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully known.It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of this complication,but several other hypotheses have been postulated.The management of diabetic neuropathic pain consists basically in excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy,improving glycemic control as a prophylactic therapy and using medications to alleviate pain.First line drugs for pain relief include anticonvulsants,such as pregabalin and gabapentin and antidepressants,especial y those that act to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.In addition,there is experimental and clinical evidence that opioids can be helpful in pain control,mainly if associated with first line drugs.Other agents,including for topical application,such as capsaicin cream and lidocaine patches,have also been proposed to be useful as adjuvants in the control of diabetic neuropathic pain,but the clinical evidence is insufficient to support their use.In conclusion,a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain will contribute to the search of new therapies,but also to the improvement of the guidelines to optimize pain control with the drugs currently available.
