This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statisti...This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.展开更多
Background: In most societies, homicide or murder is a crime that often leads to imprisonment. Studies around the world have sometimes found cases of mental illness (schizophrenia spectrum disorders) as an explanation...Background: In most societies, homicide or murder is a crime that often leads to imprisonment. Studies around the world have sometimes found cases of mental illness (schizophrenia spectrum disorders) as an explanation for some homicides. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with homicide in the Togolese context. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of pre-trial psychiatric expertise reports from January 31<sup>st</sup>, 2019 to January 30<sup>th</sup>, 2022. Results: Out of 704 defendants appraised, 206 (29.3%) had committed homicide. Males accounted for 91.7% of Homicide defendants (HD). Their average age was 31.6 ± 12.2 years, with extremes of 16 and 74 years. Factors associated with homicide were female gender, age between 30 and 45 years, married or cohabiting status and occupation as a farmer/fisherman/breeder. Psychoactive substance use (PAS), mental illness and psychiatric history were not associated with homicide. Conclusion: Preventing delinquency and interpersonal conflict, and promoting social cohesion, could significantly reduce homicides in Togo.展开更多
Firearm-related violence is common in our contemporary world and causes serious harm to humans as well as to the society.One of the countries in which firearm-related violence is increasing is Sweden and its most sout...Firearm-related violence is common in our contemporary world and causes serious harm to humans as well as to the society.One of the countries in which firearm-related violence is increasing is Sweden and its most southern region,Skane,in which Malmo,Sweden’s third largest city,is highly affected.If not contained and limited,Sweden risks becoming more and more violent.展开更多
Homicides in the United States disproportionately affect minorities,and previous research also indicates that increased economic deprivation and social disorganization correlates with increased rates of homicide.The C...Homicides in the United States disproportionately affect minorities,and previous research also indicates that increased economic deprivation and social disorganization correlates with increased rates of homicide.The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic disparities and may have magnified existing disparities in homicide rates.Few studies have examined the incidence of teenage homicides throughout the United States,especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.This was a retrospective case review of homicides involving youth between the age group of 13 and 19 years from 2018 to 2021 in the state of Maryland.The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 affected rates of youth homicide.A total of 230 teenage homicides occurred in Maryland from 2018 to 2021 with 113 cases during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period(2018/2019)and 117 cases during the COVID-19 pandemic(2020/2021).The majority of teenage homicide victims were African−American male.More than 83%and 79%of victims were African−American in 2018/2019 and 2020/2021,respectively.Victims were also predominantly male(90%in 2018/2019 and 88%in 2020/2021).Maryland has a population of approximately 6 million people and is made up of 23 countries and Baltimore City.Nearly half of the overall incidents of teenage homicide took place in Baltimore City(49.6%pre-COVID-19 and 44.4%during COVID-19,respectively).While the average victim age did not vary considerably between 2018/2019(17.8 years)and 2020/2021(17.5 years),the percentage of cases involving victims ages 13-15 years more than doubled from 5.3%of cases in 2018/2019 to 12%of cases in 2020/2021.The majority of teenage homicide cases were due to firearm injuries(91.7%,n=211),but during the COVID-19 pandemic,there was a rise in violence involving sharp objects such as knives.The incidence of teenage homicide did not change considerably during the COVID-19 pandemic,although we did observe a trend toward younger males who were African American.展开更多
文摘This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.
文摘Background: In most societies, homicide or murder is a crime that often leads to imprisonment. Studies around the world have sometimes found cases of mental illness (schizophrenia spectrum disorders) as an explanation for some homicides. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with homicide in the Togolese context. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of pre-trial psychiatric expertise reports from January 31<sup>st</sup>, 2019 to January 30<sup>th</sup>, 2022. Results: Out of 704 defendants appraised, 206 (29.3%) had committed homicide. Males accounted for 91.7% of Homicide defendants (HD). Their average age was 31.6 ± 12.2 years, with extremes of 16 and 74 years. Factors associated with homicide were female gender, age between 30 and 45 years, married or cohabiting status and occupation as a farmer/fisherman/breeder. Psychoactive substance use (PAS), mental illness and psychiatric history were not associated with homicide. Conclusion: Preventing delinquency and interpersonal conflict, and promoting social cohesion, could significantly reduce homicides in Togo.
文摘Firearm-related violence is common in our contemporary world and causes serious harm to humans as well as to the society.One of the countries in which firearm-related violence is increasing is Sweden and its most southern region,Skane,in which Malmo,Sweden’s third largest city,is highly affected.If not contained and limited,Sweden risks becoming more and more violent.
文摘Homicides in the United States disproportionately affect minorities,and previous research also indicates that increased economic deprivation and social disorganization correlates with increased rates of homicide.The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic disparities and may have magnified existing disparities in homicide rates.Few studies have examined the incidence of teenage homicides throughout the United States,especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.This was a retrospective case review of homicides involving youth between the age group of 13 and 19 years from 2018 to 2021 in the state of Maryland.The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 affected rates of youth homicide.A total of 230 teenage homicides occurred in Maryland from 2018 to 2021 with 113 cases during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period(2018/2019)and 117 cases during the COVID-19 pandemic(2020/2021).The majority of teenage homicide victims were African−American male.More than 83%and 79%of victims were African−American in 2018/2019 and 2020/2021,respectively.Victims were also predominantly male(90%in 2018/2019 and 88%in 2020/2021).Maryland has a population of approximately 6 million people and is made up of 23 countries and Baltimore City.Nearly half of the overall incidents of teenage homicide took place in Baltimore City(49.6%pre-COVID-19 and 44.4%during COVID-19,respectively).While the average victim age did not vary considerably between 2018/2019(17.8 years)and 2020/2021(17.5 years),the percentage of cases involving victims ages 13-15 years more than doubled from 5.3%of cases in 2018/2019 to 12%of cases in 2020/2021.The majority of teenage homicide cases were due to firearm injuries(91.7%,n=211),but during the COVID-19 pandemic,there was a rise in violence involving sharp objects such as knives.The incidence of teenage homicide did not change considerably during the COVID-19 pandemic,although we did observe a trend toward younger males who were African American.
