AIM： To evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging （DWl） in screening and differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal hepatic lesions. METHODS： Magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） examinations were...AIM： To evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging （DWl） in screening and differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal hepatic lesions. METHODS： Magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） examinations were performed using the Signa Excite Xl Twin Speed 1.5T system （GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wl, USA）. Seventy patients who had undergone MRI of the liver [29 hepatocellular carcinomas （HCC）, four cholangiocarcinomas, 34 metastatic liver cancers, 10 hemangiomas, and eight cysts] between April 2004 and August 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Visualization of lesions, relative contrast ratio （RCR）, and apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） were compared between benign and malignant lesions on DWl. Su- perparamagnetic iron oxide （SPIO） was administered to 59 patients, and RCR was compared pre- and postadministration.RESULTS： DWI showed higher contrast between malignant lesions （especially in multiple small metastatic cancers） and surrounding liver parenchyma than did contrast-enhanced computed tomography. ADCs （mean±SD × 10^-3 mm2/s） were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） in malignant lesions （HCC： 1.31 ± 0.28 and liver metastasis： 1.11 ± 0.22） and were significantly higher in benign lesions （hemangioma： 1.84 ± 0.37 and cyst： 2.61 ± 0.45） than in the surrounding hepatic tissues. RCR between malignant lesions and surrounding he- patic tissues significantly improved after SPIO administration, but RCRs in benign lesions were not improved.CONCLUSION： DWI is a simple and sensitive method for screening focal hepatic lesions and is useful for differential diagnosis.展开更多
In recent years, the results of several studies suggest that human liver tumors can be derived from hepatic progenitor cells rather than from mature cell types. The available data indeed strongly suggest that most com...In recent years, the results of several studies suggest that human liver tumors can be derived from hepatic progenitor cells rather than from mature cell types. The available data indeed strongly suggest that most combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas arise from hepatic progenitor cells that retained their potential to differentiate into the hepatocytic and biliary lineages. Hepatic progenitor cells could also be the basis for some hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas, although it is very difficult to determine the origin of an individual hepatocellular carcinoma. There is currently not enough data to make statements regarding a hepatic progenitor cell origin of cholangiocarcinoma. The presence of hepatic progenitor cell markers and the presence and extent of the cholangiocellular component are factors that are related to the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinomas and combined hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinomas, respectively.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection is the main treatment modality for hepatic tumors. Advances in diagnostic technique, preoperative preparation, surgical technique, and postoperative management increased the success rate....BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection is the main treatment modality for hepatic tumors. Advances in diagnostic technique, preoperative preparation, surgical technique, and postoperative management increased the success rate. The present study aimed to evaluate hepatectomy and resection of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVCTT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and the relationship between IVCTT classification and selection of surgical technique. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone hepatectomy with IVCTT resection between May 1997 and August 2009. Age, gender, diagnosis, findings of physical examination, results of preoperative laboratory investigations, radiological examination, criteria for resection, postoperative pathological results, incisions, operative technique, intraoperative transfusion, drains, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated for all patients. RESULTS: Type Ⅰ IVCTT (10 patients) was posterior to the liver and below the diaphragm; type Ⅱ IVCTT (2 patients) was above the diaphragm but still outside the atrium; and type Ⅲ IVCTT (1 patient) was above the diaphragm and in the right atrium. Type Ⅰ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT with total hepatic vascular exclusion. Type Ⅱ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT by incision of the diaphragm. Type Ⅲ was treated by hepatectomy and resection of the thrombus from the right atrium under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no surgical complications and one patient has been survived for 4 years with cancer-free status. The median survival time was 18.2 months, and the 1-and 2-year survival rates were 53.8% and 15.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment is safe and feasible for treatment of IVCTT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and surgical resectability can be judged according to the classification of tumor thrombus.展开更多
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a potentially pathologic condition, can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leading to an increased probability of hepatic failure and death. Alcohol induces fat...Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a potentially pathologic condition, can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leading to an increased probability of hepatic failure and death. Alcohol induces fatty liver by increasing the ratio of reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in hepatocytes; increasing hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and early growth response-1 activity; and decreasing hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activity. Alcohol activates the innate immune system and induces an imbalance of the immune response, which is followed by activated Kupffer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α overproduction, which is in turn responsible for the changes in the hepatic SREBP-1 and PAI-1 activity. Alcohol abuse promotes the migration of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to the liver and then reprograms TNF-α expression from BMDCs. Chronic alcohol intake triggers the sympathetic hyperactivity-activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) feedback loop that in turn activates the HSCs, resulting in HSC-derived TNF-α overproduction. Carvedilol may block this feedback loop by suppressing sympathetic activity, which attenuates the progression of AFLD. Clinical studies evaluating combination therapy of carvedilol with a TNF-α inhibitor to treat patients with AFLD are warranted to prevent the development of alcoholic liver disease.展开更多
Sonazoid(Daiichi Sankyo,Tokyo,Japan),a secondgeneration of a lipid-stabilized suspension of a perfluorobutane gas microbubble contrast agent,has been used clinically in patients with liver tumors and for harmonic gray...Sonazoid(Daiichi Sankyo,Tokyo,Japan),a secondgeneration of a lipid-stabilized suspension of a perfluorobutane gas microbubble contrast agent,has been used clinically in patients with liver tumors and for harmonic gray-scale ultrasonography(US)in Japan since January 2007.Sonazoid-enhanced US has two phases of contrast enhancement:vascular and late.In the late phase of Sonazoid-enhanced US,we scanned the whole liver using this modality at a low mechanical index(MI)without destroying the microbubbles, and this method allows detection of small viable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)lesions which cannot be detected by conventional US as perfusion defects in the late phase.Re-injection of Sonazoid into an HCC lesion which previously showed a perfusion defect in the late phase is useful for confirming blood flow intothe defects.High MI intermittent imaging at 2 frames per second in the late phase is also helpful in differentiation between necrosis and viable hypervascular HCC lesions.Sonazoid-enhanced US by the coded harmonic angio mode at a high MI not only allows clear observation of tumor vessels and tumor enhancement, but also permits automatic scanning with Sonazoidenhanced three dimensional(3D)US.Fusion images combining US with contrast-enhanced CT or contrastenhanced MRI have made it easy to detect typical or atypical HCC lesions.By these methods,Sonazoidenhanced US can characterize liver tumors,grade HCC lesions histologically,recognize HCC dedifferentiation, evaluate the efficacy of ablation therapy or transcatheter arterial embolization,and guide ablation therapy for unresectable HCC.This article reviews the current developments and applications of Sonazoid-enhanced US and Sonazoid-enhanced 3D US for diagnosing and treating hepatic lesions,especially HCC.展开更多
目的评价完全腹腔镜下左肝部分切除术的临床应用优势。方法回顾性研究2009年7月1日至2012年10月31日我院手术切除治疗的76例左肝肿瘤患者,分腹腔镜手术组(15例,均为完全腹腔镜下手术)和开放手术组(61例),比较两组术中出血量、手术时间...目的评价完全腹腔镜下左肝部分切除术的临床应用优势。方法回顾性研究2009年7月1日至2012年10月31日我院手术切除治疗的76例左肝肿瘤患者,分腹腔镜手术组(15例,均为完全腹腔镜下手术)和开放手术组(61例),比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用、术后并发症发生率以及术后1、4 d ALT、ALB以及TBIL。结果两组患者年龄、术前肝功能无明显差异。腹腔镜组术中出血量少于开放组(176±59 mL vs 301±119 mL,P<0.05)、术后住院时间短于开放组(6.3±1.0 d vs 12.1±2.1 d,P<0.05)、术后肛门排气时间早于开放组(1.2±0.4 d vs3.3±0.6 d,P<0.05)、术后并发症发生率少于开放组(0%vs 32.8%,P<0.05)。腹腔镜组术后1、4 d ALT与ALB恢复情况明显好于开放组(1 d ALT:162.6±55.2 U/L vs 358.3±202.9 U/L,P<0.05、4 d ALT:68.2±33.5 U/L vs 156.8±130.7 U/L,P<0.05;1 d ALB:36.3±1.8 g/L vs 30.6±2.9g/L,P<0.05;4 d ALB:36.2±3.4 g/L vs 32.5±3.5 g/L,P<0.05),而TBIL两组比较差异无统计学意义(1 d:20.8±5.5μmol/L vs 21.2±5.1μmol/L,P>0.05;4 d:15.8±2.8μmol/L vs 15.2±2.7μmol/L,P>0.05)。两组手术时间(138±25 min vs 130±41 min,P>0.05)、住院总费用(34 764±5 748元vs 32 472±6 215元,P>0.05)差异均无统计学意义。结论完全腹腔镜下左肝部分切除术创伤小,患者术后恢复快,住院时间短,术后并发症少,同时并不延长手术时间,也不增加费用,安全可行,值得有条件单位推广。展开更多
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDA)is among the deadliest cancers in the United States and in the world.Late diagnosis,early metastasis and lack of effective therapy are among the reasons why only 6%of patients diag...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDA)is among the deadliest cancers in the United States and in the world.Late diagnosis,early metastasis and lack of effective therapy are among the reasons why only 6%of patients diagnosed with PDA survive past 5 years.Despite development of targeted therapy against other cancers,little progression has been made in the treatment of PDA.Therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of new treatments.However,in order to proceed with treatments,the complicated biology of PDA needs to be understood first.Interestingly,majority of the tumor volume is not made of malignant epithelial cells but of stroma.In recent years,it has become evident that there is an important interaction between the stromal compartment and the less prevalent malignant cells,leading to cancer progression.The stroma not only serves as a growth promoting source of signals but it is also a physical barrier to drug delivery.Understanding the tumor-stroma signaling leading to development of desmoplastic reaction and tumor progression can lead to the development of therapies to decrease stromal activity and improve drug delivery.In this review,we focus on how the current understanding of biology of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment can be translated into the development of targeted therapy.展开更多
文摘AIM： To evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging （DWl） in screening and differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal hepatic lesions. METHODS： Magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） examinations were performed using the Signa Excite Xl Twin Speed 1.5T system （GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wl, USA）. Seventy patients who had undergone MRI of the liver [29 hepatocellular carcinomas （HCC）, four cholangiocarcinomas, 34 metastatic liver cancers, 10 hemangiomas, and eight cysts] between April 2004 and August 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Visualization of lesions, relative contrast ratio （RCR）, and apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） were compared between benign and malignant lesions on DWl. Su- perparamagnetic iron oxide （SPIO） was administered to 59 patients, and RCR was compared pre- and postadministration.RESULTS： DWI showed higher contrast between malignant lesions （especially in multiple small metastatic cancers） and surrounding liver parenchyma than did contrast-enhanced computed tomography. ADCs （mean±SD × 10^-3 mm2/s） were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） in malignant lesions （HCC： 1.31 ± 0.28 and liver metastasis： 1.11 ± 0.22） and were significantly higher in benign lesions （hemangioma： 1.84 ± 0.37 and cyst： 2.61 ± 0.45） than in the surrounding hepatic tissues. RCR between malignant lesions and surrounding he- patic tissues significantly improved after SPIO administration, but RCRs in benign lesions were not improved.CONCLUSION： DWI is a simple and sensitive method for screening focal hepatic lesions and is useful for differential diagnosis.
文摘In recent years, the results of several studies suggest that human liver tumors can be derived from hepatic progenitor cells rather than from mature cell types. The available data indeed strongly suggest that most combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas arise from hepatic progenitor cells that retained their potential to differentiate into the hepatocytic and biliary lineages. Hepatic progenitor cells could also be the basis for some hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas, although it is very difficult to determine the origin of an individual hepatocellular carcinoma. There is currently not enough data to make statements regarding a hepatic progenitor cell origin of cholangiocarcinoma. The presence of hepatic progenitor cell markers and the presence and extent of the cholangiocellular component are factors that are related to the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinomas and combined hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinomas, respectively.
基金supported by a grant from the Chinese Key Project for Infectious Diseases (2008ZX10002-025)
文摘BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection is the main treatment modality for hepatic tumors. Advances in diagnostic technique, preoperative preparation, surgical technique, and postoperative management increased the success rate. The present study aimed to evaluate hepatectomy and resection of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVCTT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and the relationship between IVCTT classification and selection of surgical technique. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone hepatectomy with IVCTT resection between May 1997 and August 2009. Age, gender, diagnosis, findings of physical examination, results of preoperative laboratory investigations, radiological examination, criteria for resection, postoperative pathological results, incisions, operative technique, intraoperative transfusion, drains, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated for all patients. RESULTS: Type Ⅰ IVCTT (10 patients) was posterior to the liver and below the diaphragm; type Ⅱ IVCTT (2 patients) was above the diaphragm but still outside the atrium; and type Ⅲ IVCTT (1 patient) was above the diaphragm and in the right atrium. Type Ⅰ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT with total hepatic vascular exclusion. Type Ⅱ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT by incision of the diaphragm. Type Ⅲ was treated by hepatectomy and resection of the thrombus from the right atrium under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no surgical complications and one patient has been survived for 4 years with cancer-free status. The median survival time was 18.2 months, and the 1-and 2-year survival rates were 53.8% and 15.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment is safe and feasible for treatment of IVCTT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and surgical resectability can be judged according to the classification of tumor thrombus.
文摘Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a potentially pathologic condition, can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leading to an increased probability of hepatic failure and death. Alcohol induces fatty liver by increasing the ratio of reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in hepatocytes; increasing hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and early growth response-1 activity; and decreasing hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activity. Alcohol activates the innate immune system and induces an imbalance of the immune response, which is followed by activated Kupffer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α overproduction, which is in turn responsible for the changes in the hepatic SREBP-1 and PAI-1 activity. Alcohol abuse promotes the migration of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to the liver and then reprograms TNF-α expression from BMDCs. Chronic alcohol intake triggers the sympathetic hyperactivity-activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) feedback loop that in turn activates the HSCs, resulting in HSC-derived TNF-α overproduction. Carvedilol may block this feedback loop by suppressing sympathetic activity, which attenuates the progression of AFLD. Clinical studies evaluating combination therapy of carvedilol with a TNF-α inhibitor to treat patients with AFLD are warranted to prevent the development of alcoholic liver disease.
文摘Sonazoid(Daiichi Sankyo,Tokyo,Japan),a secondgeneration of a lipid-stabilized suspension of a perfluorobutane gas microbubble contrast agent,has been used clinically in patients with liver tumors and for harmonic gray-scale ultrasonography(US)in Japan since January 2007.Sonazoid-enhanced US has two phases of contrast enhancement:vascular and late.In the late phase of Sonazoid-enhanced US,we scanned the whole liver using this modality at a low mechanical index(MI)without destroying the microbubbles, and this method allows detection of small viable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)lesions which cannot be detected by conventional US as perfusion defects in the late phase.Re-injection of Sonazoid into an HCC lesion which previously showed a perfusion defect in the late phase is useful for confirming blood flow intothe defects.High MI intermittent imaging at 2 frames per second in the late phase is also helpful in differentiation between necrosis and viable hypervascular HCC lesions.Sonazoid-enhanced US by the coded harmonic angio mode at a high MI not only allows clear observation of tumor vessels and tumor enhancement, but also permits automatic scanning with Sonazoidenhanced three dimensional(3D)US.Fusion images combining US with contrast-enhanced CT or contrastenhanced MRI have made it easy to detect typical or atypical HCC lesions.By these methods,Sonazoidenhanced US can characterize liver tumors,grade HCC lesions histologically,recognize HCC dedifferentiation, evaluate the efficacy of ablation therapy or transcatheter arterial embolization,and guide ablation therapy for unresectable HCC.This article reviews the current developments and applications of Sonazoid-enhanced US and Sonazoid-enhanced 3D US for diagnosing and treating hepatic lesions,especially HCC.
文摘目的评价完全腹腔镜下左肝部分切除术的临床应用优势。方法回顾性研究2009年7月1日至2012年10月31日我院手术切除治疗的76例左肝肿瘤患者,分腹腔镜手术组(15例,均为完全腹腔镜下手术)和开放手术组(61例),比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用、术后并发症发生率以及术后1、4 d ALT、ALB以及TBIL。结果两组患者年龄、术前肝功能无明显差异。腹腔镜组术中出血量少于开放组(176±59 mL vs 301±119 mL,P<0.05)、术后住院时间短于开放组(6.3±1.0 d vs 12.1±2.1 d,P<0.05)、术后肛门排气时间早于开放组(1.2±0.4 d vs3.3±0.6 d,P<0.05)、术后并发症发生率少于开放组(0%vs 32.8%,P<0.05)。腹腔镜组术后1、4 d ALT与ALB恢复情况明显好于开放组(1 d ALT:162.6±55.2 U/L vs 358.3±202.9 U/L,P<0.05、4 d ALT:68.2±33.5 U/L vs 156.8±130.7 U/L,P<0.05;1 d ALB:36.3±1.8 g/L vs 30.6±2.9g/L,P<0.05;4 d ALB:36.2±3.4 g/L vs 32.5±3.5 g/L,P<0.05),而TBIL两组比较差异无统计学意义(1 d:20.8±5.5μmol/L vs 21.2±5.1μmol/L,P>0.05;4 d:15.8±2.8μmol/L vs 15.2±2.7μmol/L,P>0.05)。两组手术时间(138±25 min vs 130±41 min,P>0.05)、住院总费用(34 764±5 748元vs 32 472±6 215元,P>0.05)差异均无统计学意义。结论完全腹腔镜下左肝部分切除术创伤小,患者术后恢复快,住院时间短,术后并发症少,同时并不延长手术时间,也不增加费用,安全可行,值得有条件单位推广。
基金Supported by NIH R01 CA169702-01A1(to Zheng L)NIH K23 CA148964-01(to Zheng L)+6 种基金Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Clinical Scientist Award(to Zheng L)Viragh Foundation and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins(to Zheng L)The National Pancreas Foundation(to Zheng L)Lefkofsky Family Foundation(to Zheng L)the NCI SPORE in Gastrointestinal Cancers P50 CA062924(to Zheng L)Lustgarten Foundation(to Zheng L)the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center grants(to Zheng L)
文摘Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDA)is among the deadliest cancers in the United States and in the world.Late diagnosis,early metastasis and lack of effective therapy are among the reasons why only 6%of patients diagnosed with PDA survive past 5 years.Despite development of targeted therapy against other cancers,little progression has been made in the treatment of PDA.Therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of new treatments.However,in order to proceed with treatments,the complicated biology of PDA needs to be understood first.Interestingly,majority of the tumor volume is not made of malignant epithelial cells but of stroma.In recent years,it has become evident that there is an important interaction between the stromal compartment and the less prevalent malignant cells,leading to cancer progression.The stroma not only serves as a growth promoting source of signals but it is also a physical barrier to drug delivery.Understanding the tumor-stroma signaling leading to development of desmoplastic reaction and tumor progression can lead to the development of therapies to decrease stromal activity and improve drug delivery.In this review,we focus on how the current understanding of biology of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment can be translated into the development of targeted therapy.
