In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact...In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.展开更多
In this paper we rewrite the gravitational constant based on its relationship with the Planck length and based on this, we rewrite the Planck mass in a slightly different form (that gives exactly the same value). In t...In this paper we rewrite the gravitational constant based on its relationship with the Planck length and based on this, we rewrite the Planck mass in a slightly different form (that gives exactly the same value). In this way we are able to quantize a series of end results in Newton and Einstein’s gravitation theories. The formulas will still give exactly the same values as before, but everything related to gravity will then come in quanta. This also gives some new insight;for example, the gravitational deflection of light can be written as only a function of the radius and the Planck length. Numerically this only has implications at the quantum scale;for macro objects the discrete steps are so tiny that they are close to impossible to notice. Hopefully this can give additional insight into how well or not so well (ad hoc) quantized Newton and Einstein’s gravitation is potentially linked with the quantum world.展开更多
The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nat...The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nature and the gravitation constant might be in fact a variable. In this article, a possible dependence of the gravitational constant on the distance between the two mass points is determined from the observed values of the perihelion displacement of the planets. However, to fit the observed measurements the 1/r<sup>2</sup> dependence is modified to a 1/r2+1/R</sup> dependence with “R” as the Rydberg constant. With the proposed new power function, the perihelion precessions of the planets are recalculated and then compared with previous observations as well as the postulated anomaly of Saturn.展开更多
Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be pr...Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α.展开更多
In the coming decades,the space-based gravitational-wave(GW)detectors such as Taiji,TianQin,and LISA are expected to form a network capable of detecting millihertz GWs emitted by the mergers of massive black hole bina...In the coming decades,the space-based gravitational-wave(GW)detectors such as Taiji,TianQin,and LISA are expected to form a network capable of detecting millihertz GWs emitted by the mergers of massive black hole binaries(MBHBs).In this work,we investigate the potential of GW standard sirens from the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network in constraining cosmological parameters.For the optimistic scenario in which electromagnetic(EM)counterparts can be detected,we predict the number of detectable bright sirens based on three different MBHB population models,i.e.,popⅢ,Q3d,and Q3nod.Our results show that the TaijiTianQin-LISA network alone could achieve a constraint precision of 0.9%for the Hubble constant,meeting the standard of precision cosmology.Moreover,the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network could effectively break the cosmological parameter degeneracies generated by the CMB data,particularly in the dynamical dark energy models.When combined with the CMB data,the joint CMB+Taiji-TianQin-LISA data offerσ(w)=0.036 in the wCDM model,which is close to the latest constraint result obtained from the CMB+SN data.We also consider a conservative scenario in which EM counterparts are not available.Due to the precise sky localizations of MBHBs by the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network,the constraint precision of the Hubble constant is expected to reach 1.2%.In conclusion,the GW standard sirens from the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network will play a critical role in helping solve the Hubble tension and shedding light on the nature of dark energy.展开更多
Gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary coalescences encode the absolute luminosity distances of GW sources. Once the redshifts of GW sources are known, one can use the distance-redshift relation to constrain cos...Gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary coalescences encode the absolute luminosity distances of GW sources. Once the redshifts of GW sources are known, one can use the distance-redshift relation to constrain cosmological parameters. One way to obtain the redshifts is to localize GW sources by GW observations and then use galaxy catalogs to determine redshifts from a statistical analysis of redshift information of the potential host galaxies, commonly referred to as the dark siren method. The third-generation(3G) GW detectors are planned to work in the 2030s and will observe numerous compact binary coalescences.Using these GW events as dark sirens requires high-quality galaxy catalogs from future sky survey projects. The China Space Station Telescope(CSST) will be launched in 2024 and will observe billions of galaxies within a 17500 deg^(2) survey area with redshift up to z ~ 4, providing photometric and spectroscopic galaxy catalogs. In this work, we simulate the CSST galaxy catalogs and the 5-year GW data from the 3G GW detectors and combine them to infer the Hubble constant(H_(0)). Our results show that the measurement precision of H0could reach the sub-percent level, meeting the standard of precision cosmology. We conclude that the synergy between CSST and the 3G GW detectors is of great significance in measuring the Hubble constant.展开更多
We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition,...We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, c<sub>g</sub>, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, c<sub>g</sub> and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and l<sub>p</sub>. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.展开更多
Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves w...Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, SNes occurring in a rarified environment outside of the ISM generate blast waves which remain in a relativistic free expansion phase for more extended periods. The SN blast wave forms an expanding spherical shell and when multiple blast waves intersect, the overlapping region naturally takes the form of a ring, an arc, or an Einstein Cross structure. The analysis shows the relativistic plasma establishes a medium with permeability which drives the index of refraction greater than 1. As a result, when a shock discontinuity forms in the overlapping region, light is reflected from the host galaxy which exposes the intersecting blast wave regions. The expanding shells are shown to induce an achromatic redshift to the reflected light consistent with those measured for gravitational lenses. Further, it is shown that a Hubble equation for a blast wave around the Milky Way Galaxy can be parameterized to approximate measured redshifts over a wide range of distances.展开更多
We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequen...We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (c<sub>T</sub>, G<sub>T</sub>, ε<sub>T</sub>, and μ<sub>T</sub>) can be described using their values (c<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, and μ<sub>0</sub>) and the temperature (T<sub>0</sub>) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc.展开更多
In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravi...In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity in terms of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The calculated values of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (T<sub>c</sub>) and the gravitational constant (G) were 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>-11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>-1</sup>⋅ s<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. Then, for the values of the factors 9/2 and π in our equations, we used 4.488519503 and 3.132011447, respectively. However, we could not provide a theoretical explanation for the necessity of these empirical equations. In this paper, using the redefinition method for the UNIT, we show the necessity for our empirical equations.展开更多
Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneou...Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneously distributed over its circumference and rotates at a constant velocity. The charge creates an electrostatic field. Its rotation represents a current that creates a magnetic field. Balance between the electric and magnetic forces ensures stability. This requires a marginal radial extension of the loop that makes the particle two-dimensional. In the near vicinity of two equal concentric current loops the axial attractive magnetic force compensates for the axial repelling electrostatic force. This discovery explains the weak (electron) and strong (proton) nuclear forces. Electron and proton have normal magnetic moments. The measured “anomalies” indicate the existence of a hidden rotational kinetic energy caused by rotation of the annular particle mass. So, there are four natural forces: electric, magnetic, kinetic, and gravitational. This knowledge makes the search for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) trivial. The discovered rotational energy affects Einstein’s and Planck’s energy equations and leads to the exact calculation of the Lamb shifts and the binding energies of the hydrogen-like atoms. The theory predicts stable multiple particles and explains the Cooper Pair. For the first time the Planck mass and the gravitational constant are analytically calculated at high accuracy.展开更多
This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on...This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c<sup>2</sup>. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.展开更多
Unifying quantum and classical physics has proved difficult as their postulates are conflicting. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass, and time—a unifying description is resolved. A th...Unifying quantum and classical physics has proved difficult as their postulates are conflicting. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass, and time—a unifying description is resolved. A theoretical framework is presented in a set of postulates by which a conversion between expressions from quantum and classical physics can be made. Conversions of well-known expressions from different areas of physics (quantum physics, gravitation, optics and cosmology) exemplify the approach and mathematical procedures. The postulated integer counts of fundamental measures change our understanding of length, suggesting that our current understanding of reality is distorted.展开更多
The nature of gravitation and <em>G</em> is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, <em>G</em>. Based on...The nature of gravitation and <em>G</em> is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, <em>G</em>. Based on general relativity, the vacuum is considered to be a superfluid with measurable density. Rotating bodies drag vacuum and create a vortex with gradient pressure. The drag force of vacuum fluid flow in the arm of the vortex is calculated relative to the static vacuum and a value that is numerically equal to that of <em>G</em> is obtained. Using Archimedes’ principle, it is determined that <em>G</em> is the volume of vacuum displaced by a force equivalent to its weight which is equal to the drag force of the vacuum. It is concluded that the gravitational constant <em>G</em> expresses the force needed to displace a cubic metre of vacuum that weighs one kg in one second. Therefore, <em>G</em> is not a fundamental physical constant but rather is an expression of the resistance encountered by the gravitational force in the vacuum.展开更多
文摘万有引力搜索算法(gravitational search algorithm,GSA)相比于传统的优化算法具有收敛速度快、开拓性能强等特点,但GSA易陷入早熟收敛和局部最优,搜索能力较弱.为此,提出一种基于改进的Tent混沌万有引力搜索算法(gravitational search algorithm based on improved tent chaos,ITC-GSA).首先,改进Tent混沌映射来初始化种群,利用Tent混沌序列随机性、遍历性和规律性的特性使得初始种群随机性和遍历性在可行域内,具有加强算法的全局搜索能力;其次,引入引力常数G的动态调整策略提高算法的收敛速度和收敛精度;再次,设计成熟度指标判断种群成熟度,并使用Tent混沌搜索有效抑制算法早熟收敛,帮助种群跳出局部最优;最后,对10个基准函数进行仿真实验,结果表明所提算法能够有效克服GSA易陷入早熟收敛和局部最优的缺点,提高算法的收敛速度和寻优精度.
文摘In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
文摘In this paper we rewrite the gravitational constant based on its relationship with the Planck length and based on this, we rewrite the Planck mass in a slightly different form (that gives exactly the same value). In this way we are able to quantize a series of end results in Newton and Einstein’s gravitation theories. The formulas will still give exactly the same values as before, but everything related to gravity will then come in quanta. This also gives some new insight;for example, the gravitational deflection of light can be written as only a function of the radius and the Planck length. Numerically this only has implications at the quantum scale;for macro objects the discrete steps are so tiny that they are close to impossible to notice. Hopefully this can give additional insight into how well or not so well (ad hoc) quantized Newton and Einstein’s gravitation is potentially linked with the quantum world.
文摘The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nature and the gravitation constant might be in fact a variable. In this article, a possible dependence of the gravitational constant on the distance between the two mass points is determined from the observed values of the perihelion displacement of the planets. However, to fit the observed measurements the 1/r<sup>2</sup> dependence is modified to a 1/r2+1/R</sup> dependence with “R” as the Rydberg constant. With the proposed new power function, the perihelion precessions of the planets are recalculated and then compared with previous observations as well as the postulated anomaly of Saturn.
文摘Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α.
基金supported by the National SKA Program of China(Grant Nos.2022SKA0110200,and 2022SKA0110203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11975072,11875102,and 11835009)+1 种基金the National 111 Project(Grant No.B16009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.N232410019)。
文摘In the coming decades,the space-based gravitational-wave(GW)detectors such as Taiji,TianQin,and LISA are expected to form a network capable of detecting millihertz GWs emitted by the mergers of massive black hole binaries(MBHBs).In this work,we investigate the potential of GW standard sirens from the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network in constraining cosmological parameters.For the optimistic scenario in which electromagnetic(EM)counterparts can be detected,we predict the number of detectable bright sirens based on three different MBHB population models,i.e.,popⅢ,Q3d,and Q3nod.Our results show that the TaijiTianQin-LISA network alone could achieve a constraint precision of 0.9%for the Hubble constant,meeting the standard of precision cosmology.Moreover,the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network could effectively break the cosmological parameter degeneracies generated by the CMB data,particularly in the dynamical dark energy models.When combined with the CMB data,the joint CMB+Taiji-TianQin-LISA data offerσ(w)=0.036 in the wCDM model,which is close to the latest constraint result obtained from the CMB+SN data.We also consider a conservative scenario in which EM counterparts are not available.Due to the precise sky localizations of MBHBs by the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network,the constraint precision of the Hubble constant is expected to reach 1.2%.In conclusion,the GW standard sirens from the Taiji-TianQin-LISA network will play a critical role in helping solve the Hubble tension and shedding light on the nature of dark energy.
基金supported by the National SKA Program of China (Grant Nos.2022SKA0110200, and 2022SKA0110203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11975072, 11875102, and 11835009)+1 种基金the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project (Grant No. CMS-CSST-2021-B01)the 111 Project (Grant No. B16009)。
文摘Gravitational waves(GWs) from compact binary coalescences encode the absolute luminosity distances of GW sources. Once the redshifts of GW sources are known, one can use the distance-redshift relation to constrain cosmological parameters. One way to obtain the redshifts is to localize GW sources by GW observations and then use galaxy catalogs to determine redshifts from a statistical analysis of redshift information of the potential host galaxies, commonly referred to as the dark siren method. The third-generation(3G) GW detectors are planned to work in the 2030s and will observe numerous compact binary coalescences.Using these GW events as dark sirens requires high-quality galaxy catalogs from future sky survey projects. The China Space Station Telescope(CSST) will be launched in 2024 and will observe billions of galaxies within a 17500 deg^(2) survey area with redshift up to z ~ 4, providing photometric and spectroscopic galaxy catalogs. In this work, we simulate the CSST galaxy catalogs and the 5-year GW data from the 3G GW detectors and combine them to infer the Hubble constant(H_(0)). Our results show that the measurement precision of H0could reach the sub-percent level, meeting the standard of precision cosmology. We conclude that the synergy between CSST and the 3G GW detectors is of great significance in measuring the Hubble constant.
文摘We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, c<sub>g</sub>, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, c<sub>g</sub> and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and l<sub>p</sub>. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.
文摘Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, SNes occurring in a rarified environment outside of the ISM generate blast waves which remain in a relativistic free expansion phase for more extended periods. The SN blast wave forms an expanding spherical shell and when multiple blast waves intersect, the overlapping region naturally takes the form of a ring, an arc, or an Einstein Cross structure. The analysis shows the relativistic plasma establishes a medium with permeability which drives the index of refraction greater than 1. As a result, when a shock discontinuity forms in the overlapping region, light is reflected from the host galaxy which exposes the intersecting blast wave regions. The expanding shells are shown to induce an achromatic redshift to the reflected light consistent with those measured for gravitational lenses. Further, it is shown that a Hubble equation for a blast wave around the Milky Way Galaxy can be parameterized to approximate measured redshifts over a wide range of distances.
文摘We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (c<sub>T</sub>, G<sub>T</sub>, ε<sub>T</sub>, and μ<sub>T</sub>) can be described using their values (c<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, and μ<sub>0</sub>) and the temperature (T<sub>0</sub>) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc.
文摘In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity in terms of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The calculated values of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (T<sub>c</sub>) and the gravitational constant (G) were 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>-11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>-1</sup>⋅ s<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. Then, for the values of the factors 9/2 and π in our equations, we used 4.488519503 and 3.132011447, respectively. However, we could not provide a theoretical explanation for the necessity of these empirical equations. In this paper, using the redefinition method for the UNIT, we show the necessity for our empirical equations.
文摘Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneously distributed over its circumference and rotates at a constant velocity. The charge creates an electrostatic field. Its rotation represents a current that creates a magnetic field. Balance between the electric and magnetic forces ensures stability. This requires a marginal radial extension of the loop that makes the particle two-dimensional. In the near vicinity of two equal concentric current loops the axial attractive magnetic force compensates for the axial repelling electrostatic force. This discovery explains the weak (electron) and strong (proton) nuclear forces. Electron and proton have normal magnetic moments. The measured “anomalies” indicate the existence of a hidden rotational kinetic energy caused by rotation of the annular particle mass. So, there are four natural forces: electric, magnetic, kinetic, and gravitational. This knowledge makes the search for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) trivial. The discovered rotational energy affects Einstein’s and Planck’s energy equations and leads to the exact calculation of the Lamb shifts and the binding energies of the hydrogen-like atoms. The theory predicts stable multiple particles and explains the Cooper Pair. For the first time the Planck mass and the gravitational constant are analytically calculated at high accuracy.
文摘This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c<sup>2</sup>. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.
文摘Unifying quantum and classical physics has proved difficult as their postulates are conflicting. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass, and time—a unifying description is resolved. A theoretical framework is presented in a set of postulates by which a conversion between expressions from quantum and classical physics can be made. Conversions of well-known expressions from different areas of physics (quantum physics, gravitation, optics and cosmology) exemplify the approach and mathematical procedures. The postulated integer counts of fundamental measures change our understanding of length, suggesting that our current understanding of reality is distorted.
文摘The nature of gravitation and <em>G</em> is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, <em>G</em>. Based on general relativity, the vacuum is considered to be a superfluid with measurable density. Rotating bodies drag vacuum and create a vortex with gradient pressure. The drag force of vacuum fluid flow in the arm of the vortex is calculated relative to the static vacuum and a value that is numerically equal to that of <em>G</em> is obtained. Using Archimedes’ principle, it is determined that <em>G</em> is the volume of vacuum displaced by a force equivalent to its weight which is equal to the drag force of the vacuum. It is concluded that the gravitational constant <em>G</em> expresses the force needed to displace a cubic metre of vacuum that weighs one kg in one second. Therefore, <em>G</em> is not a fundamental physical constant but rather is an expression of the resistance encountered by the gravitational force in the vacuum.
