An increase in energy demand leads to further exploration, transportation, and utilization of petroleum, which creates severe soil contamination because of recurrent accidents and oil spills. Remediation of these cont...An increase in energy demand leads to further exploration, transportation, and utilization of petroleum, which creates severe soil contamination because of recurrent accidents and oil spills. Remediation of these contaminated soils is challenging. Among many treatment methods practiced for remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, surfactant-enhanced soil washing has been widely practiced as a preferred treatment option, as it is a fast and environmentally accepted method. In this paper, we review research undertaken on various anionic, nonionic, cationic, biological, and mixed surfactants for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Upcoming surfactants like gemini and switchable surfactants are summarized. We assess the challenges and opportunities of in-situ and ex-situ soil washing, the mechanisms of surfactant-enhanced soil washing, and the criteria to follow for surfactant selection.Furthermore, we briefly discuss the operational and environmental factors affecting soil washing efficiency and soil and surfactant properties affecting surfactant adsorption. We also describe the advantages of coupling soil washing with effluent treatment and surfactant reuse challenges and opportunities. Moreover, challenges and possible new directions for future research on surfactant-enhanced soil washing are proposed.展开更多
To obtain an aqueous polymer system with good antibacterial properties, a series of gemini waterborne polyurethanes （GWPU） were designed and synthesized using isophorone diisocyanate, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, p...To obtain an aqueous polymer system with good antibacterial properties, a series of gemini waterborne polyurethanes （GWPU） were designed and synthesized using isophorone diisocyanate, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, poly（ethylene glycol）, L-lysine and a novel L-lysine-derivatized diamine containing gemini quaternary ammonium salt （EG12） without any other organic agent involved in the whole synthetic process. EG12 was first synthesized and characterized with proton nuclear mag- netic resonance spectra and mass spectra. The antibacterial activities of EG12 and GWPU were evaluated by quanti- fying the minimal inhibitory concentration. The results indicated that the gemini quaternary ammonium chain extender EG12 and GWPU showed excellent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This work provides a new and facile approach to prepare novel antibacterial materials, which could be applied as coatings in various fields to prevent microbial contamination.展开更多
合成了含氧乙烯联接链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂C12 2 En C12·2Br〔C12=C12H25N+(CH3)2,2=CH2CH2,En=(OC2H4)n,2Br=2Br-,n=1,2,3〕。以电导和稳态荧光法研究了胶团化行为,结果表明,C12 2 En C12·2Br的胶团化能力比其单体表面...合成了含氧乙烯联接链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂C12 2 En C12·2Br〔C12=C12H25N+(CH3)2,2=CH2CH2,En=(OC2H4)n,2Br=2Br-,n=1,2,3〕。以电导和稳态荧光法研究了胶团化行为,结果表明,C12 2 En C12·2Br的胶团化能力比其单体表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(C12TABr)高得多,接近于以2个亚甲基构成联接链的C12 2 C12·2Br。胶团聚集数N和表面反离子结合度K0也与C12 2 C12·2Br胶团相当。C12 2 En C12·2Br胶团化过程呈现焓/熵补偿现象,以n=1的胶团最为稳定。展开更多
The synthesis and surfactant activities of two new cationic gemini surfactants containing triazole compound as spacer were described. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which are 1.8×10-4 mol/L and 3.9...The synthesis and surfactant activities of two new cationic gemini surfactants containing triazole compound as spacer were described. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which are 1.8×10-4 mol/L and 3.9×10-4 mol/L respectively, are much lower than that of conventional surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC). In addition, compared with some gemini surfactants containing phenylene, xylylene and stilbenyl as spacer, this new kind of surfactants has good solubility in water at room temperature because of containing more hydrophilic groups or atoms in molecules.展开更多
基金The financial supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2016YFC0400501 and 2016YFC0400502)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China (No. 2232018D3-43)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21277023)
文摘An increase in energy demand leads to further exploration, transportation, and utilization of petroleum, which creates severe soil contamination because of recurrent accidents and oil spills. Remediation of these contaminated soils is challenging. Among many treatment methods practiced for remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, surfactant-enhanced soil washing has been widely practiced as a preferred treatment option, as it is a fast and environmentally accepted method. In this paper, we review research undertaken on various anionic, nonionic, cationic, biological, and mixed surfactants for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Upcoming surfactants like gemini and switchable surfactants are summarized. We assess the challenges and opportunities of in-situ and ex-situ soil washing, the mechanisms of surfactant-enhanced soil washing, and the criteria to follow for surfactant selection.Furthermore, we briefly discuss the operational and environmental factors affecting soil washing efficiency and soil and surfactant properties affecting surfactant adsorption. We also describe the advantages of coupling soil washing with effluent treatment and surfactant reuse challenges and opportunities. Moreover, challenges and possible new directions for future research on surfactant-enhanced soil washing are proposed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51173118, 51273124, 51273126 and 51121001） and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China （51425305）. We thank Prof. Zhang HR （Southwest University for Nationalities, Sichuan） for help with an- tibacterial test.
文摘To obtain an aqueous polymer system with good antibacterial properties, a series of gemini waterborne polyurethanes （GWPU） were designed and synthesized using isophorone diisocyanate, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, poly（ethylene glycol）, L-lysine and a novel L-lysine-derivatized diamine containing gemini quaternary ammonium salt （EG12） without any other organic agent involved in the whole synthetic process. EG12 was first synthesized and characterized with proton nuclear mag- netic resonance spectra and mass spectra. The antibacterial activities of EG12 and GWPU were evaluated by quanti- fying the minimal inhibitory concentration. The results indicated that the gemini quaternary ammonium chain extender EG12 and GWPU showed excellent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This work provides a new and facile approach to prepare novel antibacterial materials, which could be applied as coatings in various fields to prevent microbial contamination.
文摘合成了一种环保高效的松香基Gemini表面活性剂,先将松香与环氧氯丙烷反应,合成中间产物3-松香酰氧-2-羟丙基氯(Ⅰ),Ⅰ与二乙醇胺反应,制得3-松香酰氧-2-羟丙基二乙醇胺(Ⅱ),Ⅱ再与1,4-二溴丁烷反应,制得目标产物松香基季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂二氯化-N,N'-二(3-松香酰氧-2-羟丙基)四羟乙基丁二胺(Ⅲ),用FT-IR1、HNMR对各产物的结构进行了表征,并用TG/DTG对目标产物进行了热性能分析.另外,对目标产物水溶液的性能进行了研究,结果表明:其分解温度约为289℃,表面张力法所测的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为3.8×10-5 mol/L(电导率法所测的cmc为3.6×10-5 mol/L),相应的临界表面张力为36.8 mN/m.测定乳化能力时分出10mL水的时间为27 min.
文摘合成了含氧乙烯联接链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂C12 2 En C12·2Br〔C12=C12H25N+(CH3)2,2=CH2CH2,En=(OC2H4)n,2Br=2Br-,n=1,2,3〕。以电导和稳态荧光法研究了胶团化行为,结果表明,C12 2 En C12·2Br的胶团化能力比其单体表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(C12TABr)高得多,接近于以2个亚甲基构成联接链的C12 2 C12·2Br。胶团聚集数N和表面反离子结合度K0也与C12 2 C12·2Br胶团相当。C12 2 En C12·2Br胶团化过程呈现焓/熵补偿现象,以n=1的胶团最为稳定。
基金We are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(29971001,20031010)the Naturai Science Foundation of Anhui Province(0045115)the Science Foundation for Excellent Young Teachers of Universities of Anhui Province(01080309).
文摘The synthesis and surfactant activities of two new cationic gemini surfactants containing triazole compound as spacer were described. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which are 1.8×10-4 mol/L and 3.9×10-4 mol/L respectively, are much lower than that of conventional surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC). In addition, compared with some gemini surfactants containing phenylene, xylylene and stilbenyl as spacer, this new kind of surfactants has good solubility in water at room temperature because of containing more hydrophilic groups or atoms in molecules.
